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Vector-Borne Infections

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Emerging Ocular Infections

Part of the book series: Essentials in Ophthalmology ((ESSENTIALS))

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Abstract

Arboviruses, including dengue, Zika, chikungunya, yellow fever, and West Nile, are a leading cause of systemic human infections worldwide. These illnesses are transmitted to humans through the bite of arthropod vectors, such as mosquitoes and ticks. Diseases caused by arboviruses are important causes of morbidity and mortality globally. While some diseases can cause a mild flu-like illness, others can cause severe life-threatening bleeding and neurologic disease. Ocular manifestations of flaviviruses can present with a wide array of findings, from conjunctivitis to retinitis to optic nerve disease. The goal of this chapter is to describe the ocular manifestations of arboviruses in order to help familiarize healthcare providers with ocular findings and improve treatment and recovery.

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Abbreviations

BBB:

blood-brain barrier

BRB:

blood-retinal barrier

CHIKV:

Chikungunya virus

CWS:

cotton wool spots

DENV1, DENV2, DENV3, DENV4:

dengue fever virus 1, 2, 3, and 4

ELISA:

enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays

MAC-ELISA:

IgM antibody-capture enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay

NAAT:

nucleic acid amplification testing

NSAIDs:

nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs

RNA:

ribonuclear virus

RNFL:

retinal nerve fiber layer

RPE:

retinal pigment epithelium

RT-PCR:

reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction

WNV:

West Nile virus

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Compliance with Ethical Requirements

Sara L. Hojjatie, Lucileia Teixeira, Jessica G. Shantha, and John Johnson declare that they have no conflict of interest.

Steven Yeh declares that he has received consulting fees from Santen, Clearside Biomedical, and Bausch and Lomb.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Ophthalmology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA

    Sara L. Hojjatie

  2. Department of Ophthalmology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA

    Steven Yeh & Jessica G. Shantha

  3. Truhlsen Eye Institute, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA

    Steven Yeh

  4. Francis I. Proctor Foundation for Research in Ophthalmology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA

    Jessica G. Shantha

  5. Department of Infectious Diseases, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA

    Lucileia Teixeira

  6. Department of Medicine and Global Health and Diseases, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine and University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, USA

    John L. Johnson

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  1. Sara L. Hojjatie
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  2. Steven Yeh
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  3. Jessica G. Shantha
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  4. Lucileia Teixeira
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  5. John L. Johnson
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Corresponding author

Correspondence to Steven Yeh .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Ophthalmology - Uveitis, Cleveland Clinic - Cole Eye Institute, Cleveland, OH, USA

    Careen Y. Lowder

  2. Department of Infectious Diseases Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, USA

    Nabin Shrestha

  3. Department of Ophthalmology - Medical Retina and Uveitis, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA

    Arthi Venkat

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Hojjatie, S.L., Yeh, S., Shantha, J.G., Teixeira, L., Johnson, J.L. (2023). Vector-Borne Infections. In: Lowder, C.Y., Shrestha, N., Venkat, A. (eds) Emerging Ocular Infections. Essentials in Ophthalmology. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-24559-6_6

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-24559-6_6

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