Abstract
‘Nature’, like ‘life’, is an odd word. In the English language, bewilderingly, we use a word – life – to describe diverse phenomena that are either biological, conceptual or metaphysical (as a comparison, for example, to describe the simple phenomenon of the body’s excrement and its associated cultural interpolations, we have many nuanced words to choose from such as faeces, dung, manure, shit and so on).
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Notes
- 1.
Donna J. Haraway. 2003. The Companion Species Manifesto: Dogs, People, and Significant Otherness. Vol. 1. Chicago: Prickly Paradigm Press.
- 2.
Timothy Morton. 2016. Frankenstein and ecocriticism. In The Cambridge Companion to Frankenstein, ed. Andrew Smith. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, p. 146.
- 3.
Eugene Thacker. 2010. After Life. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, p. xv.
- 4.
American Type Culture Collection. 2022. HeLa CCL-2™. https://www.atcc.org/products/ccl-2. Accessed 22 July 2022.
- 5.
Leigh M. Van Valen and Virginia C. Maiorana. 1991. HeLa, a new microbial species. University of Chicago. https://www.mn.uio.no/cees/english/services/van-valen/evolutionary-theory/volume-10/vol-10-no-2-pages-71-74-l-van-valen-and-v-c-mairorana-hela-a-new-microbial-species.pdf. Accessed 22 July 2022.
- 6.
Samuel Butler. 1872. Erewhon. London: Trübner & Co.
- 7.
Australian Institute for the Conservation of Cultural Material. Conservation [webpage]. https://aiccm.org.au/conservation/. Accessed 25 July 2022.
- 8.
H.G. Wells. 1975. The limits of individual plasticity. In H. G. Wells: Early Writings in Science and Science Fiction, eds. R.M. Philmus and D.Y. Hughes. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, p. 36.
- 9.
Karl Polanyi. 2001 [1944]. The Great Transformation: The Political and Economic Origins of Our Time. Boston: Beacon Press, p. 154.
- 10.
Polanyi, The Great Transformation, p. 45.
- 11.
Polanyi, The Great Transformation, p. 76.
- 12.
Polanyi, The Great Transformation, p. 76.
- 13.
Kevin Laland, Tobias Uller, Marc Feldman, Kim Sterelny, Gerd B. Müller et al. 2014. Does evolutionary theory need a rethink? Nature 514: 161–164, pp. 161–162.
- 14.
Laland et al., Does evolutionary theory need a rethink?, pp. 161–162.
- 15.
University of Edinburgh. The life of Dolly [webpage]. https://dolly.roslin.ed.ac.uk/facts/the-life-of-dolly/index.html. Accessed 11 August 2022.
- 16.
National Museums Scotland. Dolly the sheep [webpage]. https://www.nms.ac.uk/explore-our-collections/stories/natural-sciences/dolly-the-sheep/. Accessed 11 August 2022.
- 17.
Umwelt, from the German, meaning ‘environment’ or ‘surroundings’, first used by Jakob von Uexküll. 1909. Umwelt und Innenwelt der Tiere. Berlin: J. Springer.
- 18.
F. Cameron. 2008. Safe places for unsafe ideas? History and science museums, hot topics and moral predicaments. In Social History in Museums, ed. M. Terwey. London: Social History Curators Group, pp. 5–16.
- 19.
Based on recorded interviews and email exchange between Oron Catts and Prof. Charles Vacanti from 2014.
- 20.
Available at United States Copyright Office. http://cocatalog.loc.gov/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi. (Search for ‘mouse with human ear’.)
- 21.
Jacques Loeb to Ernst Mach, 28 December 1899. Quoted in Scott F. Gilbert. 2000. Developmental Biology. New York: University Press, pp. 93–117. For more, see Philip J. Pauly. 1987. Controlling Life: Jacques Loeb & the Engineering Ideal in Biology. New York: Oxford University Press; or O. Catts and I. Zurr. 2014. Countering the engineering mindset: the conflict of art and synthetic biology. In Synthetic Aesthetics: Investigating Synthetic Biology’s Designs on Nature, eds. A.D. Ginsberg, J. Calvert, P. Schyfter, A. Elfick and D. Endy. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, pp. 27–38.
- 22.
William H. Robinson. 2005. Urban Insects and Arachnids: A Handbook of Urban Entomology. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 96–97.
- 23.
See Stephen J. Gould. 1980. The Panda’s Thumb: More Reflections in Natural History. New York: W.W. Norton & Company.
- 24.
Western Australian Museum. 2013. Echinodermata (echinoderms) [webpage]. http://museum.wa.gov.au/research/collections/aquatic-zoology/marine-invertebrates-section/echinodermata-echinoderms. Accessed 13 June 2018.
- 25.
Donald I. Williamson. 2006. Hybridization in the evolution of animal form and life-cycle. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 148(4): 585–602. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-3642.2006.00236.x.
- 26.
Donald I. Williamson. 2003. The Origins of Larvae. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers.
- 27.
Lomonosov Moscow State University. 2016, March 1. Researchers study the reaggregation of artificially separated marine sponge cells. Phys.org. https://phys.org/news/2016-03-reaggregation-artificially-marine-sponge-cells.html. Accessed 13 June 2018.
- 28.
