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The Global Circulation of Chinese Materia Medica, 1700–1949 pp 97–158Cite as

Palgrave Macmillan

The Caterpillar Fungus Travels Overseas

Part of the Medicine and Biomedical Sciences in Modern History book series (MBSMH)

Abstract

This chapter shifts the focus to the outside world during the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. It traces the travels of the caterpillar fungus to France, Britain, Russia and Japan, while elucidating the key actors and their roles and efforts in cross-cultural contacts. The pursuit of new effective medicinal substances and natural-historical curiosities underlay the caterpillar fungus’s journeys overseas despite different bilateral settings. The functioning of the transnational networks for the caterpillar fungus illuminates the interplay between humans and nonhumans in the global production of natural knowledge.

Keywords

  • Dominicus Parennin
  • John Reeves
  • Alexander A. Tatarinov
  • Carl P. Thunberg
  • Cross-Cultural Contact
  • Missionary
  • English East India Company

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  • DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-24723-1_3
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Notes

  1. 1.

    Jean-Baptiste Du Halde (ed.), Lettres Édifiantes et Curieuses, Écrites des Missions Étrangères (Recueil 24), Paris: Nicolas Le Clerc, 1739, p. 413.

  2. 2.

    Yang Wanli, Yang Wanli Ji Jianjiao, Xin Gengru (ed.), Beijing: Zhonghua Shuju, [c. 1190] 2007, pp. 1425–1426. According to the plants and knowledge referred to in d’Entrecolles’s letter, the herbal should be the Caomu Dian (Vegetable Canons, in 320 volumes) section of the voluminous imperial encyclopaedia Gujin Tushu Jicheng (Complete Collection of Old and New Illustrations and Texts, 1726). For the account of ganlu zi in this encyclopaedia, see Chen Menglei (ed.), Gujin Tushu Jicheng (Book 545, Vol. 179), Shanghai: Zhonghua Shuju, [1726] 1934, p. 53.

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    Peter J. Marshall, ‘Europe and the Rest of the World’, in Timothy C. W. Blanning (ed.), The Eighteenth Century: Europe, 1688–1815, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000, pp. 218–246, 245.

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    Paula Findlen, Possessing Nature: Museums, Collecting, and Scientific Culture in Early Modern Italy, Berkeley: University of California Press, 1994; David Attenborough et al., Amazing Rare Things: The Art of Natural History in the Age of Discovery, New Haven: Yale University Press, 2007; Glyn Williams, Naturalists at Sea: Scientific Travellers from Dampier to Darwin, New Haven: Yale University Press, 2013; Londa Schiebinger, Secret Cures of Slaves: People, Plants, and Medicine in the Eighteenth-Century Atlantic World, Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2017; Jaime Marroquín Arredondo and Ralph Bauer (eds.), Translating Nature: Cross-Cultural Histories of Early Modern Science, Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2019.

  5. 5.

    Alix Cooper, Inventing the Indigenous: Local Knowledge and Natural History in Early Modern Europe, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2007.

  6. 6.

    For some recent relevant publications, see Bianca M. Rinaldi, The ‘Chinese Garden in Good Taste’: Jesuits and Europe’s Knowledge of Chinese Flora and Art of the Garden in the 17th and 18th Centuries, München: Meidenbauer, 2006; Noël Golvers and Efthymios Nicolaidis, Ferdinand Verbiest and Jesuit Science in 17th Century China, Athens: Institute for Neohellenic Research, 2009; Florence C. Hsia, Sojourners in a Strange Land: Jesuits and Their Scientific Missions in Late Imperial China, Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 2009; Qiong Zhang, Making the New World Their Own: Chinese Encounters with Jesuit Science in the Age of Discovery, Leiden: Brill, 2015.

  7. 7.

    Carla Nappi, The Monkey and the Inkpot, pp. 69–135; Carla Nappi, ‘Bolatu’s Pharmacy Theriac in Early Modern China’, Early Science and Medicine, 2009, 14(6): 737–764.

  8. 8.

    For the import and medical use of American ginseng, see, for example, Anonymous, Changshui Zeli, in Gu Tinglong (ed.), Xuxiu Siku Quanshu (Book 834), Shanghai: Shanghai Guji Chubanshe, [c. 1727] 2002, p. 442; Wu Yiluo, Bencao Congxin, p. 6; Xu Dachun, Huixi Yi’an, in Xu Dachun, Xu Dachun Yishu Quanji, Beijing: Renmin Weisheng Chubanshe, [c. 1771] 1988, p. 582. For the transmission of Portuguese distilled medicinal liquid to the Qing court, see, for example, Yuntao et al., Qinding Daqing Huidian Zeli, in Ji Yun (ed.), Wenyuange Siku Quanshu (Book 622), Taipei: Taiwan Shangwu Yinshuguan, [1764] 1983, p. 908.

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    Londa Schiebinger, Plants and Empire: Colonial Bioprospecting in the Atlantic World, Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2004; Londa Schiebinger, ‘Prospecting for Drugs: European Naturalists in the West Indies’, in Londa Schiebinger and Claudia Swan (eds.), Colonial Botany: Science, Commerce, and Politics in the Early Modern World, Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2005, pp. 119–133; Timothy D. Walker, ‘The Early Modern Globalization of Indian Medicine: Portuguese Dissemination of Drugs and Healing Techniques from South Asia on Four Continents, 1670–1830’, Portuguese Literary and Cultural Studies, 2010, 17–18: 77–97; Daniela Bleichmar, Visible Empire: Botanical Expeditions & Visual Culture in the Hispanic Enlightenment, Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 2012, pp. 17–41; Harold J. Cook and Timothy D. Walker, ‘Circulation of Medicine in the Early Modern Atlantic World’, Social History of Medicine, 2013, 26(3): 337–351.

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    Harold J. Cook, ‘Quanqiu Yixueshi Huishi Shenme Yangzi?’, Zhou Xun (trans.), in Wang Shumin and Vivienne Lo (eds.), Xingxiang Zhongyi: Zhongyi Lishi Tuxiang Yanjiu, Beijing: Renmin Weisheng Chubanshe, 2007, pp. 1–9; Harold J. Cook, ‘Sciences and Economies in the Scientific Revolution: Concepts, Materials, and Commensurable Fragments’, Osiris, 2018, 33(1): 25–44.

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    Harold J. Cook, ‘Global Economies and Local Knowledge in the East Indies: Jacobus Bontius Learns the Facts of Nature’, in Londa Schiebinger and Claudia Swan (eds.), Colonial Botany: Science, Commerce, and Politics in the Early Modern World, pp. 100–118; Harold J. Cook, Matters of Exchange: Commerce, Medicine, and Science in the Dutch Golden Age, New Haven: Yale University Press, 2007, pp. 42–132, 175–225, 304–416.

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    The phrase ‘inquisition of nature’ here is borrowed from Francis Bacon (1561–1626), see Francis Bacon, ‘The Great Instauration’, in Jerry Weinberger (ed.), New Atlantis and the Great Instauration, Chichester: Wiley, [1620] 2017, p. 17.

