Abstract
The continued growth in the number and applications of Internet of Things (IoT) connected devices makes it more challenging to meet multi-dimensional QoS within the same IoT network. In this chapter, we first design a network slicing architecture over the SDN-based long-range wide area network. The SDN controller can dynamically split the network into multiple virtual networks according to different business requirements. Then, a Continuous-Decision virtual network embedding scheme relying on Reinforcement Learning (CDRL) is proposed, two traditional heuristic embedding algorithms as well as the classic reinforcement learning aided embedding algorithm are used for benchmarking our proposed CDRL algorithm. Finally, we propose a hybrid intelligent control architecture, which adopts the centralized training and distributed execution paradigm. A centralized critic is introduced to ease the training process of the distributed network nodes. Besides, considering the competitive behavior of users, we formulate the resource allocation problem as a multi-user competition game model. Based on this, we proposed a multi-agent reinforcement learning-based SFCs deployment algorithm.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
T. Mai, H. Yao, N. Zhang, W. He, D. Guo, M. Guizani, Transfer reinforcement learning aided distributed network slicing optimization in industrial IoT. IEEE Trans. Ind. Inform. 18(6), 4308–4316 (2021)
H. Yao, S. Ma, J. Wang, P. Zhang, C. Jiang, S. Guo, A continuous-decision virtual network embedding scheme relying on reinforcement learning. IEEE Trans. Netw. Service Manag. 17(2), 864–875 (2020)
Y. Zhu, H. Yao, T. Mai, W. He, N. Zhang, M. Guizani, Multi-agent reinforcement learning aided service function chain deployment for Internet of Things. IEEE Internet Things J. 9(17), 15674–15684 (2022)
G. Han, J. Tu, L. Liu, M. Martinez-Garcia, C. Choi, An intelligent signal processing data denoising method for control systems protection in the industrial Internet of Things. IEEE Trans. Ind. Inform. 18(4), 2684–2692 (2021)
A. Lavric, V. Popa, Internet of things and LoRa low-power wide-area networks: a survey, in 2017 International Symposium on Signals, Circuits and Systems (ISSCS) (IEEE, 2017), pp. 1–5
G. Han, J. Tu, L. Liu, M. MartÃnez-GarcÃa, Y. Peng, Anomaly detection based on multidimensional data processing for protecting vital devices in 6g-enabled massive IIoT. IEEE Internet Things J. 8(7), 5219–5229 (2021)
S. Wijethilaka, M. Liyanage, Survey on network slicing for internet of things realization in 5g networks. IEEE Commun. Surveys Tutorials 23(2), 957–994 (2021)
C. Qiu, H. Yao, F.R. Yu, F. Xu, C. Zhao, Deep q-learning aided networking, caching, and computing resources allocation in software-defined satellite-terrestrial networks. IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol. 68(6), 5871–5883 (2019)
M. Bor, J.E. Vidler, U. Roedig, Lora for the Internet of Things (2016)
J. Wang, C. Jiang, H. Zhang, Y. Ren, K.-C. Chen, L. Hanzo, Thirty years of machine learning: the road to pareto-optimal wireless networks. IEEE Commun. Surv. Tutorials 22(3), 1472–1514 (2020)
S.J. Pan, Q. Yang, A survey on transfer learning. IEEE Trans. Knowl. Data Eng. 22(10), 1345–1359 (2009)
B. K. Al-Shammari, N. Al-Aboody, H. S. Al-Raweshidy, IoT traffic management and integration in the QoS supported network. IEEE Internet Things J. 5(1), 352–370 (2017)