L. Margulis and R. Fester (eds.). 1991. Symbiosis as a Source of Evolutionary Innovation: Speciation and Morphogenesis. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
- 29.
Quoted in H. Harris. 1985. Roots: cell fusion. BioEssays 2(4): 176–179. https://doi.org/10.1002/bies.950020409.
- 30.
E. Szymanski, T. Bates, E. Cachat, J. Calvert, O. Catts, L.J. Nelson, S.J. Rosser, R.D.J. Smith and I. Zurr. 2020. Crossing kingdoms: how can art open up new ways of thinking about science? Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology 8: 715. https://doi.org/10.3389/fbioe.2020.00715.
References
American Type Culture Collection. 2022. HeLa CCL-2TM. https://www.atcc.org/products/ccl-2. Accessed 22 July 2022.
Australian Institute for the Conservation of Cultural Material. Conservation [webpage]. https://aiccm.org.au/conservation/. Accessed 25 July 2022.
Butler, Samuel. 1872. Erewhon. London: Trübner & Co.
Cameron, F. 2008. Safe places for unsafe ideas? History and science museums, hot topics and moral predicaments. In Social History in Museums, ed. M. Terwey. London: Social History Curators Group, pp. 5–16.
Catts, O. and I. Zurr. 2014. Countering the engineering mindset: the conflict of art and synthetic biology. In Synthetic Aesthetics: Investigating Synthetic Biology’s Designs on Nature, eds. A.D. Ginsberg, J. Calvert, P. Schyfter, A. Elfick and D. Endy. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, pp. 27–38.
Gilbert, Scott F. 2000. Developmental Biology. New York: University Press.
Gould, Stephen J. 1980. The Panda’s Thumb: More Reflections in Natural History. New York: W.W. Norton & Company.
Haraway, Donna J. 2003. The Companion Species Manifesto: Dogs, People, and Significant Otherness. Vol. 1. Chicago: Prickly Paradigm Press.
Harris, H. 1985. Roots: cell fusion. BioEssays 2(4): 176–179. https://doi.org/10.1002/bies.950020409.
Laland, Kevin, Tobias Uller, Marc Feldman, Kim Sterelny, Gerd B. Müller et al. 2014. Does evolutionary theory need a rethink? Nature 514: 161–164.
Lomonosov Moscow State University. 2016, March 1. Researchers study the reaggregation of artificially separated marine sponge cells. Phys.org. https://phys.org/news/2016-03-reaggregation-artificially-marine-sponge-cells.html. Accessed 13 June 2018.
Margulis, L. and R. Fester (eds.). 1991. Symbiosis as a Source of Evolutionary Innovation: Speciation and Morphogenesis. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
Morton, Timothy. 2016. Frankenstein and ecocriticism. In The Cambridge Companion to Frankenstein, ed. Andrew Smith. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
National Museums Scotland. Dolly the sheep [webpage]. https://www.nms.ac.uk/explore-our-collections/stories/natural-sciences/dolly-the-sheep/. Accessed 11 August 2022.
Pauly, Philip J. 1987. Controlling Life: Jacques Loeb & the Engineering Ideal in Biology. New York: Oxford University Press.
Polanyi, Karl. 2001 [1944]. The Great Transformation: The Political and Economic Origins of Our Time. Boston: Beacon Press.
Robinson, William H. 2005. Urban Insects and Arachnids: A Handbook of Urban Entomology. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Szymanski, E., T. Bates, E. Cachat, J. Calvert, O. Catts, L.J. Nelson, S.J. Rosser, R.D.J. Smith and I. Zurr. 2020. Crossing kingdoms: how can art open up new ways of thinking about science? Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology 8: 715. https://doi.org/10.3389/fbioe.2020.00715.
Thacker, Eugene. 2010. After Life. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Uexküll, J. von. 1909. Umwelt und Innenwelt der Tiere. Berlin: J. Springer.
United States Copyright Office. http://cocatalog.loc.gov/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi [website]. Accessed 11 August 2022.
University of Edinburgh. The life of Dolly [webpage]. https://dolly.roslin.ed.ac.uk/facts/the-life-of-dolly/index.html. Accessed 11 August 2022.
Van Valen, Leigh M. and Virginia C. Maiorana. 1991. HeLa, a new microbial species. University of Chicago. https://www.mn.uio.no/cees/english/services/van-valen/evolutionary-theory/volume-10/vol-10-no-2-pages-71-74-l-van-valen-and-v-c-mairorana-hela-a-new-microbial-species.pdf. Accessed 22 July 2022.
Wells, H.G. 1975. The limits of individual plasticity. In H. G. Wells: Early Writings in Science and Science Fiction, eds. R.M. Philmus and D.Y. Hughes. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.
Western Australian Museum. 2013. Echinodermata (echinoderms) [webpage]. http://museum.wa.gov.au/research/collections/aquatic-zoology/marine-invertebrates-section/echinodermata-echinoderms. Accessed 13 June 2018.
Williamson, Donald I. 2003. The Origins of Larvae. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers.
Williamson, Donald I. 2006. Hybridization in the evolution of animal form and life-cycle. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 148(4): 585–602. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-3642.2006.00236.x.
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Zurr, I., Catts, O. (2023). Taxonomies, Categorizations and Queer Life. In: Tissues, Cultures, Art. Palgrave BioArt. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-25887-9_5
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