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    Emily Erikson, Between Monopoly and Free Trade: The English East India Company, 1600–1757, Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2014, pp. 77–124.

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    Anna Winterbottom, Hybrid Knowledge in the Early East India Company World, New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2016, pp. 8–15, 112–162, 196–207.

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    Peter Jackson, The Mongols and the West, 1221–1410, London: Routledge, 2014, pp. 87–112; Gregory G. Guzman, ‘Simon of Saint-Quentin and the Dominican Mission to the Mongol Baiju: A Reappraisal’, in James D. Ryan (ed.), The Spiritual Expansion of Medieval Latin Christendom: The Asian Missions, London: Routledge, 2016, pp. 85–102; Michael Keevak, Embassies to China: Diplomacy and Cultural Encounters Before the Opium Wars, Singapore: Palgrave Macmillan, 2017, pp. 13–37.

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    For Carpini’s own account of this journey, see William W. Rockhill, The Journey of William of Rubruck to the Eastern Parts of the World, 1253–55, as Narrated by Himself, with Two Accounts of the Earlier Journey of John of Pian de Carpine, London: Printed for the Hakluyt Society, 1900, pp. 1–32; Christopher Dawson (ed.), The Mongol Mission: Narratives and Letters of the Franciscan Missionaries in Mongolia and China in the Thirteenth and Fourteenth Centuries, New York: Sheed and Ward, 1955, pp. 1–76.

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    Peter Jackson (ed.), The Mission of Friar William of Rubruck: His Journey to the Court of the Great Khan Möngke, 1253–1255, London: The Hakluyt Society, 1990, pp. 59–60, 161–162, 176–178, 211–213; Peter Jackson, ‘William of Rubruck in the Mongol Empire: Perception and Prejudices’, in Zweder von Martels (ed.), Travel Fact and Travel Fiction: Studies on Fiction, Literary Tradition, Scholarly Discovery and Observation in Travel Writing, Leiden: Brill, 1994, pp. 54–71.

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    Henri Cordier, ‘Le Christianisme en Chine et en Asie Centrale Sous les Mongols’, T’oung Pao, 1917, 18(1): 49–113; Marion A. Habig, ‘Marignolli and the Decline of Medieval Missions in China’, Franciscan Studies, 1945, 5(1): 21–36; Paul Stanislaus Hsiang, The Catholic Missions in China During the Middle Ages (1294–1368) (STD Dissertation), Washington: The Catholic University of America Press, 1949, pp. 22–31; James D. Ryan, ‘Preaching Christianity Along the Silk Route: Missionary Outposts in the Tartar ‘Middle Kingdom’ in the Fourteenth Century’, Journal of Early Modern History, 1998, 2(4): 350–373; Vladimír Liščák, ‘The Christian Nobles at the Court of Great Khan, as Described in Mediaeval European Sources’, Golden Horde Review, 2017, 5(2): 276–289.

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    Ernest Alfred Thompson Wallis Budge (trans.), The Monks of Ḳûblâi Khân, Emperor of China, London: The Religious Tract Society, 1928, pp. 182–185; Morris Rossabi, Voyager from Xanadu: Rabban Sauma and the First Journey from China to the West, Berkeley: University of California Press, 2010, p. 140.

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    A copy of this Manchu translation, consisting of eight volumes, entitled ‘Ge Ti Ciowan Lu Bithe’ (Manchu transliteration of the Chinese phrase ‘Geti Quanlu’ [Complete Record of the Body]), is now preserved at the Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, see Joachim Bouvet and Dominicus Parennin, Ghé Ti Tchiowan Lou Bithé, Paris: Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, Catalogue No.: MS 2009. For different extant copies of this Manchu text on European anatomy, see Marta E. Hanson, ‘On Manchu Medical Manuscripts and Blockprints: An Essay and Bibliographic Survey’, Saksaha, 2003, (8): 1–32, 24–26.

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    Anonymous, ‘Diverses Observations de Physique Generale’, Histoire de l'Académie Royale des Sciences, 1726, 1: 17–20.

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    Jean-Baptiste Du Halde, Description Géographique, Historique, Chronologique, Politique, et Physique de l’Empire de la Chine et de la Tartarie Chinoise, Enrichie des Cartes Générales et Particulieres de Ces Pays, de la Carte Générale & des Cartes Particulieres du Thibet, & de la Corée, & Ornée d’un Grand Nombre de Figures & de Vignettes Gravées en Taille-Douce (Tome 3), Paris: Chez P. G. Le Mercier, Imprimeur-Libraire, rue Saint Jacques, au Livre d’Or, 1735, pp. 490–491. Du Halde transliterated the Chinese name of the caterpillar fungus as ‘Hia Tsao Tong Tchong’, which also appeared as ‘Hiao Tsao Tong Tchong’ in the main text.

  71. 71.

    Carla Nappi, The Monkey and the Inkpot, p. 144.

  72. 72.

    For the descriptions of the caterpillar fungus in these editions, see Jean-Baptiste Du Halde, Description Géographique, Historique, Chronologique, Politique, et Physique de l’Empire de la Chine et de la Tartarie Chinoise, Enrichie des Cartes Générales et Particulieres de Ces Pays, de la Carte Générale & des Cartes Particulieres du Thibet, & de la Corée; & Ornée d’un Grand Nombre de Figures & de Vignettes Gravées en Taille-Douce (Tome 3), Haye: Henri Scheurleer, 1736, pp. 607–608; Jean-Baptiste Du Halde, The General History of China (Vol. 4), Richard Brookes (trans.), London: John Watts, 1736, pp. 41–42.

  73. 73.

    For the description of the caterpillar fungus in the rival English translation, see Jean-Baptiste Du Halde, A Description of the Empire of China and Chinese-Tartary, Together with the Kingdoms of Korea, and Tibet: Containing the Geography and History (Natural as well as Civil) of Those Countries (Vol. 2), John Green and William Guthrie (trans.), London: T. Gardner in Bartholomew-Close, for Edward Cave, 1738–1741, p. 228.

  74. 74.

    The Chinese Rites Controversy mainly revolved around the secular or religious nature of the Chinese rites dedicated to Confucius, ancestors and Heaven, see David E. Mungello, ‘An Introduction to the Chinese Rites Controversy’, in David E. Mungello (ed.), The Chinese Rites Controversy: Its History and Meaning, Nettetal: Steyler Verlag, 1994, pp. 3–14; Nicolas Standaert, ‘Chinese Voices in the Rites Controversy: The Role of Christian Communities’, in Ines G. Županov and Pierre Antoine Fabre (eds.), The Rites Controversies in the Early Modern World, Leiden: Brill, 2018, pp. 50–67.

  75. 75.