K. Benzekki, A. El Fergougui, A. Elbelrhiti Elalaoui, Software-defined networking (SDN): a survey. Security Communication Networks 9(18), 5803–5833 (2016)
C. Qiu, H. Yao, C. Jiang, S. Guo, F. Xu, Cloud computing assisted blockchain-enabled Internet of Things. IEEE Trans. Cloud Comput. 10(1), 247–257. (2019)
O. Georgiou, U. Raza, Low power wide area network analysis: Can LoRa scale? IEEE Wirel. Commun. Lett. 6(2), 162–165 (2017)
S. Dawaliby, A. Bradai, Y. Pousset, Distributed network slicing in large scale IoT based on coalitional multi-game theory. IEEE Trans. Netw. Service Manag. 16(4), 1567–1580 (2019)
K. Xue, B. Zhu, Q. Yang, N. Gai, D. S. Wei, N. Yu, InPPTD: a lightweight incentive-based privacy-preserving truth discovery for crowdsensing systems. IEEE Internet Things J. 8(6), 4305–4316 (2020)
T. Mai, H. Yao, N. Zhang, L. Xu, M. Guizani, S. Guo, Cloud mining pool aided blockchain-enabled internet of things: An evolutionary game approach. IEEE Trans. Cloud Comput. (2021)
Y. He, G. Han, J. Jiang, H. Wang, M. Martinez-Garcia, A trust update mechanism based on reinforcement learning in underwater acoustic sensor networks. IEEE Trans. Mobile Comput. 21(3), 811–821 (2020)
B. Eysenbach, R. Salakhutdinov, S. Levine, Search on the replay buffer: bridging planning and reinforcement learning (2019). arXiv preprint arXiv:1906.05253
M.E. Taylor, P. Stone, Transfer learning for reinforcement learning domains: a survey. J. Mach. Learn. Res. 10(7) (2009)
A. Fischer, J.F. Botero, M.T. Beck, H. De Meer, X. Hesselbach, Virtual network embedding: a survey. IEEE Commun. Surv. Tutorials 15(4), 1888–1906 (2013)
N.M.M.K. Chowdhury, R. Boutaba, A survey of network virtualization. Comput. Netw. 54(5), 862–876 (2010)
D. Drutskoy, E. Keller, J. Rexford, Scalable network virtualization in software-defined networks. IEEE Internet Comput. 17(2), 20–27 (2013)
P. Zhang, X. Pang, Y. Bi, H. Yao, H. Pan, N. Kumar, DSCD: delay sensitive cross-domain virtual network embedding algorithm. IEEE Trans. Netw. Sci. Eng. 7(4), 2913–2925 (2020)
Y. Zeng, R. Zhang, Efficient Mapping of Virtual Networks onto a Shared Substrate (Washington University in St Louis, 2006)
Y. Zhu, M.H. Ammar, Algorithms for assigning substrate network resources to virtual network components, in 25th IEEE International Conference on Computer Communications, Barcelona, Spain, 2006, pp. 23–29
Z. Liu, M. Wu, Exact solutions of VNE: a survey. China Commun. 13(6), 48–62 (2016)
M. Yu, Y. Yi, J. Rexford, M. Chiang, Rethinking virtual network embedding: substrate support for path splitting and migration. Comput. Commun. Rev. 38(2), 17–29 (2008)
A. Razzaq, M.S. Rathore, An approach towards resource efficient virtual network embedding, in International Conference on Evolving Internet, Valencia, Spain, 2010, pp. 68–73
X. Cheng, S. Su, Z. Zhang, H. Wang, F. Yang, Y. Luo, J. Wang, Virtual network embedding through topology-aware node ranking. Comput. Commun. Rev. 41(2), 38–47 (2011)
X. Hesselbach, J.R. Amazonas, S. Villanueva, J.F. Botero, Coordinated node and link mapping VNE using a new paths algebra strategy. J. Netw. Comput. Appl. 69, 14–26 (2016)
J. Wang, C. Jiang, H. Zhang, Y. Ren, K.-C. Chen, L. Hanzo, Thirty years of machine learning: the road to pareto-optimal wireless networks. IEEE Commun. Surv. Tutorials (2020) https://doi.org/10.1109/COMST.2020.2965856
