Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Alveolar Cleft Grafting: Origins, Advances, Prospects

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Cleft Maxillary Reconstruction

  • 172 Accesses

Abstract

Rehabilitation of the alveolar cleft is very often the unwanted child in the family of cleft reparative efforts. There is no glamour in its successful result, no dramatically evident improvement in speech (in most cases), no liberating sense of satisfaction for either patient or family, and, particularly when done as a repeated procedure in a scarred environment, can be difficult to accomplish surgically. Even its existence avoids recognition; patients are readily recognized as suffering from “cleft lip and palate” imperfections, but rarely from “cleft lip, alveolus, and palate” even though its rehabilitation generally calls for independent maneuvers. It frequently remains inadequately addressed after even repeated procedures for lip and palate rehabilitation.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 129.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Hardcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  1. Witsenberg B. The reconstruction of anterior residual bone defects in patients with cleft lip, alveolus and palate. J max-fac Surg. 1985;13:197–208.

    Google Scholar 

  2. Koberg WR. Present view on bone grafting in cleft palate (a review of the literature). J max-fac Surg. 1973;1:185–93.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  3. Freitas JAS, Garib DG, et al. Rehabilitative treatment of cleft lip and palate: experience of the Hospital for Rehabilitation of craniofacial abnormalities – USP (HRAC-USP) – part 3. Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2013;21:284.

    Google Scholar 

  4. Epstein LJ, Davis WB, Thompson LW. Delayed bone grafting in cleft palate patients. Plast Reconstr Surg. 1970;46:363–7.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. Van der Meij AJW, Baart JA, et al. Bone volume after secondary bone grafting in unilateral and bilateral clefts determined by computed tomography scans. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod. 2001;92:136–41.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. Jeyaraj P, Sahoo NK, Chakranarayan A. Mid versus late secondary cleft grafting using iliac crest corticocancellous bone graft. J Maxillofac Oral Surg. 2014;13:195–207.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Johanson B, Ohlsson A. Bone grafting and dental orthopaedics in primary and secondary cases of cleft lip and palate. Acta Chir Scand. 1961;122:112–24.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. Pruzansky S. Pre-surgical orthopedics and bone grafting for infants with cleft lip and palate: a dissent. Cleft Palate J. 1964;1:164–87.

    Google Scholar 

  9. Schrudde J. Primary osteoplasty for clefts of the lip, palate, and jaw. Br J Plast Surg. 1965;18:183–7.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Schuchardt K, Pfeiffer G, Kriens O. Primary osteoplasty in patients with cleft lip, alveolus and palate. Experiences based on 419 cases. In: Sanvenero-Rosselli G, Boggio-Robutti G, editors. Transactions of the Fourth International Congress Series No. 174; 1969. p. 356–61.

    Google Scholar 

  11. Jolleys A, Robertson NRE. A study of the effects of early bone grafting in complete clefts of the lip and palate – five year study. Br J Plast Surg. 1972;25:229–37.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Keese E, Schmelzle R. New findings concerning early bone grafting procedures in patient with cleft lip and palate. J Cranio Maxillo-Facial Surg. 1995;23:296–301.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. Coots BK. Alveolar bone grafting: past, present, and new horizons. Semin Plast Surg. 2012;26:178–83.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  14. Skoog T. The use of periosteal flaps in the repair of clefts of the primary palate. Cleft Palate J. 1965;2:332–9.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Robinson F, Wood B. Primary bone grafting in the treatment of cleft lip and palate with special reference to alveolar collapse. Br J Plast Surg. 1969;22:336–42.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Ritsilä V, Alhopuro S, et al. The use of free periosteum for bone formation in congenital clefts of the maxilla. Scand J Plast Reconstr Surg. 1972;6:57–60.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Cutting CG, Grayson BH. The effects of gingivoperiosteoplasty following alveolar molding with a pin-retained Latham appliance versus secondary bone grafting on midfacial growth in patients with unilateral clefts. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2008;122:871–3. (Discussion)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. Matic DB, Power SM. The effects of gingivoperiosteoplasty following alveolar molding with a pin-retained Latham appliance versus secondary bone grafting on midfacial growth in patients with unilateral clefts. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2008;122:863–9.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Sato Y, Grayson B. Success rate of gingivoperiosteoplasty with and without secondary bone grafts compared with secondary alveolar bone grafts alone. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2008;121:1356–67.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. Birgfeld CB, Roberts S. Discussion: comparative outcomes of primary gingivoperiosteoplasty and secondary alveolar bone grafting in patients with unilateral cleft lip and palate. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2015;137:228–9.