    Yves Mathurin Marie Tréaudet de Querbeuf (ed.), Lettres Édifiantes et Curieuses, Écrites des Missions Étrangères (Nouvelle Édition, Tome 23), Paris: Chez J. G. Merigot le Jeune, Libraire, Quai des Augustins, au Coin de la Rue Pavée, 1781, pp. 440–443; Tang Kaijian, ‘Yongzheng Jiaonan Qijian Quzhu Chuanjiaoshi Zhi Guangzhou Shijian Shimo Kao’, Qingshi Yanjiu, 2014, (2): 1–33.

  76. 76.

    Henri Cordier, ‘La Suppression de la Compagnie de Jésus et la Mission de Peking’, T’oung Pao, 1916, 17(4–5): 561–623; Ronnie Po-Chia Hsia, ‘The End of the Jesuit Mission in China’, in Jeffrey D. Burson and Jonathan Wright (eds.), The Jesuit Suppression in Global Context: Causes, Events, and Consequences, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2015, pp. 100–116.

  77. 77.

    Paul Rule, ‘Restoration or New Creation?: The Return of the Society of Jesus to China’, in Robert A. Maryks and Jonathan Wright (eds.), Jesuit Survival and Restoration: A Global History, 1773–1900, Leiden: Brill, 2014, pp. 261–277.

  78. 78.

    However, a new batch of the caterpillar fungus, collected by Vicomte Brenier de Montmorand, the Consul General of France in Shanghai, arrived in France again in the late nineteenth century. It was later displayed as a Chinese medicine at the meeting of the Société de Pharmacie de Paris (Society of Pharmacy of Paris) on 4 May 1870, see Louis Mialhe, ‘Séance de la Société de Pharmacie de Paris du 4 Mai 1870’, Journal de Pharmacie et de Chimie, 1870, 11: 489–491, 491.

  79. 79.

    Rayne Allinson, ‘The Virgin Queen and the Son of Heaven: Elizabeth I’s Letters to Wanli, Emperor of China’, in Carlo M. Bajetta et al. (eds.), Elizabeth I’s Foreign Correspondence: Letters, Rhetoric, and Politics, New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2014, pp. 209–228.

  80. 80.

    Hosea B. Morse, The International Relations of the Chinese Empire (Vol. 1), London: Longmans, Green, and Co., 1910, p. 51; Hosea B. Morse, The Chronicles of the East India Company Trading to China (Vol. 1), Oxford: The Clarendon Press, 1926, pp. 14–30. For Weddell’s life, see John K. Laughton and Trevor Dickie, ‘John Weddell’, in Henry C. G. Matthew and Brian Harrison (eds.), Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (Vol. 57), Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2004, pp. 905–907.

  81. 81.

    Hosea B. Morse, The Chronicles of the East India Company Trading to China (Vol. 1), pp. 31–65; Huang Guosheng, Yapian Zhanzheng Qian De Dongnan Sisheng Haiguan, Fuzhou: Fujian Renmin Chubanshe, 2000, pp. 12–39, 125–141; Gang Zhao, The Qing Opening to the Ocean: Chinese Maritime Policies, 1684–1757, Honolulu: University of Hawai’i Press, 2013, pp. 57–98.

  82. 82.

    Qinggui et al., Qing Shilu (Book 15), Beijing: Zhonghua Shuju, [1807] 1986, pp. 1023–1024; Wang Hongbin, ‘Qianlong Huangdi Congwei Xialing Guanbi Jiang, Zhe, Min San Haiguan’, Shixue Yuekan, 2011, (6): 40–45.

  83. 83.

    Paul A. Van Dyke, The Canton Trade: Life and Enterprise on the China Coast, 1700–1845, Hong Kong: Hong Kong University Press, 2007, pp. xiv, 5–33. In 1842 the Qing court signed the Treaty of Nanking with the UK, which provided for the opening of five coastal treaty ports (Guangzhou, Fuzhou, Xiamen, Ningbo and Shanghai) to British trade, see Order of the Inspector General of Customs, Treaties, Conventions, etc., between China and Foreign States, p. 108.

  84. 84.

    Hosea B. Morse, The International Relations of the Chinese Empire (Vol. 1), pp. 53, 64–65; Hosea B. Morse, The Chronicles of the East India Company Trading to China (Vol. 1), pp. 78–84.

  85. 85.

    Emily Erikson, Between Monopoly and Free Trade: The English East India Company, 1600–1757, Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2014, pp. 139–143.

  86. 86.

    Charles E. Jarvis and Philip H. Oswald, ‘The Collecting Activities of James Cuninghame FRS on the Voyage of Tuscan to China (Amoy) Between 1697 and 1699’, Notes and Records, 2015, 69(2): 135–153; Charles Jarvis, ‘The Chinese Tallow Tree: From Asset in Asia to Curse in Carolina’, in Adriana Craciun and Simon Schaffer (eds.), The Material Cultures of Enlightenment Arts and Sciences, London: Palgrave Macmillan, 2016, pp. 191–193.

  87. 87.

    Philip J. Stern, The Company-State: Corporate Sovereignty and the Early Modern Foundations of the British Empire in India, New York: Oxford University Press, 2011; Huw V. Bowen, ‘Britain in the Indian Ocean Region and Beyond: Contours, Connections, and the Creation of a Global Maritime Empire’, in Huw V. Bowen et al. (eds.), Britain’s Oceanic Empire: Atlantic and Indian Ocean Worlds, c. 1550–1850, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2012, pp. 45–65.

  88. 88.

    Eric Williams, Capitalism and Slavery, Chapel Hill: The University of North Carolina Press, 1994, p. 123.

  89. 89.

    George Staunton, An Authentic Account of an Embassy from the King of Great Britain to the Emperor of China (Vol. 2), London: W. Bulmer and Co., 1797, pp. 250–346; Clarke Abel, Narrative of a Journey in the Interior of China, and of a Voyage to and from that Country, in the Years 1816 and 1817, London: Longman, Hurst, Rees, Orme, and Brown, 1818, pp. 92–129.

  90. 90.

    John L. Cranmer-Byng and Trevor H. Levere, ‘A Case Study in Cultural Collision: Scientific Apparatus in the Macartney Embassy to China, 1793’, Annals of Science, 1981, 38(5): 503–525; Roberta E. Bivins, Acupuncture, Expertise and Cross-Cultural Medicine, New York: Palgrave, 2000, pp. 18–28, 41–45, 100–103; Simon Schaffer, ‘L’Inventaire de l’Astronome: Le Commerce d’Instruments Scientifiques au XVIIIe Siècle (Angleterre - Chine - Pacifique)’, Annales: Histoire, Sciences Sociales, 2005, 60(4): 791–815; Simon Schaffer, ‘Instruments as Cargo in the China Trade’, History of Science, 2006, 44(2): 217–246.

  91. 91.

    Alexander Pearson, ‘Vaccination’, The Chinese Repository, 1833, 2(1): 35–41; Su Jing, Xiyi Laihua Shiji, Taipei: Yuanhua Wenchuang Gufen Youxian Gongsi, 2019, pp. 1–46.

  92. 92.

