Abstract
Specifically considering the field of landscape architecture and the art of “making places,” the action of cultivating can be interpreted as the continuous taking care of places over time. In fact, the word cultivation also implicitly incorporates a chronological dimension in both its forms: evolutionary process (linear time) and seasonal cyclicity (circular time). Due to these aspects of continuity and evolution, the specific practices concerning cultivation (working the land, sowing and planting, pruning, watering, harvesting, in addition to the differences in crop care required by the various species) are necessarily guided by an overall strategic vision that is projective and experimental, and in this sense, strictly related to a planning/design/project approach.
Landscape is scene of life, cultivated construction, carrier of meaning. It is language.
—A. Whiston Spirn, 1998.
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Notes
- 1.
- 2.
In September of 1994, a working group was set up to build a European Convention on landscape matters that would continue, integrate and summarize the various treaties and documents drafted on the topic over time. About the process, see Maniglio Calcagno in Ghersi (2007, 17–18).
- 3.
Besides the numerous conventions produced in previous years by the Council of Europe and by the Committee of Ministers and the UNESCO Convention (1972), there was also the Mediterranean Landscape Charter (Seville 1992–Montpellier 1993) by the Regions of Andalucia, Languedoc Roussillon and Tuscany, and the document Parks for Life. Actions for Protected Areas in Europe promoted by IUCN with the support of the WWF and a series of agencies and ministries of Sweden, Norway, France, Germany, Holland and the British Countryside Commission in 1994; also relevant the preparatory meeting- inter-Ministry Conference on Landscape promoted by the Council of Europe (Florence 1998). For Italy, the October 1999, Naples Charter (FEDAP) is also notable. For an exhaustive list, see Maniglio Calcagno, ibidem.
- 4.
And so reducting the landscape to the mere concept of environment: «Contre les écologues, je dirai que le paysage n’est jamais réductible à un écosystème. Contre les géographes, qu’il n’est pas davantage, à un géosystème […]. Le paysage n’est pas un concept scientifique.»
- 5.
As well formulated by Le Dantec (2011, 66)« Voilà pourquoi tout paysage est un objet culturel ‘au carré’: à la puissance un parce que le pays dont il procède, aussi sauvage qu’il puisse parfois paraître, est un hybride de ‘nature’ et de travail humain; et à la puissance deux parce-que ce pays lui-même ne devient paysage qu’à travers l’émotion, individuelle et collective, qu’il provoque. C’est pourquoi la notion de paysage ne saurait être réduite à la matérialité du pays non plus qu’à ses représentations: elle est un mixte de ces deux dimensions.»
- 6.
The text has been republished by Michel Corajoud n 2010 in the book Le paysage c’est l’endroit où le ciel e la terre se touchent printed by Actes Sud, pp. 9–22.
- 7.
The Manifesto is available on www.uniscape.eu.
- 8.
Multidisciplinary means people from different disciplines working together, each drawing on their disciplinary knowledge; Interdisciplinary means integrating knowledge and methods from different disciplines, using a synthesis of approaches; Transdisciplinary means creating a unity of intellectual frameworks beyond the disciplinary perspectives.
- 9.
“Landscape is where disciplines meet” presented at the 2020 UNISCAPE Conference, Cultivating Continuity of the European Landscape, organized in Florence for the 20th anniversary of the CEP, 17 October 2020.
- 10.
With Tessa Matteini and Veerle van Eetvelde.
- 11.
Proposed by UNISCAPE in November 2018 and signed by the Rectors of the Universities in the network. Available on www.uniscape.eu.
- 12.
Manifesto of the Canary Islands for the European Landscape Project, 2011, point 9. English version.
- 13.
These Authors are collected in and commented by Swaffield (2002, 123–143) in the IV part of his book (Theory in Landscape Architecture) dedicated to Society, Language and Representation of Landscape.
- 14.
The language of landscape can be spoken, written, read and imagined; [...]Landscape has all the features of language. It contains the equivalent of words and part of speech patterns of shape, structure, material and function [...] Landscape is pragmatic, poetic, rhetorical, polemical. Landscape is scene of life, cultivated construction, carrier of meaning. It is language.
- 15.
See the definition in Donadieu in P. Aubry, P. Donadieu, A.Laffage, J. P. Le Dantec, Y. Luginbühl, A. Roger, 2006, pp.94–95.
- 16.
The Council of Europe document presented in Strasbourg on 26/27 March 2013 (CE-CDCPP (2013) 4E) containing a draft version of the glossary supporting the reading of the Convention, subsequently published in 2018: Glossary of the Information System of the Council of Europe Landscape Convention, Spatial planning and Landscape, n.106, Council of Europe, Strasbourg, 2018.
- 17.
There is a recent translation of the 2008 Guidelines edited by IASLA (the Italian Academic Scientific Association of Landscape Architecture).
- 18.
Guidelines for the implementation of the European Landscape Convention. CM(REC 2008)3. D. Education.
- 19.
On the retirement in 1998 of Bernard Lassus, founder of the Doctorate, the teaching staff prepared this book in homage to him.
- 20.
From the Introduction by Augustin Berque. An English translation can be found in “Lotus Navigator” 05, February 2002, pp.78–79.
- 21.
In the first phase: Augustin Berque, Michel Conan, Pierre Donadieu, Bernard Lassus, Alain Roger, respectively, geographer and orientalist; sociologist; agronomist and ecologist; artist and landscape architect; philosopher and writer. For the second book, published in 2006, Pascal Aubry, Arnauld Laffage, Jean-Pierre Le Dantec and Yves Luginbül were added.
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Matteini, T. (2024). Cultivating the Landscape Dimension. In: Agnoletti, M., Dobričič, S., Matteini, T., Palerm, J.M. (eds) Cultivating Continuity of the European Landscape. Environmental History, vol 15. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-25713-1_55
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