Abstract
Human-wildlife conflict (HWC) is a daunting challenge for conservation worldwide. Multiple social and ecological factors influence HWC at different spatial scales, making it challenging to determine effective management strategies. Coupled with issues of climate breakdown and its overarching influence on the livelihood security of mountain people, HWC is becoming a prominent issue in the Indian Himalayas. The rising HWC threatens to diminish local communities’ historical tolerance towards wildlife. A growing number of scientific studies indicate the urgency of finding a solution to this problem. Yet, a synthesis of the existing knowledge and solutions that work is lacking. Through a systematic review of 88 publications from 1991 to 2020, we examine the current state of information on HWC in the Western Himalayas and identify the strengths and limitations of the existing knowledge to mitigate conflict.
Our analysis revealed (i) a lack of longitudinal studies on conflict, with 42% (n = 37) of studies being one-time snapshots of HWC; (ii) even though the majority of the study region is essentially a socio-ecological system, 64% (n = 56) of the studies focused only on either ecological or social aspects of conflict; (iii) a considerable proportion of studies (45%, n = 40) provided generic conflict mitigation measures; (iv) lack of a standardised approach to quantify monetary losses rendered results of the majority of studies incomparable even within sites; and (v) 22% (n = 19) studies evaluated effectiveness of interventions, of which n = 9 were external evaluations. Most evaluations were narrative accounts of the efficacy of conservation interventions.
Snow leopards, black bears, and Himalayan wolves were the most studied conflict-prone species, but there were considerable spatial gaps in HWC studies across the Western Himalayas.
Generating systematic long-term data to understand the underlying spatial and temporal drivers of HWC is urgently needed. A carefully implemented multi-stakeholder approach seemed to be the most successful in managing HWC in the Western Himalayas.
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Appendixes
Appendixes
1.1 Appendix 1: Summary of Keyword Search on Google Scholar
Google search keyword | Status of download with date | Total number of results returned on Google | Number of Google pages reviewed as per relevance of articles | Total results through database search | Search URL | Comments (why the search was terminated) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
“human wildlife” conflict “western himalayas” | Scan & download completed – 26 May | Around 125 results (0.05 s) | 12 pages/125 results scanned | 125 | Search ended | |
“human wildlife” conflict western himalayas | Scan & download completed – 8 July | Around 2250 results (0.10 s) | 35 pages/350 results scanned | 350 | Search turned into generic himalayas results after this | |
human wildlife conflict “western himalayas” | Scan & download completed – 8 July | Around 2890 results (0.09 s) | 10 pages/100 results scanned | 100 | Search turned into generic botanical and other kind of results for the geography | |
“human wildlife conflict” “western himalayas” | Scan & download completed – 8 July | Around 98 results (0.08 s) | 10 pages/98 results scanned | 98 | Search ended | |
“livestock” depredation or loss “western himalayas” | Scan & download completed – 31 July | Around 135 results (0.07 s) | 13 pages/130 results scanned | 130 | Search ended | |
“livestock depredation” “western himalayas” | Scan & download completed – 31 July | Around 71 results (0.06 s) | 8 pages/80 results scanned | 80 | Replicates of previous search | |