    Eliza Morrison, Memoirs of the Life and Labours of Robert Morrison (Vol. 2), London: Longman, Orme, Brown, Green, and Longmans, 1839, pp. 20–24.

  93. 93.

    John Livingstone, ‘Account of a Method of Ripening Seeds in a Wet Season; With Some Notices of the Cultivation of Certain Vegetables and Plants in China’, Transactions of the Horticultural Society of London, 1820, 3: 183–186.

  94. 94.

    For example, see John Livingstone, ‘Observations on the Difficulties which Have Existed in the Transportation of Plants from China to England, and Suggestions for Obviating Them’, Transactions of the Horticultural Society of London, 1820, 3: 421–429; John Livingstone, ‘Account of the Method of Dwarfing Trees and Shrubs, as Practised by the Chinese, Including Their Plan of Propagation from Branches’, Transactions of the Horticultural Society of London, 1822, 4: 224–231.

  95. 95.

    Emil Bretschneider, History of European Botanical Discoveries in China (Vol. 1), London: Sampson Low, Marston and Co., 1898, pp. 266–268.

  96. 96.

    John C. Loudon, Arboretum et Fruticetum Britannicum (Vol. 1), London: Printed for the Author and Sold by Longman, Orme, Brown, Green, and Longmans, 1838, p. 177. However, the original article to which Loudon referred said nothing about Livingstone, but merely mentioned a ‘Mr Beale’ in Macao, see John Reeves, ‘American Magnolias in China’, The Gardener’s Magazine, 1835, 11: 437–438. Given that the article appeared in The Gardener’s Magazine, which was edited by Loudon, he probably abridged Reeves’s original manuscript and deleted the information about Livingstone.

  97. 97.

    James Rennie and John O. Westwood, The Natural History of Insects (Vol. 2), London: John Murray, 1835, pp. 299–300.

  98. 98.

    Anonymous, ‘List of Members’, Transactions of the Entomological Society of London, 1836, 1: xxix–xxxiv; Yolanda Foote, ‘John Obadiah Westwood’, in Henry C. G. Matthew and Brian Harrison (eds.), Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (Vol. 58), pp. 318–319.

  99. 99.

    John O. Westwood, Natural History of the Insects of China, London: Robert Havell, 1838, p. ii.

  100. 100.

    William W. Saunders, ‘March 1st.-W. W. Saunders, Esq., F.L.S., President, in the Chair’, Journal of Proceedings of the Entomological Society of London, 1841, 1: 22–26.

  101. 101.

    Linnean Society of London, List of the Linnean Society of London, London: Linnean Society of London, 1827, p. 12; Linnean Society of London, List of the Linnean Society of London, London: Linnean Society of London, 1855, p. 18.

  102. 102.

    Martyn Rix, The Golden Age of Botanical Art, Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 2013, p. 161.

  103. 103.

    Fa-ti Fan, ‘John Reeves’, in Henry C. G. Matthew and Brian Harrison (eds.), Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (Vol. 46), pp. 352–353.

  104. 104.

    Anonymous, ‘Obituary: John Reeves’, Journal of the Proceedings of the Linnean Society: Zoology, 1857, 1: xliii–xlv, xliv.

  105. 105.

    Linnean Society of London, List of the Linnean Society of London, London: Linnean Society of London, 1855, p. 15.

  106. 106.

    Rogério Miguel Puga, ‘The First Museum in China: The British Museum of Macao (1829–1834) and Its Contribution to Nineteenth-Century British Natural Science’, Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society, 2012, 22(3–4): 575–586.

  107. 107.

    Samuel W. Williams, ‘Natural History of China’, The Chinese Repository, 1834, 3(2): 83–89, 86.

  108. 108.

    Emil Bretschneider, History of European Botanical Discoveries in China (Vol. 1), pp. 256–263; Euan H. M. Cox, Plant-Hunting in China: A History of Botanical Exploration in China and the Tibetan Marches, London: Collins, 1945, pp. 52–59.

  109. 109.

    John Lindley, ‘An Account of a New Genus of Plants Called Reevesia’, The Quarterly Journal of Science, Literature, and Art, 1827, 2: 109–112.

  110. 110.

    James Main, ‘Reminiscences of a Voyage to and from China, in the Years 1792-3-4 (To Be Continued)’, The Horticultural Register, 1836, 5: 62–67; Kwa Chong Guan, ‘Drawing Nature in the East Indies: Farming Farquhar’s Natural History Drawings’, in Laura Dozier (ed.), Natural History Drawings: The Complete William Farquhar Collection, Malay Peninsula 1803–1818, Singapore: Editions Didier Millet, 2010, pp. 316–327; Khyati Nagar, ‘Between Calcutta and Kew: The Divergent Circulation and Production of Hortus Bengalensis and Flora Indica’, in Bernard Lightman et al. (eds.), The Circulation of Knowledge Between Britain, India and China, Leiden: Brill, 2013, pp. 153–178.

  111. 111.

    Letter from John Livingstone to Sir William Jackson Hooker, from Canton, 24 December 1823, Archives of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Directors’ Correspondence 43/13; John Lindley, ‘Report Upon the New or Rare Plants Which Have Flowered in the Garden of the Horticultural Society at Chiswick’, Transactions of the Horticultural Society of London, 1826, 6: 62–100, 80; Felix E. Fritsch, ‘President’s Reception’, Proceedings of the Linnean Society of London, 1953, 164(1): 42–47.

  112. 112.

    Peter J. P. Whitehead, ‘The Reeves Collection of Chinese Fish Drawings’, Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History): Historical Series, 1969, 3(7): 191–233; Peter J. P. Whitehead and Phyllis I. Edwards, Chinese Natural History Drawings: Selected from the Reeves Collection in the British Museum, London: Trustees of the British Museum (Natural History), 1974; Judith Magee, Chinese Art and the Reeves Collection, London: Natural History Museum, 2011; Kate Bailey, John Reeves: Pioneering Collector of Chinese Plants and Botanical Art, New York: ACC Art Books, 2019, pp. 11–42, 107–120. For an analysis of John Reeves’s scientific drawings of Chinese species, see Fa-ti Fan, British Naturalists in Qing China: Science, Empire, and Cultural Encounter, Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2004, pp. 49–57.

  113. 113.

    Robert Morrison, A Dictionary of the Chinese Language (Part 1, Vol. 1), Macao: The Honorable East India Company’s Press, 1815, p. 707; Robert Morrison, A Dictionary of the Chinese Language (Part 3), Macao: The Honorable East India Company’s Press, 1822, pp. vi, 172–174.

  114. 114.

    Robert Morrison, A Dictionary of the Chinese Language (Part 3), pp. 48–49. See also Anonymous, ‘Chinese Botany’, The Chinese Repository, 1833, 2(5): 225–230, 226; Eliza Morrison, Memoirs of the Life and Labours of Robert Morrison (Vol. 2, Appendix 9), London: Longman, Orme, Brown, Green, and Longmans, 1839, pp. 30–31.

  115. 115.