    Google Scholar 

  21. Dec W, Shetye PR. Presurgical nasoalveolar molding and primary gingivoperiosteoplasty reduce the need for bone grafting in patients with bilateral clefts. J Craniofac Surg. 2013;24:186–90.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. Han K, Park J, et al. Long-term outcomes of simplified gingivoperiosteoplasty performed at the time of hard palatal closure: a review of 55 alveolar clefts. J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg. 2016;69:217–24.

    Google Scholar 

  23. Tovo AHS, Prietsch JR, Collares MVM. Tomographic assessment of bone formation after the Collares technique of gingivoperiosteoplasty in patients with cleft lip and palate. Cleft Palate Craniofac J. 2016;53:47–56.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. Wang YC, Liao YF, Chen PKT. Comparative outcomes of primary gingivoperiosteoplasty and secondary alveolar bone grafting in patients with unilateral cleft lip and palate. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2016;137:218–27.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. Berkowitz S. The facial growth pattern and the amount of palatal bone deficiency relative to cleft size should be considered in treatment planning. Plast Reconstr Surg Global Open. 2016;4e705:1–14.

    Google Scholar 

  26. Berkowitz S. Gingivoperiosteoplasty as well as early palatal cleft closure is unproductive. J Craniofac Surg. 2009;20:1747–58.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. Cagáňová V, Borsky J, et al. Facial growth and development in unilateral cleft lip and palate: comparison between secondary alveolar bone grafting and primary periosteoplasty. Cleft Palate Craniofac J. 2014;51:15–22.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  28. Hsieh CH, Ko EWC, et al. The effect of gingivoperiosteoplasty on facial growth in patients with complete unilateral cleft lip and palate. Cleft Palate Craniofac J. 2010;47:439–46.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  29. Wang YC, Liao YF, Chen PKT. Outcome of gingivoperiosteoplasty for the treatment of alveolar clefts in patients with unilateral cleft lip and palate. Br J Oral and Maxillofac Surg. 2013;51:650–5.

    Google Scholar 

  30. Hopper RA, Al-Mufarrrej F. Gingivoperiosteoplasty Clin Plastic Surg. 2014;41:233–40.

    Google Scholar 

  31. Millard DR, Latham R, et al. Cleft lip and palate treated by presurgical orthopedics, gingivoperiosteoplasty, and lip adhesion (POPLA) compared with previous lip adhesion method: a preliminary study of serial dental casts. Plast Reconstr Surg. 1999;103:1630–44.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  32. Matsuo K, Hirose T, et al. Repair of cleft lip with nonsurgical correction of nasal deformity in the early neonatal period. Plast Reconstr Surg. 1989;83:25–31.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  33. Grayson BH, Maull D. Nasoalveolar molding for infants born with clefts of the lip, alveolus, and palate. Semin Plast Surg. 2005;19:294–301.

    PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  34. Lee CTH, Garfinkle JS, et al. Nasoalveolar molding improves appearance of children with bilateral cleft lip - cleft palate. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2008;122:1131–7.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  35. Broder HL, Flores RL, et al. Surgeon’s and caregivers’ appraisal of primary cleft lip treatment with and without nasoalveolar molding: a prospective multicenter pilot study. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2016;137:938–45.

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  36. Chang CS, Por YC, et al. Long-term comparison of four techniques for obtaining nasal symmetry in unilateral complete cleft lip patients: a single surgeon’s experience. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2010;126:1276–84.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  37. Dieffenbach JF. Ueber das Gaumensegel des Menschen und der Saugethiere. Litt Ann d ges Heilk. 1826;4:298.