“livestock loss” “western himalayas” | Scan & download completed – 31 July | Around 25 results (0.05 s) | 3 pages/30 results scanned | 30 | Replicates of previous search | |
“human wildlife” conflicts or interactions “jammu and kashmir” | Scan & download completed – 31 July | Around 205 results (0.05 s) | 20 pages/200 results scanned | 200 | Replicates of previous search | |
“human wildlife” conflicts or interactions “uttarakhand” | Scan & download completed – 27 Aug | Around 598 results (0.04 s) | 60 pages/600 results scanned | 600 | Search was irrelevant for the most part | |
“human wildlife” conflicts or interactions “himachal pradesh” | Scan & download completed – 28 Sep | Around 398 results (0.04 s) | 40 pages/400 results scanned | 400 | Search was irrelevant and led to repetitive results for the most part | |
“human wildlife” conflicts or interactions “ladakh” | Scan & download completed – 29 Sep | Around 244 results (0.05 s) | 23 pages/230 results scanned | 230 | Search was irrelevant and led to repetitive results for the most part | |
“human wildlife” conflicts or interactions “jammu and kashmir” | Scan & download completed – 19 Oct | Around 217 results (0.08 s) | 21 pages/210 results scanned | 210 | Search was irrelevant for the most part | |
“livestock depredation” “himachal pradesh” | Scan & download completed – 19 Oct | Around 285 results (0.04 s) | 28 pages/280 results scanned | 280 | Search was irrelevant for the most part | |
“livestock loss” “himachal pradesh” | Scan & download completed – 2 Nov | Around 121 results (0.04 s) | 11 pages/110 results scanned | 110 | Search was limited and repetitive for the most part | |
“livestock depredation” “uttarakhand” | Scan & download completed – 2 Nov | Around 344 results (0.05 s) | 33 pages/330 results scanned | 330 | Search was limited and not relevant for the most part | |
“livestock loss” “uttarakhand” | Scan & download completed – 2 Nov | Around 144 results (0.05 s) | 14 pages/140 results scanned | 140 | https://scholar.google.com/scholar?hl=en&as_sdt=0%2C5&q=%22livestock+loss%22+%22uttarakhand%22&btnG= | Search results were mostly irrelevant |
“livestock depredation” “ladakh” | Scan & download completed – 2 Nov | Around 295 results (0.11 s) | 29 pages/290 results scanned | 290 | Search results were mostly irrelevant | |
“livestock loss” “ladakh” | Scan & download completed – 4 Nov | Around 125 results (0.03 s) | 13 pages/125 results scanned | 125 | https://scholar.google.com/scholar?start=0&q=%22livestock+loss%22+%22ladakh%22&hl=en&as_sdt=0,5 | Search was limited and repetitive for the most part |
“livestock depredation” “jammu and kashmir” | Scan & download completed – 4 Nov | Around 209 results (0.04 s) | 19 pages/190 results scanned | 190 | Search was decent | |
“livestock loss” “jammu and kashmir” | Scan & download completed – 4 Nov | Around 104 results (0.10 s) | 11 pages/104 results scanned | 104 | Search was limited | |
“livestock mortality” “western himalayas” | Scan & download completed – 4 Nov | Around 22 results (0.06 s) | 3 pages/30 results scanned | 30 | Search was limited | |
“livestock mortality” “jammu and kashmir” | Scan & download completed – 4 Nov | Around 68 results (0.09 s) | 7 pages/70 results scanned | 70 | Search was limited | |
“livestock mortality” “himachal pradesh” | Scan & download completed – 4 Nov | Around 88 results (0.07 s) | 9 pages/90 results scanned | 90 | Search was limited | |
“livestock mortality” “uttarakhand” | Scan & download completed – 4 Nov | Around 48 results (0.05 s) | 5 pages/50 results scanned | 50 | Search was limited | |
“livestock mortality” “ladakh” | Scan & download completed – 4 Nov | Around 91 results (0.09 s) | 10 pages/100 results scanned | 100 | https://scholar.google.com/scholar?hl=en&as_sdt=0%2C5&q=%22livestock+mortality%22+%22ladakh%22&btnG= | Search was limited |