    John Reeves, ‘An Account of Some of the Articles of the Materia Medica Employed by the Chinese’, Transactions of the Medico-Botanical Society of London, 1828, 1(2): 24–27, 25.

  116. 116.

    For Pereira’s membership in the Society, see Pharmaceutical Society of Great Britain, ‘List of the Founders of the Pharmaceutical Society of Great Britain, 1841’, Pharmaceutical Journal and Transactions, 1842, 1(7): 363–386, 363.

  117. 117.

    Jonathan Pereira, ‘Notice of a Chinese Article of the Materia Medica, Called ‘Summer-Plant-Winter-Worm’’, Pharmaceutical Journal and Transactions, 1843, 2(9): 591–594.

  118. 118.

    Order of the Inspector General of Customs, Treaties, Conventions, etc., between China and Foreign States, p. 162.

  119. 119.

    Geoffrey C. Ainsworth, ‘British Mycologists: 1. M J Berkeley (1803–89)’, Mycologist, 1987, 1(3): 126.

  120. 120.

    Miles J. Berkeley, ‘On Some Entomogenous Sphaeriae’, The London Journal of Botany, 1843, 2: 205–211.

  121. 121.

    George Massee, ‘Redescriptions of Berkeley’s Types of Fungi’, The Journal of the Linnean Society: Botany, 1896, 31(218): 462–525, 462. See also Joseph D. Hooker, Report on the Progress and Condition of the Royal Gardens at Kew, during the Year 1878, Kew: Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, 1878, p. 52; George Massee, ‘Miles Joseph Berkeley, 1803–1889’, in Francis W. Oliver (ed.), Makers of British Botany, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1913, pp. 225–232, 231–232.

  122. 122.

    Short, ‘Remarks on Sphaeria robertsi and S. sinensis’, The Floricultural Cabinet, and Florists’ Magazine, 1850, 18: 200–202. In the article ‘Mr. Short’ mentioned his extensive collection from New Zealand. He was perhaps Thomas K. Short (fl. 1830s), who ‘collected plants in New Zealand from 1836’, see Ray Desmond, Dictionary of British and Irish Botanists and Horticulturalists, London: The Natural History Museum, 1994, p. 625.

  123. 123.

    For Gerard E. Smith’s life, herbarium and botanical research, see George S. Boulger and Alexander Goldbloom, ‘Gerard Edwards Smith’, in Henry C. G. Matthew and Brian Harrison (eds.), Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (Vol. 51), p. 148.

  124. 124.

    Gerard E. Smith, A Catalogue of Rare or Remarkable Phaenogamous Plants, Collected in South Kent, London: Longman, Rees, Orme, Brown and Green, 1829, p. 5.

  125. 125.

    Fa-ti Fan, British Naturalists in Qing China, pp. 21–25, 28–30, 34–38, 43–57.

  126. 126.

    Fa-ti Fan, British Naturalists in Qing China, pp. 4, 83–89.

  127. 127.

    Elias R. Beadle, The Sacredness of the Medical Profession, Philadelphia: James S. Claxton, 1865, p. 22.

  128. 128.

    For Home’s life and marine career, see Anonymous, ‘Obituary: Capt. Sir Jas. Everard Home, Bart.’, The Gentleman’s Magazine and Historical Review, 1854, 41(4): 423; Eric J. Godley, ‘Captain Sir James Everard Home (1798–1853)’, New Zealand Botanical Society Newsletter, 2010, (100): 16–19. For his collection of specimens, see Emil Bretschneider, History of European Botanical Discoveries in China (Vol. 1), p. 362; William H. Flower, Catalogue of the Specimens Illustrating the Osteology and Dentition of Vertebrated Animals, Recent and Extinct, Contained in the Museum of the Royal College of Surgeons of England (Part 1), London: Printed for the College, 1879, p. 205.

  129. 129.

    Royal College of Surgeons of England, Catalogue of the Contents of the Museum of the Royal College of Surgeons of England (Part 1), London: Taylor and Francis, 1860, p. 23. Cf. Royal College of Surgeons of England, Synopsis of the Contents of the Museum of the Royal College of Surgeons of England, London: Taylor and Francis, 1865, p. 7.

  130. 130.

    E. B. Ivatts, ‘Torrubia Sinensis’, The New York Medical Times, 1886, 14(5): 137–138. A synopsis of this paper was published elsewhere, see Anonymous, ‘Clinic of the Month: Torrubia Sinensis’, The Practitioner, 1886, 37(10): 290.

  131. 131.

    E. B. Ivatts, ‘Homoeopathy and the Potato Disease’, The Homoeopathic World, 1874, 9(101): 125–126.

  132. 132.

    Anonymous, ‘Fellows and Associates Recently Elected’, Proceedings of the Institute of Chemistry of Great Britain and Ireland, 1889, (3): 69–71, 71. In this list, his address information is ‘21, Phibsboro[ugh] Road, Dublin’.

  133. 133.

    Richard B. Pilcher, The Institute of Chemistry of Great Britain and Ireland: Register of Fellows, Associates, and Students, London: The Institute, 1905, p. 30.

  134. 134.

    For the relationship between Edmund Bachelor Ivatts and Harold Edmund Ivatts, see The National Archives, Kew, England, Census Returns of England and Wales, 1901, Class RG 13, Piece 481, Folio 150, Page 34. For Edmund Bachelor Ivatts’s death and marriage, see General Register Office, England & Wales, Civil Registration Death Index, 1837–1915, London, England: General Register Office, Page 375; General Register Office, England & Wales, Civil Registration Marriage Index, 1837–1915, London, England: General Register Office, 1862, Vol. 1a, Page 242; 1904, Vol. 1a, Page 2.

  135. 135.

    Edmund B. Ivatts, Railway Management at Stations, London: McCorquodale & Co., 1885.

  136. 136.

    Arnold Wright (ed.), Twentieth Century Impressions of Hongkong, Shanghai, and Other Treaty Ports of China, London: Lloyd’s Greater Britain Publishing Company, 1908, pp. 835–836.

  137. 137.

    The Daily Press Office, The Chronicle & Directory for China, Japan, & the Philippines, Hong Kong: The ‘Daily Press’ Office, 1869, p. 199; The Daily Press Office, The Chronicle & Directory for China, Japan, & the Philippines, Hong Kong: The ‘Daily Press’ Office, 1875, p. 97.

  138. 138.

    The China Mail Office, The China Directory for 1874, Hong Kong: The ‘China Mail’ Office, 1874, p. 33.

  139. 139.

    Letter from William Ashmore to John Murdock, 1 May 1875, Missionary Correspondence, Box 45, Folder William Ashmore, Sr., 1875–1879, American Baptist Historical Society, Atlanta, Georgia, United States; Robert Jackson, The Mercantile Navy List and Maritime Directory for 1881, London: Spottiswoode & Co., 1881, p. 370.

  140. 140.

    Edwin H. Wilbur, ‘From the Workers: From China’, The Medical Missionary, 1905, 14(10): 334.

  141. 141.