    Google Scholar 

  38. Krimer W. Division anormale du palais osseux gaerie par la staphyloraphie. Arch gen de med. 1828;18:426.

    Google Scholar 

  39. Schmid E. On the soft palate of human beings and of mammals. Plast Reconstr Surg. 1971;47:591–3.

    Google Scholar 

  40. von Eiselsberg F. Zur Technik der Uranoplastik, Archiv klin Chir Bd 64. Heft. 1901;3:509–29.

    Google Scholar 

  41. Drachter R. Die Gaumenspalte und deren operative Behandlung. Deutshe Zeitschrift f Chirurgie. 1914;131:1–89.

    Google Scholar 

  42. Schmid E. Die aufbauende Kieferkammplastik. Ost. Z Stomatol. 1954;51:582–3.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  43. Schmid E. Die Osteoplastik bei Lippen-Kiefer-Gaumenspalten. Archiv klin Chir. 1960;295:868–76.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  44. Schmid E. Bone grafting as an aid to the formation of normal alveolar and dental arch. Early treatment of cleft lip and palate. Bern: Huber; 1964. p. 198–206.

    Google Scholar 

  45. Nordin KE, Johanson B. Freie Knochentransplantation bei Defekten in Alveolarkamm nach kiefer orthopädischer Einstellung der Maxilla bei Lippen-Kiefer-Gaumenspalten. In: Fortschr. Kiefer- u Gesichts-chir, Bd. 1. Stuttgart: Thieme; 1955. p. 168–71.

    Google Scholar 

  46. Nordin KE. Bone grafting to alveolar process clefts following orthodontic treatment of secondary cleft palate deformity. In: Skoog T, Ivy RH, editors. Transactions of the International Society of Plastic Surgery. First Congress, Baltimore: Williams and Williams; 1957. p. 228–32.

    Google Scholar 

  47. Johanson B, Ohlsson A. Die Osteoplastik bei Spätbehandlung der Lippen-Kiefer-Gaumenspalten. Langenbecks Arch Klin Chir. 1960;295:876–85.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  48. Bäckdahl M, Nordin KE. Replacement of the maxillary bone defect in cleft palate. Acta Chir Scand. 1961;122:131–7.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  49. Stellmach R. Primäre Knochenplastik bei Lippen-Kiefer-Gaumenspalten am Säugling unter besonderer Berücksichtigung der Transplantatdeckung. Arch Klin Chir. 1959;292:865–9.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  50. Brauer RO, Cronin TD. Maxillary orthopedics and anterior palate repair with bone grafting. Cleft Palate J. 1964;16:31–42.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  51. Rosenstein S. A new concept in the early orthopedic treatment of cleft lip and palate. Am J Orthod. 1969;55:765–75.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  52. Lexer E. Die Verwendung der freien Knochenplastik nebst Versuchen über Gelenkversteifung und Gelenktransplantation. Archiv klin Chir. 1908;86:939.

    Google Scholar 

  53. Rosenstein SW, Grassechi M, Dado DV. A long-term retrospective outcome assessment of facial growth, secondary surgical need, and maxillary lateral incisor status in a surgical-orthodontic protocol for complete clefts. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2003;111:1–13.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  54. Widmaier W. Eine Operationstechnik zur primären Osteoplastik in Kiefer-und Gaumenspalte bei Lippenspaltverschluß. Clin Plast Reconstr. 1967;5:177–87.

    Google Scholar 

  55. Widmaier W, Schmid E. Total closure of clefts of lip, alveolus and palate with primary bone graft in the cleft of the alveolus and palate in a single operation. In: Sanvenero-Rosselli G, Boggio-Robutti G, editors. Transactions of the fourth international congress of plastic and reconstructive surgery, International Congress Series No. 174. Amsterdam: Excerpta Medica; 1969. p. 374.