“economic loss by wildlife” “western himalayas” | Scan & download completed – 4 Nov | Around 73 results (0.09 s) | 8 pages/80 results scanned | 80 | Search was limited | |
“economic loss by wildlife” “jammu and kashmir” | Scan & download completed – 4 Nov | Around 214 results (0.04 s) | 21 pages/210 results scanned | 210 | Search was not relevant for the most part | |
“economic loss by wildlife” “himachal pradesh” | Scan&download completed – 4 Nov | Around 361 results (0.05 s) | 31 pages/310 results scanned | 310 | Search was not relevant for the most part | |
“economic loss by wildlife” “uttarakhand” | Scan & download completed – 4 Nov | Around 316 results (0.07 s) | 35 pages/350 results scanned | 350 | Search was not relevant for the most part | |
“economic loss by wildlife” “ladakh” | Scan & download completed – 5 Nov | Around 117 results (0.04 s) | 11 pages/110 results scanned | 110 | Search was limited | |
“conflict mitigation” “western himalayas” | Scan & download completed – 5 Nov | Around 12 results (0.03 s) | 2 pages/20 results scanned | 20 | Search was limited | |
“conflict mitigation” “jammu and kashmir” | Scan & download completed – 5 Nov | Around 112 results (0.06 s) | 11 pages/110 results scanned | 110 | Search was limited | |
“conflict mitigation” “himachal pradesh” | Scan&download completed – 5 Nov | Around 129 results (0.18 s) | 10 pages/100 results scanned | 100 | Search was limited | |
“conflict mitigation” “uttarakhand” | Scan&download completed – 5 Nov | Around 236 results (0.04 s) | 23 pages/230 results scanned | 230 | Search was limited | |
“conflict mitigation” “ladakh” | Scan&download completed – 5 Nov | Around 74 results (0.09 s) | 8 pages/80 results scanned | 80 | https://scholar.google.com/scholar?hl=en&as_sdt=0%2C5&q=%22conflict+mitigation%22+%22ladakh%22&btnG= | Search was limited |
“patterns” of “human wildlife conflict” “western himalayas” | Scan & download completed – 5 Nov | Around 87 results (0.07 s) | 9 pages/90 results scanned | 90 | Search was limited | |
“conservation interventions” “western himalayas” | Scan & download completed – 5 Nov | Around 46 results (0.05 s) | 5 pages/50 results scanned | 50 | Search was limited | |
Random keywords from the ones listed above | Scan & download completed – 4 Dec | Around 48 results (0.05 s) | 5 pages/48 results scanned | 48 | Search was limited | |
Random keywords from the ones listed above | Scan&download completed – s27 Dec | Around 46 results (0.05 s) | 5 pages/46 results scanned | 46 | Search was limited |
1.2 Appendix 2: Database of 88 Articles Reviewed
Sr. no. | Year published and author(s) names used as file names | Year published | Journal name/organisation or institution name | Title of the studies/publications/reports/theses/short papers | Country |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 1997_Mishra_HP_IND | 1997 | Environmental Conservation | Livestock Depredation by Large Carnivores in the Indian Trans-Himalaya: Conflict Perceptions and Conservation Prospects | IND |
2 | 1999_Bhatnagar&_HemisNP_LAD_IND | 1999 | International Snow Leopard Trust | A Survey of Depredation and Related Wildlife-Human Conflicts in Hemis National Park, Ladakh (India) | IND |
3 | 1999_Chauhan_IND | 1999 | Wildlife Institute of India | Evaluation of Crop Damage in the Eco-development Project Area to Suggest Mitigation Measures | IND |
4 | 2001_Sathyakumar_PAs_IND | 2001 | Ursus | Status and Management of Asiatic Black Bear and Himalayan Brown Bear in India | IND |
5 | 2001_Jackson&Wangchuk_LAD_IND | 2001 | Endangered Species Update | Linking Snow Leopard Conservation and People-Wildlife Conflict Resolution: Grassroots Measures to Protect the Endangered Snow Leopard from Herder Retribution | IND |