D.E. Goldberg, Genetic algorithms in search, optimization, and machine learning, in Ethnographic Praxis in Industry Conference, Portland, US, 1988, pp. 3104–3112
L.P. Kaelbling, M.L. Littman, A.W. Moore, Reinforcement learning: a survey. J. Artif. Intell. Res. 4(1), 237–285 (1996)
R.S. Sutton, A.G. Barto, Reinforcement learning: an introduction. IEEE Trans. Neural Netw. 9(5), 1054–1054 (1998)
Y. Lecun, Y. Bengio, G.E. Hinton, Deep learning. Nature 521(7553), 436–444 (2015)
K. Cho, B. Van Merrienboer, C. Gulcehre, D. Bahdanau, F. Bougares, H. Schwenk, Y. Bengio, Learning phrase representations using RNN encoder–decoder for statistical machine translation, in Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing, Doha, Qatar, 2014, pp. 1724–1734
I. Sutskever, O. Vinyals, Q. V. Le, Sequence to sequence learning with neural networks, in Annual Conference on Neural Information Processing Systems, Montreal, Canada, 2014, pp. 3104–3112
H. Yao, C. Xu, M. Li, P. Zhang, L. Wang, A novel reinforcement learning algorithm for virtual network embedding. Neurocomputing 284, 1–9 (2018)
H. Yao, B. Zhang, L. Maozhen, P. Zhang, L. Wang, RDAM: a reinforcement learning based dynamic attribute matrix representation for virtual network embedding. IEEE Trans. Emer. Topics Comput. PP(99), 1–1 (2019)
R. Sutton, A. Barto, Reinforcement Learning: An Introduction, 2nd edn. a Bradford book (2018)
C. Watkins, P. Dayan, Q-learning[J]. Mach. Learn. 8(3), 279–292 (1992)
R.J. Williams, Simple statistical gradient-following algorithms for connectionist reinforcement learning. Mach. Learn. 8(3–4), 229–256 (1992)
D. Silver, G. Lever, N. Heess, T. Degris, D. Wierstra, M. Riedmiller, Deterministic policy gradient algorithms, in 31st International Conference on Machine Learning, ICML 2014, vol. 1 (2014)
S. Hougardy, The Floyd-Warshall algorithm on graphs with negative cycles. Inform. Process. Lett. 110(8), 279–281 (2010)
P. Koehn, Pharaoh: a beam search decoder for phrase-based statistical machine translation models. (2004), pp. 115–124
E.Z.M. Thomas, Generation and analysis of random graphs to model internetworks. College Comput. Georgia Institute Technol. 63(4), 413–442 (1994)
M. Abadi, P. Barham, J. Chen, Z. Chen, A. Davis, J. Dean, M. Devin, S. Ghemawat, G. Irving, M. Isard, TensorFlow: a system for large-scale machine learning, in 25th IEEE International Conference on Computer Communications, Georgia, USA, 2016, pp. 265–283
Wilcoxon, F., Individual comparisons of grouped data by ranking methods. J. Econ. Entomol. 39(2), 269–270
R. Duan, J. Wang, C. Jiang, H. Yao, Y. Ren, Y. Qian, Resource allocation for multi-UAV aided IoT NOMA uplink transmission systems. IEEE Internet Things J. 6(4), 7025–7037 (2019)
L. Cui, F.P. Tso, S. Guo, W. Jia, K. Wei, W. Zhao, Enabling heterogeneous network function chaining. IEEE Trans. Parallel Distrib. Syst. 30(4), 842–854 (2019)
L. Qu, C. Assi, M.J. Khabbaz, Y. Ye, Reliability-aware service function chaining with function decomposition and multipath routing. IEEE Trans. Netw. Serv. Manag. 17(2), 835–848 (2020)
S. Da̧ŕOro, L. Galluccio, S. Palazzo, G. Schembra, Exploiting congestion games to achieve distributed service chaining in NFV networks. IEEE J. Sel. Areas Commun. 35(2), 407–420 (2017)
J. Liu, W. Lu, F. Zhou, P. Lu, Z. Zhu, On dynamic service function chain deployment and readjustment. IEEE Trans. Netw. Serv. Manag. 14(3), 543–553 (2017)
H. Hawilo, M. Jammal, A. Shami, Network function virtualization-aware orchestrator for service function chaining placement in the cloud. IEEE J. Sel. Areas Commun. 37(3), 643–655 (2019)
A.M. Medhat, T. Taleb, A. Elmangoush, G.A. Carella, S. Covaci, T. Magedanz, Service function chaining in next generation networks: state of the art and research challenges. IEEE Commun. Mag. 55(2), 216–223 (2017)
J. Pei, P. Hong, K. Xue, D. Li, Efficiently embedding service function chains with dynamic virtual network function placement in geo-distributed cloud system. IEEE Trans. Parallel Distrib. Syst. 30(10), 2179–2192 (2019)
S. Bian, X. Huang, Z. Shao, X. Gao, Y. Yang, Service chain composition with resource failures in NFV systems: a game-theoretic perspective. IEEE Trans. Netw. Serv. Manag. 18(1), 224–239 (2021)
J. Wang, H. Qi, K. Li, X. Zhou, PRSFC-IoT: a performance and resource aware orchestration system of service function chaining for Internet of Things. IEEE Internet Things J. 5(3), 1400–1410 (2018)
W. Ren, Y. Sun, H. Luo, M.S. Obaidat, A new scheme for IoT service function chains orchestration in SDN-IoT network systems. IEEE Syst. J. 13(4), 4081–4092 (2019)
T. Mai, H. Yao, N. Zhang, W. He, D. Guo, M. Guizani, Transfer reinforcement learning aided distributed network slicing resource optimization in industrial IoT. IEEE Trans. Ind. Inform. 18(6), 4308–4316 (2021)
Y. He, F. R. Yu, N. Zhao, V.C.M. Leung, H. Yin, Software-defined networks with mobile edge computing and caching for smart cities: a big data deep reinforcement learning approach. IEEE Commun. Mag. 55(12), 31–37 (2017)
L. Zhao, J. Wang, J. Liu, N. Kato, Routing for crowd management in smart cities: a deep reinforcement learning perspective. IEEE Commun. Mag. 57(4), 88–93 (2019)
C. Qiu, H. Yao, C. Jiang, S. Guo, F. Xu, Cloud computing assisted blockchain-enabled internet of things. IEEE Trans. Cloud Comput. 10(1), 247–257 (2019)
L. Gu, D. Zeng, W. Li, S. Guo, A.Y. Zomaya, H. Jin, Intelligent VNF orchestration and flow scheduling via model-assisted deep reinforcement learning. IEEE J. Sel. Areas Commun. 38(2), 279–291 (2020)
T.A.Q. Pham, J.-M. Sanner, C. Morin, Y. Hadjadj-Aoul, Virtual network function–forwarding graph embedding: a genetic algorithm approach. Int. J. Commun. Syst. 33(10), e4098 (2020)
A.S. Kumar, L. Zhao, X. Fernando, Mobility aware channel allocation for 5g vehicular networks using multi-agent reinforcement learning, in ICC 2021—IEEE International Conference on Communications (2021), pp. 1–6
Y. Xiao, Q. Zhang, F. Liu, J. Wang, M. Zhao, Z. Zhang, J. Zhang, NFVdeep: adaptive online service function chain deployment with deep reinforcement learning, in Proceedings of the International Symposium on Quality of Service (2019), pp. 1–10
W. Lu, Z. Zhu, Dynamic service provisioning of advance reservation requests in elastic optical networks. J. Lightwave Technol. 31(10), 1621–1627 (2013)
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2023 The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Yao, H., Guizani, M. (2023). Intelligent Resource Scheduling. In: Intelligent Internet of Things Networks . Wireless Networks. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-26987-5_5
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-26987-5_5
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-031-26986-8
Online ISBN: 978-3-031-26987-5
eBook Packages: Computer ScienceComputer Science (R0)