    Google Scholar 

  56. Hollmann K. Bemerkungen zur Osteoplastik bei Lippen-Kiefer-Gaumenspalten. Ost Z Stomatol. 1964;61:388–94.

    Google Scholar 

  57. Rehrmann A. The effect of early bone grafting on the growth of upper jaw in cleft lip and palate children. A computer evaluation Minerva Chirurgica. 1971;26:874–7.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  58. Schmid E, Widmaier W, et al. The development of the cleft upper jaw following primary osteoplasty and orthodontic treatment. J max-fac Surg. 1974;2:92–5.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  59. Friede H, Johanson B. A follow-up study of cleft children treated with primary bone grafting. I. Orthodontic aspects. Scand J Plast Reconstr Surg. 1974;8:88–103.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  60. Hathaway R, Daskalogiannakis J. The American study: an inter-center study of treatment outcomes for patients with unilateral cleft lip and palate. Part 2: dental arch relationships. Cleft Palate Craniofac J. 2011;48:244–51.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  61. Ross RB. Treatment variables affecting facial growth in complete unilateral cleft lip and palate. Part 3: alveolus repair and bone grafting. Cleft Palate J. 1987;24:33–44.

    Google Scholar 

  62. Steinhauser EW, Gottsauner A. Long-term results following primary osteoplasty in cleft lip and palate patients. In Pfeifer: craniofacial abnormalities and clefts of the lip, alveolus and palate: interdisciplinary teamwork. Stuttgart: Thieme Medical Publishers; 1991. p. 374–8.

    Google Scholar 

  63. Semb G. Effect of alveolar bone grafting on maxillary growth in unilateral cleft lip and palate patients. Cleft Palate J. 1988;25:288–95.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  64. Matthews D, Broomhead I, et al. Early and late bone grafting in cases of cleft lip and palate. Br J Plast Surg. 1970;23:115–29.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  65. Torikai K, Hirakawa T, et al. Primary alveolar bone grafting and gingivoperiosteoplasty or gingivomucoperiosteal flap at the time of 1-stage repair of unilateral cleft lip and palate. J Craniofac Surg. 2009;20:1729–32.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  66. Seifeldin SA. Is alveolar cleft reconstruction still controversial? (review of literature). The Saudi Dental Journal. 2016;28:3–11.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  67. Chang DK, Kanack M, et al. Ultrasound evaluation of primary alveolar grafting in cleft lip/palate treatment: development of a novel sonographic grading system. Cleft Palate Craniofac J. 2016;53:614–21.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  68. Mueller AA, Zschokke I, et al. One-stage cleft repair outcome at age 6- to 18-years – a comparison to the Eurocleft study data. Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2012;50:762–8.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  69. Stenström SJ, Thilander BL. Bone grafting in secondary cases of cleft lip and palate. Plast Reconstr Surg. 1963;32:353–60.

    Google Scholar 

  70. Pfeifer G. Die sekundäre osteoplastische Stabilisierung des beweglichen Zwischenkiefers bei frühoperierten doppelseitigen Kieferspalten. Chir Plast Reconstr. 1966;2:96–109.

    Google Scholar 

  71. Perko M: Surgical correctio of the position of the premaxilla in secondary deformities of cleft lip and palate. Excerpta Medica International Congress Series No. 174, Rome, 1967.