6 | 2002_Spearing_J&K_IND_Pg175 | 2002 | Snow Leopard Survival Strategy Summit 2002 | The Snow Leopard in Zanskar, Jammu & Kashmir, NW India | IND |
7 | 2003_Mishra & _HP_IND | 2003 | Conservation Biology | The role of incentive programs in conserving snow leopards | IND |
8 | 2003_Jackson & _HemisNP_LAD_IND | 2003 | Snow Leopard Conservancy Field Document Series | Local People’s Attitudes toward Wildlife Conservation in the Hemis National Park with Special Reference to the Conservation of Large Predators | IND |
9 | 2003_Chauhan & _HP_IND | 2003 | Ursus | Human Casualties and Livestock Depredation by Black and Brown Bears in the Indian Himalaya, 1989–1998 | IND |
10 | 2004_Jackson & Wangchuk_LAD_IND | 2004 | Human Dimensions of Wildlife | A Community-Based Approach to Mitigating Livestock Depredation by Snow Leopards | IND |
11 | 2004_Bagchi & _HP_IND | 2004 | Animal Conservation | Conflicts between Traditional Pastoralism and Conservation of Himalayan ibex (Capra sibirica) in the Trans-Himalayan Mountains | IND |
12 | 2004_Namgail & _GMWS_IND | 2004 | International Snow Leopard Trust | Interactions between Argali and Livestock, Gya-Miru Wildlife Sanctuary, Ladakh, India | IND |
13 | 2006_Bagchi & Mishra_IND | 2006 | Journal of Zoology | Living with Large Carnivores: Mitigating Large Carnivore-Human Conflicts in Kargil, Ladakh, India | IND |
14 | 2006_Bhatnagar & _Ladakh | 2006 | Environmental Management | Perceived Conflicts Between Pastoralism and Conservation of the Kiang Equus kiang in the Ladakh Trans-Himalaya, India | IND |
15 | 2006_Sathyakumar_IND | 2006 | Indian Forester | Status and Distribution of Himalayan Brown Bear in India: An Assessment of Change Over 10 Years | IND |
16 | 2007_Namgail & _IND | 2007 | Environmental Management | Carnivore Caused Livestock Mortality in Trans-Himalaya | IND |
17 | 2007_Sathyakumar & Choudhury_Pas_IND | 2007 | Journal of Bombay Natural History Society | Distribution and Status of Black Bear in India | IND |
18 | 2008_RathoreBC_PhD_Thesis | 2008 | Saurashtra University | Ecology of Brown Bear (Ursus arctos) with Special Reference to Assessment of Human-Brown Bear Conflicts in Kugti Wildlife Sanctuary, Himachal Pradesh and Mitigation Strategies | IND |
19 | 2008_Choudhury & _J & K_IND | 2008 | Predator Alert-Conservation Action Series | Attacks on Humans by Leopards and Asiatic Black Bear in the Kashmir valley – Analysis of Case Studies and Spatial Patterns of Elevated Conflict | IND |
20 | 2009_Namgail & _J & K_IND | 2009 | Oryx | Status and distribution of the Near Threatened Tibetan argali (Ovis ammon hodgsoni) in Ladakh, India: Effect of a Hunting Ban | IND |
21 | 2009_Lauren Satterfield_Ladakh | 2009 | Mount Holyoke College | Trailing the Snow Leopard: Sustainable Wildlife Conservation in Ladakh (India) | IND |
22 | 2010_Maheshwari & _J & K_IND | 2010 | World Wide Fund for Nature – India | An investigation of Carnivore Human Conflicts in Kargil | IND |
23 | 2010_Peaty_IND | 2010 | Journal of Ritsumeikan Social Science and Humanities | Community Based Tourism in the Indian Himalayas: Homestays and Lodges | IND |
24 | 2011_Bhatta & Satya_IND | 2011 | Mountain Research and Development | Natural Resource Use by Humans and Response of Wild Ungulates | IND |
25 | 2011_Charoo & _J & K_IND | 2011 | Ursus | Asiatic Black Bear–Human Interactions around Dachigam National Park, Kashmir, India | IND |
26 | 2011_Sabic_UK_IND | 2011 | University of Michigan | Human-Wildlife Conflict in Nanda Devi Biosphere Reserve, Uttarakhand, India | IND |
27 | 2012_ChandolaShivani_PhD_Thesis | 2012 | Saurashtra University | An Assessment of Human-Wildlife Interaction in the Indus Valley, Ladakh, Trans-Himalaya | IND |
