Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Measurement of Lipoprotein(a) in the Clinical Laboratory

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Lipoprotein(a)

Part of the book series: Contemporary Cardiology ((CONCARD))

  • 513 Accesses

Abstract

The widespread use of lipoprotein(a) measurements for clinical purposes, such as the prevention of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease and the investigation of calcific aortic valve disease, is associated with opportunities as well as challenges. Clinical laboratories have adopted approaches that continue to build on the knowledge derived from research and reference laboratories, but in doing so, they must remain responsive to patient-centred requirements and clinician-led expectations. This creates some variations in the ways in which clinical measurements of lipoprotein(a) are undertaken in different settings.

This chapter will examine aspects of clinical laboratory measurement that are often taken for granted. Some of these aspects assume increased importance due to the idiosyncrasies associated with the lipoprotein(a) particle. Discussion will include facets of clinical laboratory activity including method selection, quality, safety, clinical application, interpretation and the emerging role of lipoprotein(a) testing within the overall context of healthcare systems. Evidence will be presented to demonstrate improving fitness for purpose of lipoprotein(a) assays, which are largely performed by immunoassays or mass spectroscopy techniques. Comparisons of common products and quality performance indicators will be presented to support professional awareness. Factors affecting interpretation of results will be discussed in the context of medical decision points. Application of these principles will be considered from the perspective of expert guidelines for the assessment and management of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease and calcific aortic stenosis.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 189.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 249.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  • Albers JJ, Kennedy H, Marcovina SM. Evidence that Lp[a] contains one molecule of apo[a] and one molecule of apoB: evaluation of amino acid analysis data. J Lipid Res. 1996;37(1):192–6.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Berman AN, Biery DW, Singh A, Wu WY, Divakaran S, DeFilippis EM, et al. Atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease risk and elevated lipoprotein(a) among young adults with myocardial infarction: the Partners YOUNG-MI Registry. Eur J Prev Cardiol. 2021;28(8):e12–e4.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Bittner VA, Szarek M, Aylward PE, Bhatt DL, Diaz R, Edelberg JM, et al. Effect of alirocumab on lipoprotein(a) and cardiovascular risk after acute coronary syndrome. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2020;75(2):133–44.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Burgess S, Ference BA, Staley JR, Freitag DF, Mason AM, Nielsen SF, et al. Association of LPA variants with risk of coronary disease and the implications for lipoprotein(a)-lowering therapies: a Mendelian randomization analysis. JAMA Cardiol. 2018;3(7):619–27.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Carr SS, Hooper AJ, Sullivan DR, Burnett JR. Non-HDL-cholesterol and apolipoprotein B compared with LDL-cholesterol in atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease risk assessment. Pathology. 2019;51(2):148–54.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cauza E, Kletzmaier J, Bodlaj G, Dunky A, Herrmann W, Kostner K. Relationship of non-LDL-bound apo(a), urinary apo(a) fragments and plasma Lp(a) in patients with impaired renal function. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2003;18(8):1568–72.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cegla J, Neely RDG, France M, Ferns G, Byrne CD, Halcox J, et al. HEART UK consensus statement on lipoprotein(a): a call to action. Atherosclerosis. 2019;291:62–70.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cegla J, France M, Marcovina SM, Neely RDG. Lp(a): when and how to measure it. Ann Clin Biochem. 2021;58(1):16–21.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Chan DC, Watts GF, Coll B, Wasserman SM, Marcovina SM, Barrett PHR. Lipoprotein(a) particle production as a determinant of plasma lipoprotein(a) concentration across varying apolipoprotein(a) isoform sizes and background cholesterol-lowering therapy. J Am Heart Assoc. 2019;8(7):e011781.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Chennamsetty I, Claudel T, Kostner KM, Baghdasaryan A, Kratky D, Levak-Frank S, et al. Farnesoid X receptor represses hepatic human APOA gene expression. J Clin Invest. 2011;121(9):3724–34.