    Google Scholar 

  72. Georgiade NC, Pickrell KL, Quinn GW. Varying concepts in bone grafting of alveolar palatal defects. Cleft Palate J. 1964;16:43–51.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  73. Cronin TD, Penoff JH. Bilateral clefts of the primary palate. Cleft Palate J. 1971;8:349–63.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  74. Hogeman KE, Jacobsson S, Sarnäs KV. Secondary bone grafting in cleft palate: a follow up of 145 patients. Cleft Palate J. 1972;9:39–42.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  75. Boyne PJ, Sands NR. Combined orthodontic-surgical management of residual palate-alveolar cleft defects. Am J Orthod. 1976;70:20–37.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  76. Boyne PJ, Sands NR. Secondary bone grafting of residual alveolar and palatal clefts. J Oral Surgery. 1972;30:87–92.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  77. Bertz JE. Bone grafting of alveolar clefts. J Oral Surgery. 1981;39:874–7.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  78. Troxell JB, Fonseca RJ, Osbon DB. A retrospective study of alveolar cleft grafting. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 1982;40:721–5.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  79. Abyholm FE, Bergland O, Semb G. Secondary bone grafting of alveolar clefts. Scand J Plast Reconstr Surg. 1981;15:127–40.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  80. Turvey TA, Vig K, et al. Delayed bone grafting in the left maxilla and palate: a retrospective multidisciplinary analysis. Am J Orthod. 1984;86:244–56.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  81. Ames JR, Ryan DE, et al. The autogenous particulate cancellous bone marrow graft in alveolar clefts. Oral Surg. 1981;51:588–91.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  82. Enemark H, Sindet-Pedersen S, Bundgaard M. Long-term results after secondary bone grafting of alveolar clefts. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 1987;45:913–8.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  83. Simonsen EK. Secondary bone-grafting for repair of residual cleft defects in the alveolar process and hard palate. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 1986;15:1–7.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  84. Milstein DMJ, Cheung YW, et al. An integrative approach for comparing microcirculation between normal and alveolar cleft gingiva in children scheduled for secondary bone grafting procedures. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol. 2013;115:304–9.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  85. Lee C, Crepeau R, et al. Alveolar cleft bone grafts: results and imprecisions of the dental radiograph. Plast Reconstr Surg. 1995;96:1534–8.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  86. Opitz C, Meier B, et al. Radiographic evaluation of the transplant bone height in patients with clefts of the lip/alveolus/palate after secondary bone grafting. (Röntgenologische Bestimmung der Transplantathöhe nach sekundärer Osteoplastik bei Patienten mit Lippen-Kiefer-Gaumen-Spalten.). J Orofac Orthop/Fortschr Kieferorthop. 1999;60:383–91.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  87. Precious DS. A new reliable method for alveolar bone grafting at about 6 years of age. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2009;67:2045–53.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  88. Hogan L, Shand JM, et al. Canine eruption into grafted alveolar clefts: a retrospective study. Aust Dent J. 2003;48:119–24.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  89. Hynes PJ, Earley MJ. Assessment of secondary alveolar bone grafting using a modification of the Bergland grading system. Br J Plast Surg. 2003;56:630–6.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  90. Horswell BB, Henderson JM. Secondary osteoplasty of the alveolar cleft defect. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2003;61:1082–90.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  91. Iino M, Ishii H, et al. Comparison of intraoral radiography and computed tomography in evaluation of formation of bone after grafting for repair of residual alveolar defects in patients with cleft lip and palate. Scan J Plast Reconstr Surg Hand Surg. 2005;39:15–21.

    Google Scholar 

  92. Jia YL, Fu MK, Ma L. Long-term outcome of secondary alveolar bone grafting in patients with various types of cleft. Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2006;44:308–12.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  93. Trindade IK, Mazzottini R, et al. Long-term radiographic assessment of secondary alveolar bone grafting outcomes in patients with alveolar clefts. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod. 2005;100:271–7.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  94. Ozawa T, Omura S, et al. Factors influencing secondary alveolar bone grafting in cleft lip and palate patients: prospective analysis using CT image analyzer. Cleft Palate Craniofac J. 2007;44:286–91.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  95. Touzet-Roumazeille S, Vi-Fane B, et al. Osseous and dental outcomes of primary gingivoperiosteoplasty with iliac bone graft: a radiological evaluation. J Craniomaxillofac Surg. 2015;43:950–5.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  96. Jabbari F, Hakelius M, et al. Skoog primary periosteoplasty versus secondary alveolar bone grafting in unilateral cleft lip and alveolus: long-term effects on alveolar bone formation and maxillary growth. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2017;139:137–48.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  97. Dissaux C, Bodin F, et al. Evaluation of success of alveolar cleft bone graft performed at 5 years versus 10 years of age. J Craniomaxillofac Surg. 2016;44:21–6.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  98. Offert B, Janiszewska-Olszowska J, et al. Facial esthetics in children with unilateral cleft lip and palate 3 years after alveolar bonegrafting combined with rhinoplasty between 2 and 4 years of age. Orthod Craniofac Res. 2013;16:36–43.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  99. Lexer E. The use of free osteoplasty together with trials on arthrodesis and joint transplantation. (die Verwendung der freien Knochenplastik nebst Versuchen über Gelenkversteilfung und Gelenktransplantation). Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2008;466:1771–6.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  100. Dick IL. Iliac bone transplantation. J Bone Jt Surg. 1946;28A:1–14.