28 | 2012_Sanwal & Lone_KupwaraDist_J & K | 2012 | Indian Forester | An Assessment of the-Asiatic Black Bear-Human Conflicts in Kupwara District, Jammu & Kashmir, India | IND |
29 | 2012_Maheshwari & _LAD_IND | 2012 | World Wide Fund for Nature – India | Living with Large Carnivores: Mitigating Large Carnivore-Human Conflicts in Kargil, Ladakh, India | IND |
30 | 2013_Sathyakumar & _DNP_J & K | 2013 | Wildlife Institute of India | Ecology of Asiatic black bear (Ursus thibetanus) in Dachigam National Park, Kashmir, India | IND |
31 | 2013_Maheswari & _UK & HP_IND | 2013 | Journal of Ecology and the Natural Environment | Snow leopard (Panthera uncia) Surveys in the Western Himalayas, India | IND |
32 | 2013_SuryawanshiK_PhD_Thesis | 2013 | Manipal University | Human-Carnivore Conflicts: Understanding Predation Ecology and Livestock Damage by Snow Leopards | IND |
33 | 2013_Suryawanshi & _HP_IND | 2013 | Journal of Applied Ecology | People, Predators and Perceptions: Patterns of Livestock Depredation by Snow Leopards and Wolves leopards and wolves | IND |
34 | 2013_Steinberg_HP_IND | 2013 | Albert-Ludwigs-University | Spatial-temporal Dimensions of Human-Wildlife Conflicts: Case Study in the Trans-Himalaya | IND |
35 | 2013_Huyett_LAD_IND | 2013 | Duke University | Motivations for Conservation: Participation in Community-Based Snow Leopard (Uncia uncia) Conservation in Ladakh, India | IND |
36 | 2013_Shrotriya & _IND | 2013 | Wildlife Institute of India | Ecology and Conservation of Himalayan Wolf | IND |
37 | 2014_Suryawanshi & _HP_IND | 2014 | Conservation Biology | Multiscale Factors Affecting Human Attitudes Toward Snow Leopards and Wolves | IND |
38 | 2014_Mohanta & _HP_IND | 2014 | Asian Journal of Conservation Biology | Anthropogenic Threats and its Conservation on Himalayan Brown Bear (Ursus arctos) habitat in Kugti Wildlife Sanctuary, Himachal Pradesh, India | IND |
39 | 2015_Habib & _J & K | 2015 | The Journal of Zoology Studies | Human-Wildlife Conflict-Causes, Consequences and Mitigation Measures with Special Reference to Kashmir | IND |
40 | 2015_Mir & _Kashmir_IND | 2015 | Mountain Research and Development | Attitudes of Local People Toward Wildlife Conservation: A Case Study From the Kashmir Valley | IND |
41 | 2016_Mishra & _HP_IND | 2016 | Snow Leopard Conservancy | The Role of Village Reserves in Revitalizing the Natural Prey Base of the Snow Leopard | IND |
42 | 2017_Home & _HP_IND | 2017 | Ambio | Commensal in Conflict: Livestock Depredation Patterns by Free Ranging Domestic Dogs in the Upper Spiti Landscape, Himachal Pradesh, India | IND |
43 | 2017_Moten & _J & K_IND | 2017 | International Journal of Research in Medical Sciences | Causalities of human wildlife conflict in Kashmir valley, India; a neglected form of trauma: our 10 year study | IND |
44 | 2018_Jamwal & _HemisNP_LAD_IND | 2018 | Oryx | Factors contributing to a striking shift in human–wildlife dynamics in Hemis National Park, India: 22 years of reported snow leopard depredation | IND |
45 | 2019_Bagchi & _HP_IND | 2019 | Wildlife Biology | Change in snow leopard predation on livestock after revival of wild prey in the Trans-Himalaya | IND |
46 | 2019_Hassan & _Kulgam_J & K | 2019 | Recent Innovations in Biosustainability and Environmental Research-Vol.1 | Human-Wildlife Conflict in District Kulgam of Jammu & Kashmir State: Causes, Consequences and Mitigation Measures | IND |
47 | 2019_Lyngdoh & Habib_Spiti_IND | 2019 | BioRxiv | Predation by Himalayan Wolves: Understanding conflict, culture and co-existence amongst 2 Indo-Tibetan community and large carnivores in High Himalaya | IND |