    Order of the Inspector General of Customs, Treaties, Conventions, etc., between China and Foreign States, pp. 163, 329, 411.

  142. 142.

    Lewis Cass, Letter of the Secretary of State, Transmitting a Statement of the Commercial Relations of the United States with Foreign Nations, for the Year Ending September 30, 1859, Washington: Thomas H. Ford, 1860, p. 380.

  143. 143.

    This is the subtitle of Charles Lyte’s biography of Ward, see Charles Lyte, Frank Kingdon-Ward: The Last of the Great Plant Hunters, London: John Murray, 1989.

  144. 144.

    Frank Kingdon Ward, Pilgrimage for Plants, London: George G. Harrap & Co. Ltd, 1960, pp. 20–22, 25–26; Charles Lyte, Frank Kingdon-Ward, pp. 10–15.

  145. 145.

    Frank Kingdon Ward, Pilgrimage for Plants, p. 25. See also Michael R. O. Thomas, ‘The Duke of Bedford’s Zoological Exploration of Eastern Asia.—XIV. On Mammals from Southern Shen-si, Central China’, Proceedings of the General Meetings for Scientific Business of the Zoological Society of London, 1911, 81(3), pp. 687–695; Frank Kingdon Ward, Modern Exploration, London: Jonathan Cape, 1945, p. 58.

  146. 146.

    Robert S. Adamson, ‘Plants from Western China’, The Journal of Botany: British and Foreign, 1913, 51: 129–131.

  147. 147.

    Frank Kingdon Ward, Pilgrimage for Plants, pp. 26–27. See also Euan H. M. Cox, Plant-Hunting in China, pp. 158–159, 181; Charles Lyte, Frank Kingdon-Ward, pp. 26–28.

  148. 148.

    Charles Lyte, Frank Kingdon-Ward, pp. 44–45, 61.

  149. 149.

    George N. Curzon and Lewis Beaumont, ‘Meetings of the Royal Geographical Society, Session 1911–1912’, The Geographical Journal, 1912, 39(1): 84–85.

  150. 150.

    Ward was elected a fellow of the Linnean Society of London in 1930, see ‘Certificates of Recommendation’, 1930, Archival Ref. No.: CR/143, preserved at the Library of the Linnean Society of London. See also Sidney F. Harmer, ‘Proceedings of the Meeting Held on 23rd January 1930’, Proceedings of the Linnean Society of London, 1931, 142(1): 31–35.

  151. 151.

    Frank Kingdon Ward, ‘The Himalaya East of the Tsangpo’, The Geographical Journal, 1934, 84(5): 369–394.

  152. 152.

    Frank Kingdon Ward, The Riddle of the Tsangpo Gorges, London: Edward Arnold & Co., 1926, p. 185.

  153. 153.

    Frank Kingdon Ward, Pilgrimage for Plants, pp. 13–14; Charles Lyte, Frank Kingdon-Ward, pp. 44–48.

  154. 154.

    Frank Kingdon Ward, The Mystery Rivers of Tibet, London: Seeley Service & Co., 1923, p. 81.

  155. 155.

    John H. Leech, ‘On a Collection of Lepidoptera from Kiukiang’, Transactions of the Royal Entomological Society of London, 1889, 37(1): 99–148; Albert Günther, ‘On a Collection of Reptiles from China’, The Annals and Magazine of Natural History, 1888, 1(3): 165–172. Pratt’s tombstone is located in Teddington Cemetery, London Borough of Richmond upon Thames, Greater London, England. It shows that he was born on 6 March 1852, and died on 4 January 1924. See also James Joicey and George Talbot, ‘Editorial’, The Bulletin of the Hill Museum, 1924, 1(3): i–ii.

  156. 156.

    Antwerp E. Pratt, To the Snows of Tibet Through China, London: Longmans, Green, and Co., 1892, p. 17.

  157. 157.

    Antwerp E. Pratt, To the Snows of Tibet Through China, London: Longmans, Green, and Co., 1892, pp. 187–188. In this book, there is an illustration of ‘Tchong-Tsao (Sphaeria sinensis)’ between the end of the main text and the appendices.

  158. 158.

    Ernest H. Wilson, A Naturalist in Western China (Vol. 1), London: Methuen & Co., 1913, p. 186.

  159. 159.

    Joseph R. Tanner, The Historical Register of the University of Cambridge, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1917, p. 139; Walter C. Moore, ‘Frederick Tom Brooks, 1882–1952’, Obituary Notices of Fellows of the Royal Society, 1953, 8(22): 340–354.

  160. 160.

    Frank Kingdon Ward, The Mystery Rivers of Tibet, p. 81. ‘Cordiceps’ was a seldom used synonym of ‘Cordyceps’, see, for example, Miles J. Berkeley, Outlines of British Fungology, London: Lovell Reeve, 1860, p. 66. ‘Cordiceps’ was an irregular spelling of ‘Cordyceps’ and is absent from the entry for ‘Cordyceps’ in the recent authoritative dictionary of fungi, see Paul M. Kirk et al. (eds.), Ainsworth & Bisby’s Dictionary of the Fungi, Wallingford: CAB International, 2008, p. 171.

  161. 161.

    Frank Kingdon Ward, The Mystery Rivers of Tibet, pp. 35, 135–136.

  162. 162.

    Godfrey E. Harvey, British Rule in Burma, 1824–1942, London: Faber and Faber, 1946; Stephen L. Keck, British Burma in the New Century, 1895–1918, Houndmills: Palgrave Macmillan, 2015.

  163. 163.

    Fa-ti Fan, ‘Victorian Naturalists in China: Science and Informal Empire’, The British Journal for the History of Science, 2003, 36(1): 1–26; Fa-ti Fan, British Naturalists in Qing China, pp. 61–90; Fa-ti Fan, ‘Science in Cultural Borderlands: Methodological Reflections on the Study of Science, European Imperialism, and Cultural Encounter’, East Asian Science, Technology and Society, 2007, 1(2): 213–231.

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    Dmitry Alekseevich Peshchurov (ed.), Sbornik Dogovorov Rossii s Kitaem, 1689–1881 gg., St. Petersburg: Imperatorskoj Akademii Nauk, 1889, pp. 50–83. See also Order of the Inspector General of Customs, Treaties, Conventions, etc., between China and Foreign States, pp. 8–16.

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    Mikhail I. Sladkovskij, Istorija Torgovo-Èkonomičeskih Otnošenij Narodov Rossii s Kitaem (do 1917 g.), Moscow: Izdatelstvo ‘Nauka’, 1974, pp. 149–176; Eva-Maria Stolberg, ‘Interracial Outposts in Siberia: Nerchinsk, Kiakhta, and the Russo-Chinese Trade in the Seventeenth/Eighteenth Centuries’, Journal of Early Modern History, 2000, 4(3–4): 322–336; Michal Wanner, ‘Russian-Chinese Trade in Kyakhta—Trade Development and Volume Indicators, 1727–1861’, Prague Papers on the History of International Relations, 2015, 1: 17–27.