    Google Scholar 

  101. Macewen W. The growth of bone; observations on osteogenesis. In: An experimental inquiry into the development and reproduction of diaphyseal bone. Glasgow. J. Maclehose and Sons; 1912.

    Google Scholar 

  102. Mowlem R. Bone grafting Brit J Plastic Surg. 1963;16:293–304.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  103. Burwell RG. Osteogenesis in cancellous bone grafts: considered in terms of cellular changes, basic mechanisms and the perspective of growth-control and its possible aberrations. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1965;40:35–47.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  104. Smith JD, Abramson M. Membranous vs endochondral bone autografts. Arch Otolaryngol. 1974;99:203–5.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  105. Koole R. Ectomesenchymal mandibular symphysis bone graft: an improvement in alveolar cleft grafting. Cleft Palate Craniofac J. 1994;31:217–23.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  106. Zins JE, Whitaker LA. Membranous versus endochondral bone: implications for craniofacial reconstruction. Plast Reconstr Surg. 1983;72:778–84.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  107. Wolfe SA. A comparison of iliac and cranial bone in secondary grafting of alveolar clefts. Plast Reconstr Surg. 1995;96:798–9.

    Google Scholar 

  108. Ozaki W, Buchman SR. Volume maintenance of onlay bone grafts in the craniofacial skeleton: micro-architecture versus embryologic origin. Plast Reconstr Surg. 1998;102:291–9.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  109. Ozaki W, Buchman SR, et al. A comparative analysis of the microarchitecture of cortical membranous and cortical endochondral onlay bone grafts in the craniofacial skeleton. Plast Reconstr Surg. 1999;104:139–47.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  110. Rawashdeh MA, Telfah H. Secondary alveolar bone grafting: the dilemma of donor site selection and morbidity. Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2008;46:665–70.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  111. Dragoo MR, Sullivan HC. A clinical and histological evaluation of autogenous iliac bone grafts in humans. Part II. External roof resorption. J Periodontol. 1973;44:614–25.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  112. Ellegaard B, Nielsen IM, Karring T. Composite jaw and iliac cancellous bone grafts in intrabony defects in monkeys. J Periodontal Res. 1976;11:299–310.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  113. Schallhorn RG, Hiatt WH, Boyce W. Iliac transplants in periodontal therapy. J Periodontol. 1970;41:566–80.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  114. Newlands LC. Secondary alveolar bone grafting in cleft lip and palate patients. Br J Oral Maxillo Surg. 2000;38:488–91.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  115. Sindet-Pedersen S, Enemark H. Reconstruction of alveolar clefts with mandibular or iliac crest bone grafts: a comparative study. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 1990;48:554–8.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  116. Kappis A. Zur Deckung von Schädeldefekten. Zentralbl Chir. 1915;51:897–8.

    Google Scholar 

  117. Clementschitsch F. Neue Fragestellung bei der freien Knochentransplantation im Kiefer-Gesichts-Bereich. Osterr Zeitschrift Stomat. 1955;52:120–3.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  118. Witsenburg B, Freihofer HPM. Autogenous rib graft for reconstruction of alveolar bone defects in cleft patients. J Cranio-Max-Fac Surg. 1990;18:55–62.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  119. Rudman RA. Prospective evaluation of morbidity associated with iliac crest harvest for alveolar cleft grafting. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 1997;55:219–23.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  120. Kessler P, Thorwarth M, et al. Harvesting of bone from the iliac crest – comparison of the anterior and posterior sites. Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2005;43:51–6.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  121. Kokkinos PP, Ledoux WR, et al. Iliac apophyseal cartilage augmentation of the deficient piriform rim and maxilla in alveolar cleft grafting. Am J Orthod Dentofac Orthop. 1997;112:145–53.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  122. Sharma S, Schneider LF, et al. Comparison of minimally invasive versus conventional open harvesting techniques for iliac bone graft in secondary alveolar cleft patients. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2011;128:485–91.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  123. Tessier P. Autogenous bone grafts taken from the calvarium for facial and cranial applications. Clin Plast Surg. 1982;9:531–8.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  124. Wolfe SA, Berkowitz S. The use of cranial bone grafts in the closure of alveolar and anterior palatal clefts. Plast Reconstr Surg. 1983;72:659–66.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  125. Denny AD, Talisman R, Bonawitz SC. Secondary alveolar bone grafting using milled cranial bone graft: a retrospective study of a consecutive series of 100 patients. Cleft Palate Craniofacial J. 1999;36:144–53.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  126. Jackson IT, Helden G, Marx R. Skull bone grafts in maxillofacial and craniofacial surgery. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 1986;44:949–55.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  127. Müller A. Zur Frage der temporaren Schädelresektion an Stelle der Trepanation. Zentralbl Chir. 1980;17:65.