48 | 2019_Maheswari & _HNP_LAD | 2019 | Human Dimensions of Wildlife | Snow leopard stewardship in mitigating human–wildlife conflict in Hemis National Park, Ladakh, India | IND |
49 | 2019_Yadav & _NDBR | 2019 | Journal of Entomology and Zoology Studies | Occurrence and feeding habit of Asiatic black bear (Ursus thibetanus) in Nanda Devi biosphere reserve, Uttarakhand, India | IND |
50 | 2019_Vanelli & _Ladakh | 2019 | Human Dimensions of Wildlife | Community participation in ecotourism and its effect on local perceptions of snow leopard (Panthera uncia) conservation | IND |
51 | 2019_Sharief & _Lahaul_HP | 2019 | Global Ecology and Conservation | Identifying Himalayan brown bear (Ursus arctos isabellinus) conservation areas in Lahaul Valley, Himachal Pradesh | IND |
52 | 2019_Dhendhup & _Himalayas | 2019 | CAT News | Distribution and status of manul in the Himalayas and China | IND |
53 | 2020_Maheshwari & Sathyakumar_LAD_IND | 2020 | Journal of Arid Environments | Patterns of Livestock Depredation and Large Carnivore Conservation Implications in the Indian Trans-Himalaya | IND |
54 | 2020_Sharma & _HP_IND | 2020 | World Wide Fund for Nature – India | Human-Wildlife Conflict Mitigation Strategy in Pangi, Lahaul and Kinnaur Landscapes, Himachal Pradesh | IND |
55 | 2020_Sharma & _LAD_IND_Secure | 2020 | World Wide Fund for Nature – India | Human-Wildlife Conflict Management Strategy in Changthang Landscape, Ladakh | IND |
56 | 2000_Hussain_BAL_PAK | 2000 | Mountain Research and Development | Protecting the Snow Leopard and Enhancing Farmers’ Livelihoods | PAK |
57 | 2001_Shackleton_PAK | 2001 | International Union for Conservation of Nature | A Review of Community-Based Trophy Hunting Programs in Pakistan | PAK |
58 | 2003_HussainS_Bal_PAK | 2003 | Oryx | The status of the snow leopard in Pakistan and its conflict with local farmers | PAK |
59 | 2006_Mir_NWFPNorthernAreas_PAK | 2006 | International Union for Conservation of Nature | Impact Assessment of Community Based Trophy Hunting in Mountain Areas Conservancy Project areas of North West Frontier Province and Northern Areas | PAK |
60 | 2007_Nawaz_PAK | 2007 | Ursus | Status of Brown Bear in Pakistan | PAK |
61 | 2008_Nawaz & _DNP_PAK | 2008 | Biological Conservation | Pragmatic management increases a flagship species, the Himalayan brown bears, in Pakistan’s Deosai National Park | PAK |
62 | 2008_Ali_NWFP_PAK | 2008 | Wildlife Biology | Conservation and Status of Markhor (Capra falconeri) in the Northern Parts of North West Frontier Province, Pakistan | PAK |
63 | 2009_Dar & _MachiaraNP_PAK | 2009 | Biological Conservation | Predicting the patterns, perceptions and causes of human–carnivore conflict in and around Machiara National Park, Pakistan | PAK |
64 | 2010_Din & Nawaz_Chitral_PAK | 2010 | Journal of Animal and Plant Sciences | Status of the Himalayan Lynx in District Chitral, North West Frontier Province, Pakistan | PAK |
65 | 2011_Din & Nawaz_Chitral_PAK | 2011 | Journal of Animal and Plant Sciences | Status of Snow Leopard and Prey Species in Torkhow Valley, District Chitral, Pakistan | PAK |
66 | 2011_Waseem & Ali_Mansehra_PAK | 2011 | World Wide Fund for Nature – Pakistan | Assessment Report On Asiatic Black Bear (Ursus theibetanus)- Human Conflict in District Mansehra | PAK |
67 | 2012_Rosen & _BAL_PAK | 2012 | Mountain Research and Development | Reconciling Sustainable Development of Mountain Communities with Large Carnivore Conservation | PAK |
68 | 2013_Hameed & _DNP_PAK | 2013 | International Bear News | Himalayan Brown Bear in Deosai National Park, Pakistan: Current Status and Threats | PAK |
69 | 2013_Parveen & Abid_Koh_PAK | 2013 | International Journal of Farming and Allied Sciences | Asian black bear, Ursus thibetanus: Human-bear conflict in the Palas Valley, Kohistan, Pakistan | PAK |
