Abstract
X-ray detectors are widely applied in scenarios such as medical imaging and safety inspection. Perovskite polycrystalline films (PPFs) have vast practical prospects due to the feasibility of large-area production on thin-film transistor (TFT) panels in comparison to their single-crystal counterparts. In this chapter, the current progresses, device figures of merit, and specific topics of TFT-integrated PPF X-ray detectors are reviewed. Firstly, the booming developments of PPF TFT imager are overviewed. Secondly, the figures of merit for perovskite X-ray detectors such as the sensitivity, detection limit, and dark current are discussed. Thirdly, specific topics regarding the film thickness, blocking interfaces, and measurement protocols are addressed. Finally, an outlook of the current challenges pending to be tackled for commercialized applications is provided.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Ayala-DomÃnguez, L., & Brandan, M. E. (2018). Quantification of tumor angiogenesis with contrast-enhanced X-ray imaging in preclinical studies: A review. Biomedical Physics & Engineering Express, 4(6), 062001.
Takeda, T., et al. (1998). Phase-contrast X-ray CT image of breast tumor. Journal of Synchrotron Radiation, 5(3), 1133–1135.
Neitzel, U. (2005). Status and prospects of digital detector technology for CR and DR. Radiation Protection Dosimetry, 114(1–3), 32–38.
Goldman, L. W. (2007). Principles of CT and CT technology. Journal of Nuclear Medicine Technology, 35(3), 115–128.
Bigas, M., et al. (2006). Review of CMOS image sensors. Microelectronics Journal, 37(5), 433–451.
Mayo, S. C., Stevenson, A. W., & Wilkins, S. W. (2012). In-line phase-contrast X-ray imaging and tomography for materials science. Materials, 5(5), 937–965.
Liu, X., et al. (2016). Highly photosensitive dual-gate a-Si:H TFT and array for low-dose flat-panel X-ray imaging. IEEE Photonics Technology Letters, 28(18), 1952–1955.
Antonuk, L., et al. (1994). High-resolution, high-frame-rate, flat-panel TFT array for digital X-ray imaging. Medical Imaging 1994. Vol. 2163. SPIE.
Huang, H., & Abbaszadeh, S. (2020). Recent developments of amorphous selenium-based X-ray detectors: A review. IEEE Sensors Journal, 20(4), 1694–1704.
Howansky, A., et al. (2019). Comparison of CsI:Tl and Gd2O2S:Tb indirect flat panel detector x-ray imaging performance in front- and back-irradiation geometries. Medical Physics, 46(11), 4857–4868.
Cuzin, M. (1987). Some new developments in the field of high atomic number materials. Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment, 253(3), 407–417.
Kleppinger, J. W., et al. (2022). Influence of carrier trapping on radiation detection properties in CVD grown 4H-SiC epitaxial layers with varying thickness up to 250 μm. Journal of Crystal Growth, 583, 126532.
Deumel, S., et al. (2021). High-sensitivity high-resolution X-ray imaging with soft-sintered metal halide perovskites. Nature Electronics, 4(9), 681–688.
Kim, Y. C., et al. (2017). Printable organometallic perovskite enables large-area, low-dose X-ray imaging. Nature, 550(7674), 87–91.
Jang, J., et al. (2021). Multimodal digital X-ray scanners with synchronous mapping of tactile pressure distributions using perovskites. Advanced Materials, 33(30), 2008539.
Datta, A., Zhong, Z., & Motakef, S. (2020). A new generation of direct X-ray detectors for medical and synchrotron imaging applications. Scientific Reports, 10(1), 20097.
Jia, S., et al. (2022). Ion-accumulation-induced charge tunneling for high gain factor in P–I–N-structured perovskite CH3NH3PbI3 X-ray detector. Advanced Materials Technologies, 2100908.
Shrestha, S., et al. (2017). High-performance direct conversion X-ray detectors based on sintered hybrid lead triiodide perovskite wafers. Nature Photonics, 11(7), 436–440.
Xiao, Y., et al. (2021). Grain and stoichiometry engineering for ultra-sensitive perovskite X-ray detectors. Journal of Materials Chemistry A, 9(45), 25603–25610.