    Google Scholar 

  128. Turvey TA. Donor site for alveolar cleft bone grafts. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 1987;45:834–78.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  129. Eichhorn W, Blessmann M, et al. Primary osteoplasty using calvarian bone in patients with cleft lip, alveolus and palata. J Cranio-Maxillofac Surg. 2009;37:429–33.

    Google Scholar 

  130. Herford AS, King BJ, et al. Medial approach for tibial bone graft: anatomic study and clinical technique. J Oral Maxillofacial Surg. 2003;61:358–63.

    Google Scholar 

  131. Hughes CW, Revington PJ. The proximal tibia donor site in cleft alveolar bone grafting: experience of 75 consecutive cases. J Craniomaxillofac Surg. 2002;30:12–6.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  132. Sivarajasingam V, Pell G, et al. Secondary bone grafting of alveolar clefts: a densitometric comparison of iliac crest and tibial bone grafts. Cleft Palate-Craniomaxillofacial J. 2001;38:11–4.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  133. Skoog T. The use of periosteum and Surgicel for bone restoration in congenital clefts of the maxilla. Scand J Plast Reconstr Surg. 1967;1:113–30.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  134. Lee C, Nishihara K, et al. A quantitative radiological assessment of outcomes of autogenous bone graft combined with platelet-rich plasma in the alveolar cleft. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2009;38:117–25.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  135. Marukawa E, Oshina H, et al. Reduction of bone resorption by the application of platelet-rich plasma (PRP) in bone grafting of the alveolar cleft. J Craniomaxillofac Surg. 2011;39:278–83.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  136. Hegab AF, Shuman NA. Efficacy of platelet-rich-plasma in reduction of the resorption of the alveolar cleft bone graft; a comparative study. Dentistry. 2012;2:1–6.

    Google Scholar 

  137. Gupta C, Mehrotra D, et al. Alveolar bone graft with platelet rich plasma in cleft alveolus. J Oral Biol Craniofac Res. 2013;3:3–8.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  138. Huh JY, Choi BH, et al. The effect of platelet-enriched fibrin glue on bone regeneration in autogenous bone grafts. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod. 2006;101:426–31.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  139. Segura-Castillo JE, Aguirre-Camacho H, et al. Reduction of bone resorption by the application of fibrin glue in the reconstruction of the alveolar cleft. J Craniofac Surg. 2005;16:105–12.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  140. Catelas I, Sese N, et al. Human mesenchymal stem cell proliferation and osteogenic differentiation in fibrin gels in vitro. Tissue Eng. 2006;12:2385–402.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  141. van Hout WM, van der Molen ABM, et al. Reconstruction of the alveolar cleft: can growth factor-aided tissue engineering replace autologous bone grafting? A literature review and systematic review of results obtained with bone morphogenetic protein-2. Clin Oral Invest. 2011;15:297–303.

    Google Scholar 

  142. Morgan I, Richman M. Hudson J: (poster 41) repair of dentoalveolar clefts with rbBMP-2. AAOMS. 2011;69:e76.

    Google Scholar 

  143. Fallucco MA, Carstens MH. Primary reconstruction of alveolar clefts using recombinant human bone morphogenic protein-2: clinical and radiographic outcomes. J Craniofac Surg. 2009;20:1759–64.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  144. Goss JA, Hunter MS, et al. Higher dosages of BMP-2 in alveolar cleft repair result in higher rates of postoperative nasal stenosis. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2015;136:4.