70 | 2015_Abbas & _PAK | 2015 | Journal of Bioresource Management | Bears in Pakistan: Distribution, Population Biology and Human Conflicts | PAK |
71 | 2015_Ali & _BAL_PAK | 2015 | International Journal of Scientific and Research Publications | Status and Threats of Asiatic Black bear in Gais Valley of Diamer District, Gilgit-Baltistan, Pakistan | PAK |
72 | 2016_Awan & _AJK_PAK | 2016 | International Journal of Conservation Science | Preliminary survey on Asiatic black bear in Kashmir Himalaya, Pakistan: Implications for preservation | PAK |
73 | 2016_Hameed & _INTLbear news_PAK | 2016 | International Bear News | The Bears in Musk Deer National Park Gurez, Azad Jammu and Kashmir and their conflict with local people | PAK |
74 | 2016_Ahmad & _MDNP_AJK_PAK | 2016 | European Journal of Wildlife Research | Carnivores’ diversity and conflicts with humans in Musk Deer National Park, Azad Jammu and Kashmir, Pakistan | PAK |
75 | 2016_Ahmad & _Chitral_PAK_RUFFORDReport | 2016 | The Rufford Foundation | Community Based Human-Carnivores Conflict Mitigation in Gehrate Gol Community Game Reserve Chitral, Pakistan | PAK |
76 | 2016_Ali & _AJK_PAK | 2016 | Pakistan Journal of Zoology | Human-Grey Wolf (Canis lupus) Conflict in Shounter Valley, District Neelum, Azad Jammu and Kashmir, Pakistan | PAK |
77 | 2017_Bocci & _CKNP_PAK | 2017 | European Journal of Wildlife Research | Sympatric snow leopards and Tibetan wolves: coexistence of large carnivores with human-driven potential competition | PAK |
78 | 2017_Wahid & _Kumrat_PAK | 2017 | Bioscience Research | Conservation status of Black Bear in Kumrat Valley, Pakistan | PAK |
79 | 2018_Khan & _HusheyV_PAK | 2018 | Oryx | Livestock depredation by large predators and its implications for conservation and livelihoods in the Karakoram Mountains of Pakistan | PAK |
80 | 2018_Ali & _Kaghan_PAK | 2018 | Ethology, Ecology & Evolution | Human–Asiatic black bear (Ursus thibetanus) interactions in the Kaghan Valley, Pakistan | PAK |
81 | 2019_Kazmi & _MNP_PAK | 2019 | The Journal of Animal & Plant Sciences | Crop Raiding by Himalayan Black Bear: A Major Cause of Human-Bear Conflict in Machiara National Park, Pakistan | PAK |
82 | 2019_Khan & _PAK | 2019 | Animals | Status and Magnitude of Grey Wolf Conflict with Pastoral Communities in the Foothills of the Hindu Kush Region of Pakistan | PAK |
83 | 2019_Khan & _LowerDir_PAK | 2019 | Applied Ecology and Environmental Research | Status and Attitude of Local Communities Towards the Grey Wolf (Canis lupus) in Lower Dir District, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan | PAK |
84 | 2020_Zahoor & _AJK_PAK | 2020 | Pakistan Journal of Zoology | Damages Done by Black Bear (Ursus thibetanus) in Moji Game Reserve and its Surroundings, Leepa Valley, Azad Jammu and Kashmir (Pakistan) | PAK |
85 | 2020_Waseem & _Manshera_PAK | 2020 | Pakistan Journal of Zoology | Ecology and Human Conflict of Asiatic Black Bear (Ursus thibetanus laniger) in Mansehra District, Pakistan | PAK |
86 | 2020_Khan & _MahoodandV_PAK | 2020 | Pakistan Journal of Zoology | Distribution, Diet Menu and Human Conflict of Grey Wolf Canis lupus inMahodand Valley, Swat District, Pakistan | PAK |
87 | 2020_Ullah & _2PAKValleys | 2020 | Global Ecology and Conservation | Poaching of Asiatic black bear: evidence from Siran and Kaghan valleys, Pakistan | PAK |
88 | 2021_Ali_KalamValley_PAK | 2021 (published online in 2020) | Pakistan Journal of Zoology | Conflicts Involving Brown Bear and Other Large Carnivores in the Kalam Valley, Swat, Pakistan | PAK |
1.3 Appendix 3: Data Extraction Form Utilised in the Current Review Chapter
Categories | Sub-categories |
|---|---|
Section 1 – Basic information regarding the studies | Serial number used for sorting and identification |
