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International Workshop on Chatbot Research and Design

CONVERSATIONS 2022: Chatbot Research and Design pp 150–170Cite as

Interactive Journaling with AI: Probing into Words and Language as Interaction Design Materials

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Part of the Lecture Notes in Computer Science book series (LNCS,volume 13815)

Abstract

Conversational Agents (CAs) are making human-computer interaction more collaborative and conversational through using natural language. The HCI and interaction design communities, have been experimenting with and exploring the area of designing conversational interactions. Furthermore, interaction designers may need to acquire new skills for designing, prototyping, and evaluating artifacts that embody AI technologies in general, and CAs in particular. This paper builds upon a previous study on principles of designing interactive journaling experiences with CA and explores the practice of designing such experiences, using words, language, and conversations as design materials. We present a prototype for interactive and reflective journaling interaction with CA and the result of a Wizard of Oz experiment. Our findings suggest that designing interactions with CA challenges designers to use materials with inherently different natures and qualities. Despite this challenge, words appear to have unique characteristics to support designers to externalize and iterate on ideas, e.g., tone and intent. Hence, we suggest considering words, language, and conversations as the primary design materials, and the AI’s predictability, adaptivity, and agency as secondary materials, while designing human interactions with Conversational Agents.

Keywords

  • Reflective journaling
  • Conversational agents
  • Human-AI interaction
  • Design methods
  • Design materials
  • User experience
  • Interaction modality

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Acknowledgments

We would like to show appreciation for the people who participated in the user studies.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. School of Arts and Communication, Malmö University, Malmö, Sweden

    Max Angenius & Maliheh Ghajargar

  2. Internet of Things and People Research Center, Malmö University, Malmö, Sweden

    Maliheh Ghajargar

Authors
  1. Max Angenius
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  2. Maliheh Ghajargar
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Corresponding author

Correspondence to Max Angenius .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. SINTEF, Oslo, Norway

    Asbjørn Følstad

  2. University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands

    Theo Araujo

  3. CERTH-ITI, Thessaloniki, Greece

    Symeon Papadopoulos

  4. Durham University, Durham, UK

    Effie L.-C. Law

  5. University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK

    Ewa Luger

  6. University of Agder, Grimstad, Norway

    Morten Goodwin

  7. University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway

    Petter Bae Brandtzaeg

Appendix

Appendix

1.1 Appendix A. Examples of CA’S Key Behaviors and Prompts

The situation

CA’s behavior

CA’s prompt

Meeting someone for the first time

Greet the user, introduce themselves, and explain a short version of what can be expected

“Hello there, my name is Talkus AI-relius, and I am your journaling companion. What’s your name?”

Talking with someone familiar

Greet by name and express happiness about seeing them again

“Welcome back [name], it is good to see you again. Today it’s 10th of May 2022. Would you like to journal?”

Asked to help with something it can do

Proceed to explain to the user if needed

“Ok, great. You can journal in two different ways, the first way is by using the pen to write in the journal, and the second way is to speak to me using your voice. Are you ready to start our first journaling session together?”

Asked to help with something it can’t do

Apologize and inform them that it can’t do it and suggest an alternative

“I apologize, this is not an action I can perform. Do you want me to suggest an alternative action?”

Interrupted

Stop what it is doing, wait, and listen to what the user is saying and act on suggested new task

“…do you want me to do [name of task recognized from user interaction]?”

Mistaken

Apologize and ask for clarification or repetition

“I am sorry, I didn’t understand that. Do you mind clarifying or repeating?”

Correcting someone

Ask the user if they meant “x”

“Do you mean [correction]?”

Asked a question it couldn’t answer

Apologize and inform the user that it is a question it can’t answer

“I am sorry, I don’t have answers to that question.”

Asked a personal question

Explain that it itself doesn’t have an opinion but that it could bring in an outside perspective if the user wants

“I don’t have personal opinions. I am here to help you process your opinions, thoughts, and emptions. But if you want, I can bring in an outside perspective.”

Asked an inappropriate question

Explain that this is not something it will discuss but encourages the user to explore their thoughts, feelings, and point of view

“I don’t discuss these kinds of topics, but I encourage you to explore your thoughts, feelings, and point of view in your journal.”

1.2 Appendix B. The Interaction Design Wheel(s) of Fortune

figure a

1.3 Appendix C: Combinations of Elements of Interaction

Sketch No.

Combination of elements

24

Fast, tool, continuity, control, secondary orality, R2 dialogic reflection, continuous human-ai interaction

25

Fluent, media, movement, tool use, oral culture, R3 transformative reflection, continuous human-ai interaction

26

Targeted, dialogue partner, state, embodiment, literate culture, R0 descriptive reflection, proactive human-ai interaction

27

Uniform, aesthetic experience, pace, experience, secondary orality, R1 reflective description, proactive human-ai interaction

28

Constant, tool, connectivity, embodiment, oral culture, R0 description, proactive human-ai interaction

29

Approximate, dialogue partner, movement, control, secondary orality, R4 critical reflection, intermittent human-ai interaction

30

Powerful, aesthetic experience, pace, control, literate culture, R2 reflective description (forgot to include human-ai interaction)

31

Slow, aesthetic experience, proximity, transmission, literate culture, R0 description, proactive human-ai interaction

32

Instant, aesthetic experience, continuity, optimal behavior, oral culture, R1. Reflective description, proactive human-ai interaction

33

Approximate, dialogue partner, speed, control, secondary orality, R2 dialogic reflection, intermittent human-ai interaction

34

Inconstant, system, movement, optimal behavior, literate culture, R0 description, intermittent human-ai interaction

35

Precise, system, connectivity, optimal behavior, oral culture, R2. Dialogic reflection, proactive human-ai interaction

36

Incidental, system, state, control, oral culture, R2 dialogic reflection, intermittent human-ai interaction

37

Gentle, media, time-depth, embodiment, literate culture, R4 critical reflection, proactive human-ai interaction

38

Delayed, media, directness, optimal behavior, literate culture, R0 description, continuous human-ai interaction

39

Fast, tool, continuity, control, secondary orality, R2 dialogic reflection, continuous human-ai interaction

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Angenius, M., Ghajargar, M. (2023). Interactive Journaling with AI: Probing into Words and Language as Interaction Design Materials. In: , et al. Chatbot Research and Design. CONVERSATIONS 2022. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, vol 13815. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-25581-6_10

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