    Google Scholar 

  145. Liang F, Yen S, et al. 3D cone beam computed tomography volumetric outcomes of rhBMP-2/demineratlized bone matric vs. iliac crest bone graft for alveolar cleft reconstruction. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2015;136:3–4.

    Google Scholar 

  146. Kraut RA. The use of allogeneic bone for alveolar cleft grafting. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol. 1987;64:278–82.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  147. Merkx MAW, Maltha JE, et al. Tooth eruption through autogenous and xenogeous bone transplants: a histological and radiographic evaluation in beagle dogs. J Craniomaxillofac Surg. 1997;25:212–9.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  148. Goudy S, Lott D, et al. Secondary alveolar bone grafting: outcomes, revisions, and new applications. Cleft Palate Craniofac J. 2009;46:610–2.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  149. Sivak WN, MacIsaac ZM. Management of failed alveolar bone grafts: improved outcomes and decreased morbidity with allograft alone. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2014;133:345–54.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  150. Susarla SM, Andrews R, et al. Is canine eruption velocity affected by the presence of allograft within a repaired alveolar cleft? J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2015;73:1888–93.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  151. MacIsaac ZM, Rottgers SA, et al. Alveolar reconstruction in cleft patients: decreased morbidity and improved outcomes with supplemental demineralized bone matrix and cancellous allograft. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2012;130:625–32.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  152. Elfaramawi TI, Faramawey WI, et al. (Oral abstract) Deproteinized bovine bone graft in maxillary alveolar cleft reconstruction, vol. 73. AAOMS; 2015. p. e14.

    Google Scholar 

  153. Corre P, Khonsari RH, et al. Synthetic calcium phosphate ceramics in secondary alveoloplasty. (les céramiques phosphocalciques synthétiques dans l’alvéoplastie secondaire.). Rev Stomatol Chir Maxillofac. 2012;113:131–5.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  154. Lazarou SA, Contodimos GB, Gkegkes ID. Correction of alveolar cleft with calcium-based bone substitutes. J Craniofac Surg. 2011;22:854–7.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  155. Shirani G, Abbasi AJ, Mohebbi SZ. Need for revision surgery after alveolar cleft repair. J Craniofac Surg. 2012;23:378–81.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  156. Borba AM, Borges AH, et al. Predictors of complication for alveolar cleft bone graft. Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2014;52:174–8.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  157. Liou EJW, Chen PKT, et al. Interdental distraction osteogenesis and rapid orthodontic tooth movement: a novel approach to approximate a wide alveolar cleft or bony defect. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2000;105:1262–72.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  158. Dolanmaz D, Karaman AI, et al. Management of alveolar clefts using dento-osseous transport distraction osteogenesis. Angle Orthod. 2003;73:723–9.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  159. Vega O, Pérez D, et al. A new device for alveolar bone transportation. Craniomaxillofac Trauma Reconstr. 2011;4:91–105.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  160. Hegab A. Closure of the alveolar cleft by bone segment transport using an intraoral tooth-borne custom-made distraction device. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2012;70:337–48.

    Google Scholar 

  161. Spector M. Basic principles of tissue engineering. In: Tissue engineering: applications in maxillofacial surgery and periodontics. Lynch SE, Genco RJ, Marx RE. Chicago: Quintessence Publishing Company; 1999. p. 3–16.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University of Detroit Mercy School of Dentistry, Detroit, MI, USA

    Robert Bruce MacIntosh

Authors
  1. Robert Bruce MacIntosh
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Robert Bruce MacIntosh .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Craniomaxillofacial Surgery, Florida Craniofacial Institute, Tampa, FL, USA

    Pat Ricalde

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2023 Springer Nature Switzerland AG

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

MacIntosh, R.B. (2023). Alveolar Cleft Grafting: Origins, Advances, Prospects. In: Ricalde, P. (eds) Cleft Maxillary Reconstruction. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-24636-4_1

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-24636-4_1

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-031-24635-7

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-031-24636-4

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation