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Ophthalmic Disease in Diabetes

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Abstract

Hyperglycemia is a prevalent feature of diabetes mellitus (DM), which is a chronic metabolic disease. Such prolonged condition of abnormal glucose level leads to macro- and microvascular complications.

The eye is one of the major organs affected by DM. Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is one of the main microvascular complications associated with DM, which is the leading cause of blindness in the working age population. Few less significant ocular manifestations of DM include cataract, glaucoma, ischemic optic neuropathy, cranial nerve palsies, and recurrent corneal erosion syndrome.

In the present study, DR has been characterized as an important complication of DM. In addition, less well-known complications have also been reviewed with an aim at sensitizing clinicians involved in treating DM patients. This will, in turn, promote an early diagnosis and treatment of the life-threatening diabetic complications.

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Abbreviations

Anti-VEGF IV:

Anti-VEGF intravitreous injection

BCVA:

Best corrected visual acuity

BMI:

Body mass index

CRT:

Central retinal thickness

DM:

Diabetes mellitus

DME:

Diabetic macular edema

DR:

Diabetic retinopathy

DRS:

Diabetic retinopathy study

ESASO:

European School for Advanced Studies in Ophthalmology

ESR:

Erythrocyte sedimentation rate

ETDRS:

Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study

GADA:

Glutamic acid decarboxylase antibodies

HOMA-B:

Homoeostasis model assessment estimates of β-cell function

HOMA-IS:

Homeostasis model assessment estimate of insulin sensitivity

MA:

Microaneurysm

NPDR:

Nonproliferative diabetic retinopathy

OCTA:

Optical coherence tomography angiography

PDR:

Proliferative diabetic retinopathy

PEDF:

Pigment epithelium-derived factor

PEVAC:

Perifoveal exudative vascular anomalous complex

CRP:

C-reactive protein

RDR:

Referable diabetic retinopathy

T1DM:

Type 1 diabetes mellitus

T2DM:

Type 2 diabetes mellitus

VA:

Visual acuity

VEGF:

Vascular endothelial growth factor

VTDR:

Vision-threatening diabetic retinopathy

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Surgical Retina Unit, Retina Department, Dr. Gama Pinto Ophthalmology Institute, Lisbon, Portugal

    José Henriques

  2. Lisbon Retina Institute, Lisbon, Portugal

    José Henriques, João Nascimento, Marco Medeiros & Paulo Caldeira Rosa

  3. Department of Ophthalmology, Hospital de Santa Maria, Lisbon, Portugal

    Sara Vaz-Pereira

  4. Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal

    Sara Vaz-Pereira

  5. Surgical Retina Unit, Retina Department, (CHLC) Centro Hospitalar Lisboa Central, Lisbon, Portugal

    Marco Medeiros

  6. NOVA Medical School, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal

    Marco Medeiros

  7. Portuguese Diabetes Association (APDP), Lisbon, Portugal

    Marco Medeiros

  8. Hospital Doutor Fernando da Fonseca, Amadora, Portugal

    Susana Henriques

  9. Medical Retina Unit, Retina Department, Dr. Gama Pinto Ophthalmology Institute, Lisbon, Portugal

    Paulo Caldeira Rosa

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Editors and Affiliations

  1. Mexico City, Mexico

    Joel Rodriguez-Saldana

Ethics declarations

José Henriques declares having carried out consulting work for Novartis-Alcon, Bausch + Lomb, Bayer, Allergan, and Alimera.

Sara Vaz-Pereira declares having carried out consulting work for Bayer.

João Nascimento declares having carried out consulting work for Novartis, Bausch + Lomb, Alcon, Zeiss, and Bayer.

Marco Dutra Medeiros declares having carried out consulting work for Alcon, Allergan, Zeiss, and Bayer.

Susana Henriques has nothing to disclose.

Paulo Caldeira Rosa declares having carried out consulting work for Novartis, Alcon, and Bayer.

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Henriques, J., Vaz-Pereira, S., Nascimento, J., Medeiros, M., Henriques, S., Rosa, P.C. (2023). Ophthalmic Disease in Diabetes. In: Rodriguez-Saldana, J. (eds) The Diabetes Textbook. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-25519-9_53

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