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    Vasily V. Chasovnikov, Kratkaja Istorija Russkoj Pravoslavnoj Missii v Kitae, Beijing: Tipografija Uspenskago Monastyrja, 1916, pp. 17–194; Eric Widmer, The Russian Ecclesiastical Mission in Peking During the Eighteenth Century, Cambridge: East Asian Research Center, Harvard University, 1976, pp. 9–51; Rolf G. Tiedemann (ed.), Handbook of Christianity in China (Vol. 2), Leiden: Brill, 2010, pp. 193–211.

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    Petr Emel’janovich Skachkov, ‘Russkie Vrachi pri Rossijskoj Duhovnoj Missii v Pekine’, Sovetskoe Kitaevedenie, 1958, (4): 136–148; Guo Wenshen, ‘Eguo Dongzhengjiao Zhu Beijing Chuanjiaoshi Tuan Yisheng Kaolue’, Shijie Zongjiao Wenhua, 2012, (6): 36–40.

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    Li Min and Leonid P. Churilov, ‘Kitajskie Rukopisi i Staropechatnye Knigi po Medicine v Fondah Vostochnogo Otdela Nauchnoj Biblioteki Imeni M. Gor’kogo Sankt-Peterburgskogo Gosudarstvennogo Universiteta’, Vestnik Sankt-Peterburgskogo Universiteta, 2014, 11(2): 259–277; Xiao Yuqiu, ‘17–19 Shiji Eguoren Dui Zhongyi De Yanjiu’, Shixue Yuekan, 2014, (3): 60–67; Li Min, ‘Eluosi Sheng Bidebao Daxue Dongfangxi Zhongyi Hanji Cangshu’, Guoji Hanxue, 2016, (1): 190–197; Li Min et al., ‘Tradicionnye Kitajskie Lekarstvennye Sredstva i Rossijskaja Medicina: Proshloe, Nastojashee i Budushee’, Klinicheskaja Patofiziologija, 2019, 25(4): 3–25.

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    Conference of the Academy, ‘Instruction to Alexander A. Tatarinov, related to the Medical Part’, St Petersburg: Library of the S. M. Kirov Military Medical Academy, originally dated 4 May 1839, copied 9 January 1842, Fond I. N.22. For the latest archival research on Tatarinov’s life, see Mark G. Guchninsky, ‘Novye Svedenija dlja Biografii Vypusknika IMHA 1839 Goda Doktora Mediciny, Sinologa, Diplomata A. A. Tatarinova (1814–1886)’, in Ramil U. Habriev et al. (eds.), Stochikovskie Chtenija, Moscow: Nacional’nyj Nauchno-Issledovatel’skij Institut Obshestvennogo Zdorov’ja Imeni N. A. Semaško, 2019, pp. 106–110.

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    Emil Bretschneider, History of European Botanical Discoveries in China (Vol. 1), p. 559; Vasily V. Chasovnikov, Kratkaja Istorija Russkoj Pravoslavnoj Missii v Kitae, Beijing: Tipografija Uspenskago Monastyrja, 1916, pp. 112–122.

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    Alexander A. Tatarinov, ‘Sposoby Issledovanija Prichin Nasil’stvennoj Smerti, Upotrebljaemye Kitajcami’, Otechestvennye Zapiski, 1847, 50(8): 22–41, 117–142; Alexander A. Tatarinov, ‘Kitajskie Sredstva, Proizvodjashchie Beschuvstvie’, Farmacevticheskij Vestnik, 1850, 3(8): 511–512.

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    Mark G. Guchninsky, ‘Novye Svedenija dlja Biografii Vypusknika IMHA 1839 Goda Doktora Mediciny, Sinologa, Diplomata A. A. Tatarinova (1814–1886)’, in Ramil U. Habriev et al. (eds.), Stochikovskie Chtenija, Moscow: Nacional’nyj Nauchno-Issledovatel’skij Institut Obŝestvennogo Zdorov’ja Imeni N. A. Semaško, 2019, pp. 106–110, 108.

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    Emil Bretschneider, ‘On Some Old Collections of Chinese Plants’, The Journal of Botany: British and Foreign, 1894, 32(382): 292–299, 297–298; Emil Bretschneider, History of European Botanical Discoveries in China (Vol. 1), p. 559.

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    Otto Bremer and William Grey, Beiträge zur Schmetterlings-Fauna des Noerdlichen China’s, St. Petersburg: Publisher Unknown, 1853, p. 4; Carl J. Maximovich, Primitiae Florae Amurensis, St. Petersburg: Buchdruckerei der Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften, 1859, pp. 112, 120, 138, 144, 177, 179, 180–182, 199, 202, 208, 211, 217–218, 220, 236, 246, 289, 299, 306, 316, 327–328, 329–330, 335, 341, 470, 472–474; Emil Bretschneider, History of European Botanical Discoveries in China (Vol. 1), pp. 559–560.

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    Franz J. Ruprecht, ‘Zur Geschichte der Museen der Kaiserl. Akademie der Wissenschaften’, Bulletin de l’Académie Impériale des Sciences de St.-Pétersbourg, 1864, 7(4): 1–10, 5, 9.

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    Alexander A. Tatarinov, ‘Über den Zustand der Medizin in China’, Medizinische Zeitung Rußlands, 1853, (6, 8–13): 45–47, 63–64, 70–72, 77–80, 85–86, 93–95, 101–103; Alexander A. Tatarinov, ‘Die Chinesische Medizin’, in Carl Abel and F. A. Mecklenburg (eds.), Arbeiten der Kaiserlich Russischen Gesandtschaft zu Peking, über China (Band 2), Berlin: F. Heinicke, 1858, pp. 421–464; Alexander A. Tatarinov, ‘Bemerkungen über die Anwendung Schmerzstillender Mittel bei den Operationen und über die Hydropathie in China’, in Carl Abel and F. A. Mecklenburg (eds.), Arbeiten der Kaiserlich Russischen Gesandtschaft zu Peking, über China (Band 2), pp. 465–473. For a list of Tatarinov’s publications, see Hartmut Walravens, ‘Alexander Tatarinov (1817–1886) - Russischer Arzt und Sinologe, Eine Biobibliographische Skizze’, Sudhoffs Archiv, 1980, 64(4): 392–396.

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    Harold Cook, ‘Physick and Natural History in Seventeenth-Century England’, in Peter Barker and Roger Ariew (eds.), Revolution and Continuity: Essays in the History and Philosophy of Early Modern Science, Washington: Catholic University of America Press, 1991, pp. 63–80, 72–73.

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    Margery Rowell, ‘Russian Medical Botany Before the Time of Peter the Great’, Sudhoffs Archiv, 1978, 62(4): 339–358; Dmitry D. Sokoloff et al., ‘The History of Botany in Moscow and Russia in the 18th and Early 19th Centuries in the Context of the Linnaean Collection at Moscow University (MW)’, Huntia: A Journal of Botanical History, 2002, 11(2): 129–191.