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Coassin S, Erhart G, Weissensteiner H, de Eca Guimaraes Araujo M, Lamina C, Schonherr S, et al. A novel but frequent variant in LPA KIV-2 is associated with a pronounced Lp(a) and cardiovascular risk reduction. Eur Heart J. 2017;38(23):1823–31.

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Coassin S, Schonherr S, Weissensteiner H, Erhart G, Forer L, Losso JL, et al. A comprehensive map of single-base polymorphisms in the hypervariable LPA kringle IV type 2 copy number variation region. J Lipid Res. 2019;60(1):186–99.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cobbaert C, Weykamp C, Franck P, de Jonge R, Kuypers A, Steigstra H, et al. Systematic monitoring of standardization and harmonization status with commutable EQA-samples—5 year experience from the Netherlands. Clin Chim Acta. 2012;414:234–40.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cobbaert CM, Althaus H, Begcevic Brkovic I, Ceglarek U, Coassin S, Delatour V, et al. Towards an SI-traceable reference measurement system for seven serum apolipoproteins using bottom-up quantitative proteomics: conceptual approach enabled by cross-disciplinary/cross-sector collaboration. Clin Chem. 2021;67(3):478–89.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cohn JS, Lam CW, Sullivan DR, Hensley WJ. Plasma lipoprotein distribution of apolipoprotein(a) in the fed and fasted states. Atherosclerosis. 1991;90(1):59–66.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cook NR. Use and misuse of the receiver operating characteristic curve in risk prediction. Circulation. 2007;115(7):928–35.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cook NR, Mora S, Ridker PM. Lipoprotein(a) and cardiovascular risk prediction among women. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2018;72(3):287–96.

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Dati F, Tate JR, Marcovina SM, Steinmetz A, International Federation of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, et al. First WHO/IFCC international reference reagent for lipoprotein(a) for immunoassay-Lp(a) SRM 2B. Clin Chem Lab Med. 2004;42(6):670–6.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • de Boer LM, Oorthuys AO, Wiegman A, Langendam MW, Kroon J, Spijker R, et al. Statin therapy and lipoprotein(a) levels: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur J Prev Cardiol. 2022;29(5):779–92.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dieplinger H, Utermann G. The seventh myth of lipoprotein(a): where and how is it assembled? Curr Opin Lipidol. 1999;10(3):275–83.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Frank S, Hrzenjak A, Blaschitz A, Dohr G, Kostner GM. Role of various tissues in apo(a) fragmentation and excretion of fragments by the kidney. Eur J Clin Investig. 2001;31(6):504–12.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Geethanjali FS, Luthra K, Lingenhel A, Kanagasaba-Pathy AS, Jacob J, Srivastava LM, et al. Analysis of the apo(a) size polymorphism in Asian Indian populations: association with Lp(a) concentration and coronary heart disease. Atherosclerosis. 2003;169(1):121–30.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gencer B, Giugliano RP, Tang M, Mach F, Stroes ES, Gouni-berthold I, et al. Clinical safety outcomes in relation to lipoprotein(a) concentration: insights from the FOURIER trial. Circulation. 2021;144(Suppl_1):A11043-A.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gidding SS, Stone NJ, Bookstein LC, Laskarzewski PM, Stein EA. Month-to-month variability of lipids, lipoproteins, and apolipoproteins and the impact of acute infection in adolescents. J Pediatr. 1998;133(2):242–6.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Grundy SM, Stone NJ, Bailey AL, Beam C, Birtcher KK, Blumenthal RS, et al. 2018 AHA/ACC/AACVPR/AAPA/ABC/ACPM/ADA/AGS/APhA/ASPC/NLA/PCNA guideline on the management of blood cholesterol: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association task force on clinical practice guidelines. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2019;73(24):e285–350.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hopewell JC, Clarke R, Watkins H. Lp(a) (lipoprotein[a]), an exemplar for precision medicine. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2021;41(1):475–7.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ignatescu M, Kostner K, Zorn G, Kneussl M, Maurer G, Lang IM, et al. Plasma Lp(a) levels are increased in patients with chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension. Thromb Haemost. 1998;80(2):231–2.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Jawi MM, Frohlich J, Chan SY. Lipoprotein(a) the insurgent: a new insight into the structure, function, metabolism, pathogenicity, and medications affecting lipoprotein(a) molecule. J Lipids. 2020;2020:3491764.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Kamstrup PR. Lipoprotein(a) and cardiovascular disease. Clin Chem. 2020;67(1):154–66.