Year published | |
Author(s) names and year published | |
Study duration and sampling Period | |
Study started in year | |
Journal name | |
Title of the study/publication | |
Country/countries | |
State(s)/district(s) | |
Species names | |
Article location (folder name on local computer) | |
Organisation(s)/institution(s) that conducted the studies | |
GPS co-ordinates as per area names mentioned in the studies/publications | |
Section 2 – Purpose identified or defined through objectives of the study | Purpose was to assess extent of conflict |
Purpose was to quantify impact on animals | |
Purpose was to quantify impact on humans | |
Purpose was to document interventions | |
Purpose was to implement interventions | |
Purpose was to evaluate interventions | |
Any other purpose based on objectives mentioned in the study | |
Section 3 – Type of data generated by the study, irrespective of the methodology/study instrument utilised | Data type: ecological |
Data type: social | |
Data type: hybrid | |
Data type: other | |
Section 4 – Drivers of HWC – identified in the study through the data collated/prior information referenced in the study | Improper waste disposal |
Lack of wild prey | |
Expanding areas | |
Herding practices | |
Increased livestock | |
Easy access to crop or livestock | |
Forest dependency | |
Forest fragmentation and/or habitat loss | |
Expanding settlements and/or increased human disturbance | |
Lack of awareness | |
Other factors | |
Section 5 – Impacts of HWC observed in the study – through the data collated | Hunting of wildlife and/or death of wildlife |
Reduction of forest resources | |
Human injury or death | |
Livestock loss | |
Impact to human livelihood or economic security | |
Tourism | |
Prey base depletion | |
Crop depredation | |
Impact on emotional well-being | |
Attitude towards species | |
Property damage | |
Others impacts | |
Section 6 – Interventions suggested/implemented/evaluated-based on the data collated through the study | Land management and zoning, Land use change |
Prey management | |
Relocation or reduction of prey species | |
Livestock corrals and/or crop fencing | |
Alternate livelihood opportunities | |
Use of guard dogs, loud noise, increased vigilance, skilled shepherds, chasing | |
Trophy hunting of ungulates | |
Relocation or reduction of livestock | |
Monetary compensation | |
Community conservation and ecotourism | |
Insurance programs | |
Religion beliefs propaganda | |
Education programs | |
Women empowerment | |
Habitat restoration | |
Crop rotation, crop change | |
Livestock husbandry, veterinary services | |
Tourism development | |
Legal management | |
Rangeland management | |
Other sustainable solutions, technology etc. | |
Capacity building | |
Additional monitoring | |
Increase in current intervention levels | |
Section 7 – Details on the interventions and its evaluations if any mentioned in the study | Multiple interventions suggested |
Interventions implemented | |
Intervened by whom? | |
Type of interventions | |
Interventions evaluated | |
Comments on effectiveness of interventions | |
Comments on the drivers | |
Indicative trends of HWC | |
Additional notes/comments for Authors to consider |
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Sylvia, C., Sharma, R.K. (2023). Human-Wildlife Conflict in the Western Himalaya: A Systematic Review of Research and Conservation Interventions Implemented Over Three Decades. In: Sharma, S., Kuniyal, J.C., Chand, P., Singh, P. (eds) Climate Change Adaptation, Risk Management and Sustainable Practices in the Himalaya. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-24659-3_14
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