Hu, M., et al. (2020). Large and dense organic–inorganic hybrid perovskite CH3NH3PbI3 wafer fabricated by one-step reactive direct wafer production with high X-ray sensitivity. ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces, 12(14), 16592–16600.
Xia, M., et al. (2022). Compact and large-area perovskite films achieved via soft-pressing and multi-functional polymerizable binder for flat-panel X-ray imager. Advanced Functional Materials, 32(16), 2110729.
Zhao, J., et al. (2020). Perovskite-filled membranes for flexible and large-area direct-conversion X-ray detector arrays. Nature Photonics, 14(10), 612–617.
Zhou, Y., et al. (2021). Heterojunction structures for reduced noise in large-area and sensitive perovskite X-ray detectors. Science Advances, 7(36), eabg6716.
He, X., et al. (2022). Quasi-2D perovskite thick film for X-ray detection with low detection limit. Advanced Functional Materials, 32(7), 2109458.
Zhang, D., et al. (2013). High-responsivity GeSn short-wave infrared p-i-n photodetectors. Applied Physics Letters, 102(14), 141111.
(1978). Nomenclature, symbols, units and their usage in spectrochemical analysis—II. Data interpretation Analytical chemistry division. Spectrochimica Acta Part B: Atomic Spectroscopy, 33(6), 241–245.
Jones, R. C. (1960). Proposal of the detectivity D** for detectors limited by radiation noise†. Journal of the Optical Society of America, 50(11), 1058–1059.
Pan, L., et al. (2021). Determination of X-ray detection limit and applications in perovskite X-ray detectors. Nature Communications, 12(1), 5258.
Wu, H., et al. (2021). Metal halide perovskites for X-ray detection and imaging. Matter, 4(1), 144–163.
Simone, G., et al. (2020). Organic photodetectors and their application in large area and flexible image sensors: The role of dark current. Advanced Functional Materials, 30(20), 1904205.
Sones, R. A., & Barnes, G. T. (1984). A method to measure the MTF of digital X-ray systems. Medical Physics, 11(2), 166–171.
Viallefont-Robinet, F., et al. (2018). Comparison of MTF measurements using edge method: towards reference data set. Optics Express, 26(26), 33625–33648.
Wang, J., & Fleischmann, D. (2018). Improving spatial resolution at CT: Development, benefits, and pitfalls. Radiology, 289(1), 261–262.
Michail, C., et al. (2016). Determination of the detective quantum efficiency (DQE) of CMOS/CsI imaging detectors following the novel IEC 62220-1-1: 2015 International Standard. Radiation Measurements, 94, 8–17.
Moy, J.-P. (2000). Signal-to-noise ratio and spatial resolution in X-ray electronic imagers: Is the MTF a relevant parameter? Medical Physics, 27(1), 86–93.
Zhao, W., DeCrescenzo, G., & Rowlands, J. (2002). Investigation of lag and ghosting in amorphous selenium flat-panel X-ray detectors. Medical Imaging. Vol. 4682. 2002: SPIE.
Mail, N., et al. (2008). An empirical method for lag correction in cone-beam CT. Medical Physics, 35(11), 5187–5196.
Adachi, S., et al. (2000). Experimental evaluation of a-Se and CdTe flat-panel X-ray detectors for digital radiography and fluoroscopy. Medical Imaging. Vol. 3977. 2000: SPIE.
Gao, Y., et al. (2021). Ultrathin and ultrasensitive direct X-ray detector based on heterojunction phototransistors. Advanced Materials, 33(32), 2101717.
Demchyshyn, S., et al. (2020). Designing ultraflexible perovskite X-ray detectors through interface engineering. Advanced Science, 7(24), 2002586.
Park, N.-G., & Zhu, K. (2020). Scalable fabrication and coating methods for perovskite solar cells and solar modules. Nature Reviews Materials, 5(5), 333–350.
Deumel, S., et al. (2022). Organometal halide perovskite imager: A comparison 1.5 years after fabrication. SPIE Medical Imaging. Vol. 12031. SPIE.
Keyes, R. J. (2013). Optical and infrared detectors. Vol. 19. Springer Science & Business Media.
Peng, J., et al. (2022). Ion-exchange-induced slow crystallization of 2D-3D perovskite thick junctions for X-ray detection and imaging. Matter, 5(7), 2251–2264.
Boudry, J. M., & Antonuk, L. E. (1996). Radiation damage of amorphous silicon, thin-film, field-effect transistors. Medical Physics, 23(5), 743–754.
Park, S., et al. (2021). Effect of X-ray irradiation on a-IGZO and LTPS thin-film transistors for radiography applications. Applied Surface Science, 550, 149237.
Zentai, G. (2011). Comparison of CMOS and a-Si flat panel imagers for X-ray imaging. In 2011 IEEE international conference on imaging systems and techniques.
Marsh, O. J., & Viswanathan, C. R. (1967). Space-charge-limited current of holes in silicon and techniques for distinguishing double and single injection. Journal of Applied Physics, 38(8), 3135–3144.
Johanson, R. E., et al. (1998). Metallic electrical contacts to stabilized amorphous selenium for use in X-ray image detectors. Journal of Non-Crystalline Solids, 227–230, 1359–1362.
Pan, L., et al. (2020). Comparison of Zr, Bi, Ti, and Ga as metal contacts in inorganic perovskite CsPbBr3 gamma-ray detector. IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science, 67(10), 2255–2262.
He, Y., et al. (2018). High spectral resolution of gamma-rays at room temperature by perovskite CsPbBr3 single crystals. Nature Communications, 9(1), 1609.
Funk, H., et al. (2020). In situ TEM monitoring of phase-segregation in inorganic mixed halide perovskite. The Journal of Physical Chemistry Letters, 11(13), 4945–4950.
Zimmermann, E., et al. (2016). Characterization of perovskite solar cells: Towards a reliable measurement protocol. APL Materials, 4(9), 091901.
He, Y., et al. (2022). Sensitivity and detection limit of spectroscopic-grade perovskite CsPbBr3 crystal for hard X-ray detection. Advanced Functional Materials, 32(24), 2112925.
He, Y., et al. (2021). CsPbBr3 perovskite detectors with 1.4% energy resolution for high-energy γ-rays. Nature Photonics, 15(1), 36–42.
Moy, J.-P. (2000). Recent developments in X-ray imaging detectors. Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment, 442(1), 26–37.
Roch, A. L., et al. (2020). Comparison of X-ray and electron radiation effects on dark current non-uniformity and fluctuations in CMOS image sensors. IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science, 67(1), 268–277.
Badea, C., et al. (2022). Co-clinical photon counting CT research for multi-contrast imaging. In Seventh international conference on image formation in X-ray computed tomography (ICIFXCT 2022). Vol. 12304. SPIE.
Schroeder, C., et al. (2004). Lag measurement in an active matrix flat-panel imager. Medical Physics, 31(5), 1203–1209.
Oppelt, A. (2006). Imaging systems for medical diagnostics: Fundamentals, technical solutions and applications for systems applying ionizing radiation, nuclear magnetic resonance and ultrasound. Wiley.
Cammarata, M., et al. (2009). Chopper system for time resolved experiments with synchrotron radiation. Review of Scientific Instruments, 80(1), 015101.
Förster, D. F., et al. (2015). Phase-locked MHz pulse selector for X-ray sources. Optics Letters, 40(10), 2265–2268.
Zefreh, K. Z., Welford, F. M., & Sijbers, J. (2016). Investigation on the effect of exposure time on scintillator afterglow for ultra-fast tomography acquisition. Journal of Instrumentation, 11(12), C12014.
Acknowledgments
The authors would like to acknowledge financial support from the National Key Research and Development Project (2021YFB3201000), National Natural Science Foundation of China (62101200, 62074066).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2023 The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Hu, H., Liu, J., Niu, G. (2023). Perovskite Polycrystalline Film for X-Ray Imaging. In: Nie, W., Iniewski, K.(. (eds) Metal-Halide Perovskite Semiconductors. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-26892-2_15
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-26892-2_15
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-031-26891-5
Online ISBN: 978-3-031-26892-2
eBook Packages: EnergyEnergy (R0)