    Google Scholar 

  • Khera AV, Everett BM, Caulfield MP, Hantash FM, Wohlgemuth J, Ridker PM, et al. Lipoprotein(a) concentrations, rosuvastatin therapy, and residual vascular risk: an analysis from the JUPITER trial (justification for the use of statins in prevention: an intervention trial evaluating rosuvastatin). Circulation. 2014;129(6):635–42.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Konerman M, Kulkarni K, Toth PP, Jones SR. Lipoprotein(a) particle concentration and lipoprotein(a) cholesterol assays yield discordant classification of patients into four physiologically discrete groups. J Clin Lipidol. 2012;6(4):368–73.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Koschinsky ML, Marcovina SM. Structure–function relationships in apolipoprotein(a): insights into lipoprotein(a) assembly and pathogenicity. Curr Opin Lipidol. 2004;15(2):167–74.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kostner KM, Kostner GM. Factors affecting plasma lipoprotein(a) levels: role of hormones and other nongenetic factors. Semin Vasc Med. 2004;4(2):211–4.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kostner KM, Kostner GM. Lipoprotein(a): a historical appraisal. J Lipid Res. 2017;58(1):1–14.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kostner GM, Steinmetz A. Standardization of Lp(a) measurements. Clin Genet. 1997;52(5):393–7.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kostner GM, Ibovnik A, Holzer H, Grillhofer H. Preparation of a stable fresh frozen primary lipoprotein[a] (Lp[a]) standard. J Lipid Res. 1999;40(12):2255–63.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kostner K, Clodi M, Bodlaj G, Hoffmann U, Hermann K, Maurer G, et al. Urinary apo(a) excretion is not altered by changes in glomerular filtration rate and renal plasma flow in healthy males. Wien Klin Wochenschr. 2000;112(3):121–5.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kostner K, Spitzauer S, Rumpold H, Maurer G, Knipping G, Hrzenjak A, et al. Urinary excretion of apolipoprotein(a): relation to other plasma proteins. Clin Chim Acta. 2001;304(1–2):29–37.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kraft HG, Lingenhel A, Raal FJ, Hohenegger M, Utermann G. Lipoprotein(a) in homozygous familial hypercholesterolemia. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2000;20(2):522–8.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kronenberg F, Utermann G. Lipoprotein(a): resurrected by genetics. J Intern Med. 2013;273(1):6–30.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kronenberg F, Trenkwalder E, Lingenhel A, Friedrich G, Lhotta K, Schober M, et al. Renovascular arteriovenous differences in Lp[a] plasma concentrations suggest removal of Lp[a] from the renal circulation. J Lipid Res. 1997;38(9):1755–63.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Langlois MR, Nordestgaard BG, Langsted A, Chapman MJ, Aakre KM, Baum H, et al. Quantifying atherogenic lipoproteins for lipid-lowering strategies: consensus-based recommendations from EAS and EFLM. Clin Chem Lab Med. 2020;58(4):496–517.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Langsted A, Nordestgaard BG, Kamstrup PR. Low lipoprotein(a) levels and risk of disease in a large, contemporary, general population study. Eur Heart J. 2021;42(12):1147–56.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lassman ME, McLaughlin TM, Zhou H, Pan Y, Marcovina SM, Laterza O, et al. Simultaneous quantitation and size characterization of apolipoprotein(a) by ultra-performance liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry. Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom. 2014;28(10):1101–6.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Leibundgut G, Scipione C, Yin H, Schneider M, Boffa MB, Green S, et al. Determinants of binding of oxidized phospholipids on apolipoprotein(a) and lipoprotein(a)1. J Lipid Res. 2013;54(10):2815–30.