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    Alexander A. Tatarinov, Catalogus Medicamentorum Sinensium, quae Pekini Comparanda et Determinanda Curavit, Petropoli: Publisher Unknown, 1856, p. iii.

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    Emil Bretschneider, History of European Botanical Discoveries in China (Vol. 1), pp. 346–352. See also Petr Emel’janovich Skachkov, Ocherki Istorii Russkogo Kitaevedenija, Moscow: Izdatel’stvo Nauka, 1977, pp. 145–147.

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    Imperatorskoj Mediko-Hirurgicheskoj Akademii, ‘Otchet o Dejstvii Kitajskih Lekarstv, Ispytannom, po Vysochajshemu Poveleniju, Osobennoj Komissiej, Sostavlennoj pri Imperatorskoj Mediko-Hirurgicheskoj Akademii’, Voenno-Medicinskij Zhurnal, 1852, 60: 21–46; Li Min and Leonid P. Churilov, ‘Pervoe Nauchno-Klinicheskoe Ispytanie Kitajskih Lekarstv v Rossii v Seredine XIX Veka’, Zdorov’e - Osnova Chelovecheskogo Potenciala: Problemy i Puti ih Reshenija, 2013, 8(2): 624–634; Li Min, ‘19 Shiji Shangbanye Eguo Dui Zhongyao De Shiyanxing Yanjiu’, Jinan Shixue, 2013, 8: 423–436. The caterpillar fungus is the only drug whose weight and price are not indicated in Tatarinov’s recording of the purchased drugs, possibly because Tatarinov probably bought it without using the money from the Academy, and/or the caterpillar fungus was not originally listed as one of the eighty-nine drugs demanded by the committee.

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    Emil Bretschneider, ‘The Study and Value of Chinese Botanical Works (To Be Continued)’, The Chinese Recorder and Missionary Journal, 1870, 3(6): 157–163, 159. Bretschneider temporarily left China in 1871 and 1878. He retired in 1884, and then went to St. Petersburg, and finally died there. For his life and writings, see Henri Cordier, ‘Le Docteur Emile Vasilievitch Bretschneider’, T’oung Pao, 1901, 2(3): 192–197.

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    Tamba Yasuyori, Ishinpō, Masamune Atsuo (ed.), Tokyo: Nihon Koten Zenshū Kankōkai, [984] 1935; Tamba Yasuyori, Ishinpō, Gao Wenzhu et al. (eds.), Beijing: Huaxia Chubanshe, [984] 2011, pp. 1252–1261.

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    For the book trade between Edo Japan and Qing China, see Ōba Osamu, Edo Jidai Ni Okeru Chūgoku Bunka Juyō No Kenkyū, Kyoto: Dōhōsha Shuppan, 1984, pp. 3–108. For the history of Kampo medicine, see Takeo Nagayo, History of Japanese Medicine in the Edo Era: Its Social and Cultural Backgrounds, Nagoya: The University of Nagoya Press, 1991; Kosoto Hiroshi, Kanpō no Rekishi, Tokyo: Taishūkan Shoten, 2014.

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    Mayanagi Makoto, ‘Riben Jianghu Shiqi Chuanru De Zhongguo Yishu Jiqi Heke’, Liang Yongxuan (trans.), Zhongguo Keji Shiliao, 2002, 23(3): 232–254. See also Mayanagi Makoto and Tomobe Kazuhiro, ‘Chūgoku Iseki Torai Nendai Sōmokuroku (Edo Ki)’, Nihon Kenkyū, 1992, 7: 151–183; Mayanagi Makoto, ‘Edoki Torai no Chūgoku Isho to Sono Wakoku’, in Yamada Keiji and Kuriyama Shigehisa (eds.), Rekishi no Naka no Yamai to Igaku, Kyoto: Shibunkaku Shuppan, 1997, pp. 301–340; Mayanagi Makoto, ‘Zhong Ri Han Yue Guyiji Shuju De Bijiao Yanjiu’, Guo Xiumei (trans.), Zhongguo Kejishi Zazhi, 2010, 31(3): 243–256.

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    For example, a handwritten copy of Wu Yiluo’s Bencao Congxin (Renewed Materia Medica, 1757), finalised in Japan in 1814, contains the same record of the caterpillar fungus, see Wu Yiluo, Bencao Congxin, Tokyo: National Diet Library, [1757] 1814, p. 30; Catalogue No.: Toku 7–503.

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    Nagazumi Yoko, Tōsen Yushutsunyūhin Sūryō Ichiran, 1637–1833 Nen, Tokyo: Sōbunsha, 1987.

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    Caroli P. Thunberg, Flora Japonica, Lipsiae: In Bibliopolio I. G. Mülleriano, 1784.

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    Carl P. Thunberg, Travels in Europe, Africa, and Asia, Performed Between the Years 1770 and 1779 (Vol. 3), Charles Hopton (trans.), London: Printed for F. and C. Rivington, [1791] 1796, pp. 69–70. The spelling of the name for the caterpillar fungus in this English translation, i.e. ‘Totsu Kaso’, is the same as that in the original Swedish book. For the original account in Swedish, see Carl P. Thunberg, Resa uti Europa, Africa, Asia, Förrättad Åren 1770–1779 (Delen 3), Upsala: Tryckt hos Directeur. Joh. Edman, 1791, pp. 77–78.

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    Carl P. Thunberg, Travels in Europe, Africa, and Asia, Performed Between the Years 1770 and 1779 (Vol. 3), p. 57. Cf. Carl P. Thunberg, Resa uti Europa, Africa, Asia, Förrättad Åren 1770–1779 (Delen 3), pp. 63–64.

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    Kurimoto Tanshu, Kurishi Senchūfu (Book 1), Tokyo: National Diet Library, [1811] 1872, p. 80. See also Kurimoto Tanshu, Kurishi Senchūfu (Book 7), Tokyo: National Diet Library, [1811] 1879, p. 36. Both ri/li and sun/cun were units of distance.

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    Hayashi Hōkō, Sakikō Shōsetsu, Tokyo: National Archives of Japan, [1722] Transcription Date Unknown, pp. 103–105; Ōba Osamu, Edo Jidai Ni Okeru Chūgoku Bunka Juyō No Kenkyū, Kyoto: Dōhōsha Shuppan, 1984, pp. 476–477.

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    Niwa Seihaku, Niwa Seihaku Bussan Nikki, Tokyo: National Diet Library, c. 1739, p. 41. For the record of shican in Li’s work, see Li Shizhen, Bencao Gangmu, pp. 1508–1509. For the identification of shican, see Zhao Guoping et al. (eds.), Zhongyao Da Cidian, Shanghai: Shanghai Kexue Jishu Chubanshe, 2006, p. 817.

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Lu, D. (2023). The Caterpillar Fungus Travels Overseas. In: The Global Circulation of Chinese Materia Medica, 1700–1949. Medicine and Biomedical Sciences in Modern History. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-24723-1_3

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