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Ma L, Chan DC, Ooi EMM, Marcovina SM, Barrett PHR, Watts GF. Apolipoprotein(a) kinetics in statin-treated patients with elevated plasma lipoprotein(a) concentration. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2019;104(12):6247–55.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mach F, Baigent C, Catapano AL, Koskinas KC, Casula M, Badimon L, et al. 2019 ESC/EAS Guidelines for the management of dyslipidaemias: lipid modification to reduce cardiovascular risk: the task force for the management of dyslipidaemias of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) and European Atherosclerosis Society (EAS). Eur Heart J. 2020;41(1):111–88.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Marcovina SM, Albers JJ. Lipoprotein(a) measurements for clinical application. J Lipid Res. 2016;57(4):526–37.

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Marcovina SM, Koschinsky ML, Albers JJ, Skarlatos S. Report of the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute workshop on lipoprotein(a) and cardiovascular disease: recent advances and future directions. Clin Chem. 2003;49(11):1785–96.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Marcovina SM, Viney NJ, Hughes SG, Xia S, Witztum JL, Tsimikas S. Temporal variability in lipoprotein(a) levels in patients enrolled in the placebo arms of IONIS-APO(a)Rx and IONIS-APO(a)-LRx antisense oligonucleotide clinical trials. J Clin Lipidol. 2018a;12(1):122–9.e2.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Marcovina SM, Moriarty PM, Koschinsky ML, Guyton JR. JCL roundtable-lipoprotein(a): the emerging risk factor. J Clin Lipidol. 2018b;12(6):1335–45.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Marcovina SM, Clouet-Foraison N, Koschinsky ML, Lowenthal MS, Orquillas A, Boffa MB, et al. Development of an LC-MS/MS proposed candidate reference method for the standardization of analytical methods to measure lipoprotein(a). Clin Chem. 2021;67(3):490–9.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • McCormick SPA, Schneider WJ. Lipoprotein(a) catabolism: a case of multiple receptors. Pathology. 2019;51(2):155–64.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Nordestgaard BG, Langsted A. Lipoprotein(a) as a cause of cardiovascular disease: insights from epidemiology, genetics, and biology. J Lipid Res. 2016;57(11):1953–75.

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • O’Donoghue ML, Fazio S, Giugliano RP, Stroes ES, Kanevsky E, Gouni-Berthold I, et al. Lipoprotein(a), PCSK9 inhibition, and cardiovascular risk: insights from the FOURIER trial. Circulation. 2019;139(12):1483–92.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ogorelkova M, Kraft HG, Ehnholm C, Utermann G. Single nucleotide polymorphisms in exons of the apo(a) kringles IV types 6–10 domain affect Lp(a) plasma concentrations and have different patterns in Africans and Caucasians. Hum Mol Genet. 2001;10(8):815–24.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pearson GJ, Thanassoulis G, Anderson TJ, Barry AR, Couture P, Dayan N, et al. 2021 Canadian Cardiovascular Society guidelines for the management of dyslipidemia for the prevention of cardiovascular disease in adults. Can J Cardiol. 2021;37(8):1129–50.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Perera NJ, Burns JC, Perera RS, Lewis B, Sullivan DR. Adjustment of direct high-density lipoprotein cholesterol measurements according to intercurrent triglyceride corrects for interference by triglyceride-rich lipoproteins. J Clin Lipidol. 2010;4(4):305–9.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • RCPAQAP Special Lipids QAP. 2021. https://secureweb.cisco.com/1dzuXRbR1KAX_7ggbjpvPGt5IJV2Pnrvs9vznt7Cghk2YiZoRRIUUf_HHRYRYrQHfkMf7KNXjsIc14cP3qzfdJfyQGbWGsW4u0iOLVseg9TYLy9Q7vdzs7-T888Dn8REx1G7bRxTDaZpLkeguIaw-jN7zonxvy-bI9HRgZcd4apLAeQ3uMnqck1csbo3UMp8o_W4HZjKRuoEY2XWRmdLtJ5oyh0IqmTb_XzWQrwaLp6ej8HrZ7AS7NoZ9ccXCqbOzc8zMrYzqlB9DmHwCZpS3IKPtBn5zOnp29HqmHGvkwQksCUVPurBF9DHiMKhR9knvyh9ZXKTIMlJfm-2t576iB5ETJ6nRF1rZmp2lkDmNtlbw4AkGtqoZXEXcQoIpDl9JtZ1Vu4-NNSXguZ6xKtC0nL5_shfxbb8qv9bNw7eSKga4a3CfyWivLk4IXIJExIB1TFbjVg7U2M1tKV5x0av57ynHpcT-2sbh0qgGR0RFgSTymLJu_SRDIf_V0Marsxzt/https%3A%2F%2Frcpaqap.com.au%2Fproducts%2F

  • Reyes-Soffer G. The impact of race and ethnicity on lipoprotein(a) levels and cardiovascular risk. Curr Opin Lipidol. 2021;32(3):163–6.

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Reyes-Soffer G, Ginsberg HN, Berglund L, Duell PB, Heffron SP, Kamstrup PR, et al. Lipoprotein(a): a genetically determined, causal, and prevalent risk factor for atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2022;42(1):e48–60.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ruhaak LR, Cobbaert CM. Quantifying apolipoprotein(a) in the era of proteoforms and precision medicine. Clin Chim Acta. 2020;511:260–8.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Scharnagl H, Stojakovic T, Dieplinger B, Dieplinger H, Erhart G, Kostner GM, et al. Comparison of lipoprotein(a) serum concentrations measured by six commercially available immunoassays. Atherosclerosis. 2019;289:206–13.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Scholtz CL, Lingenhel A, Hillermann R, Stander IA, Kriek JA, Marais MP, et al. Lipoprotein(a) determination and risk of cardiovascular disease in South African patients with familial hypercholesterolaemia. S Afr Med J. 2000;90(4):374–8.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Scipione CA, Sayegh SE, Romagnuolo R, Tsimikas S, Marcovina SM, Boffa MB, et al. Mechanistic insights into Lp(a)-induced IL-8 expression: a role for oxidized phospholipid modification of apo(a). J Lipid Res. 2015;56(12):2273–85.

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Shiffman D, Slawsky K, Fusfeld L, Devlin JJ, Goss TF. Cost-effectiveness model of use of genetic testing as an aid in assessing the likely benefit of aspirin therapy for primary prevention of cardiovascular disease. Clin Ther. 2012;34(6):1387–94.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sofi F, Marcucci R, Abbate R, Gensini GF, Prisco D. Lipoprotein(a) and venous thromboembolism in adults: a meta-analysis. Am J Med. 2007;120(8):728–33.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Stefanutti C, Pisciotta L, Favari E, Di Giacomo S, Vacondio F, Zenti MG, et al. Lipoprotein(a) concentration, genetic variants, apo(a) isoform size, and cellular cholesterol efflux in patients with elevated Lp(a) and coronary heart disease submitted or not to lipoprotein apheresis: an Italian case-control multicenter study on Lp(a). J Clin Lipidol. 2020;14(4):487–97.e1.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Swerdlow DI, Rider DA, Yavari A, Wikström Lindholm M, Campion GV, Nissen SE. Treatment and prevention of lipoprotein(a)-mediated cardiovascular disease: the emerging potential of RNA interference therapeutics. Cardiovasc Res. 2021;118(5):1218–31.

    PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Tate JR, Rifai N, Berg K, Couderc R, Dati F, Kostner GM, et al. International Federation of Clinical Chemistry standardization project for the measurement of lipoprotein(a). Phase I. Evaluation of the analytical performance of lipoprotein(a) assay systems and commercial calibrators. Clin Chem. 1998;44(8 Pt 1):1629–40.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tate JR, Berg K, Couderc R, Dati F, Kostner GM, Marcovina SM, et al. International Federation of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine (IFCC) standardization project for the measurement of lipoprotein(a). Phase 2: selection and properties of a proposed secondary reference material for lipoprotein(a). Clin Chem Lab Med. 1999;37(10):949–58.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Trinder M, Uddin MM, Finneran P, Aragam KG, Natarajan P. Clinical utility of lipoprotein(a) and LPA genetic risk score in risk prediction of incident atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. JAMA Cardiol. 2021;6(3):287–95.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tsimikas S, Clopton P, Brilakis ES, Marcovina SM, Khera A, Miller ER, et al. Relationship of oxidized phospholipids on apolipoprotein B-100 particles to race/ethnicity, apolipoprotein(a) isoform size, and cardiovascular risk factors: results from the Dallas Heart Study. Circulation. 2009;119(13):1711–9.

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Tsimikas S, Fazio S, Viney NJ, Xia S, Witztum JL, Marcovina SM. Relationship of lipoprotein(a) molar concentrations and mass according to lipoprotein(a) thresholds and apolipoprotein(a) isoform size. J Clin Lipidol. 2018;12(5):1313–23.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Uhlig K, Wang SR, Beck GJ, Kusek JW, Marcovina SM, Greene T, et al. Factors associated with lipoprotein(a) in chronic kidney disease. Am J Kidney Dis. 2005;45(1):28–38.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Utermann G. Genetic architecture and evolution of the lipoprotein(a) trait. Curr Opin Lipidol. 1999;10(2):133–41.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ward NC, Kostner KM, Sullivan DR, Nestel P, Watts GF. Molecular, population, and clinical aspects of lipoprotein(a): a bridge too far? J Clin Med. 2019;8(12):2073.

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Willeit P, Kiechl S, Kronenberg F, Witztum JL, Santer P, Mayr M, et al. Discrimination and net reclassification of cardiovascular risk with lipoprotein(a): prospective 15-year outcomes in the Bruneck study. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2014;64(9):851–60.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wilson DP, Jacobson TA, Jones PH, Koschinsky ML, McNeal CJ, Nordestgaard BG, et al. Use of lipoprotein(a) in clinical practice: a biomarker whose time has come. A scientific statement from the National Lipid Association. J Clin Lipidol. 2019;13(3):374–92.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wyness SP, Genzen JR. Performance evaluation of five lipoprotein(a) immunoassays on the Roche cobas c501 chemistry analyzer. Pract Lab Med. 2021;25:e00218.

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Chemical Pathology, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney Local Health District, NSW Health Pathology, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia

    David Sullivan, Catherine Woolnough, Nimalie Perera & Jay Ramanathan

  2. Department of Medicine, Liverpool Hospital, Sydney South West Local Health District, Liverpool, NSW, Australia

    Jay Ramanathan

  3. Royal College of Pathologists of Australasia Quality Assurance Program, St Leonards, NSW, Australia

    Tony Badrick

Authors
  1. David Sullivan
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Catherine Woolnough
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Nimalie Perera
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Jay Ramanathan
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Tony Badrick
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to David Sullivan .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Mater Hospital, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia

    Karam Kostner

  2. Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria

    Gerhard M. Kostner

  3. Ciccarone Center for the Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA

    Peter P. Toth

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2023 The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Sullivan, D., Woolnough, C., Perera, N., Ramanathan, J., Badrick, T. (2023). Measurement of Lipoprotein(a) in the Clinical Laboratory. In: Kostner, K., Kostner, G.M., Toth, P.P. (eds) Lipoprotein(a). Contemporary Cardiology. Humana, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-24575-6_18

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-24575-6_18

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Humana, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-031-24574-9

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-031-24575-6

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation