Abstract
Accurate and precise measurements of lipid and lipoprotein parameters are important for diagnosing and interpretating lipid abnormalities in pediatrics. Assumptions and limitations of lipid/lipoprotein assays should be evaluated and assessed prior to routine use. This chapter reviews common and commercially available lipid and lipoprotein assays that may be encountered in clinical practice. A brief overview of each test is presented to highlight important considerations in assay measurement and interpretation.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Friedewald WT, Levy RI, Fredrickson DS. Estimation of the concentration of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol in plasma, without use of the preparative ultracentrifuge. Clin Chem. 1972;18(6):499–502.
McNamara JR, Schaefer EJ. Automated enzymatic standardized lipid analyses for plasma and lipoprotein fractions. Clin Chim Acta. 1987;166(1):1–8.
Grundy SM, Stone NJ, Bailey AL, Beam C, Birtcher KK, Blumenthal RS, et al. 2018 AHA/ACC/AACVPR/AAPA/ABC/ACPM/ADA/AGS/APhA/ASPC/NLA/PCNA guideline on the management of blood cholesterol: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Clinical Practice Guidelines. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2018;139:e1082–143.
Expert Panel on Integrated Guidelines for Cardiovascular Health and Risk Reduction in Children and Adolescents, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute. Expert panel on integrated guidelines for cardiovascular health and risk reduction in children and adolescents: summary report. Pediatrics. 2011;128 Suppl 5(Suppl 5):S213–56.
Miller WG, Myers GL, Sakurabayashi I, Bachmann LM, Caudill SP, Dziekonski A, et al. Seven direct methods for measuring HDL and LDL cholesterol compared with ultracentrifugation reference measurement procedures. Clin Chem. 2010;56(6):977–86.
Sniderman AD, Thanassoulis G, Glavinovic T, Navar AM, Pencina M, Catapano A, et al. Apolipoprotein B particles and cardiovascular disease: a narrative review. JAMA Cardiol. 2019;4:1287.
Kulkarni KR. Cholesterol profile measurement by vertical auto profile method. Clin Lab Med. 2006;26(4):787–802.
Matyus SP, Braun PJ, Wolak-Dinsmore J, Jeyarajah EJ, Shalaurova I, Xu Y, et al. NMR measurement of LDL particle number using the Vantera clinical analyzer. Clin Biochem. 2014;47(16–17):203–10.
Kawakami K, Tsukada A, Okubo M, Tsukada T, Kobayashi T, Yamada N, et al. A rapid electrophoretic method for the detection of serum Lp(a) lipoprotein. Clin Chim Acta. 1989;185(2):147–55.
Marcovina SM, Albers JJ, Scanu AM, Kennedy H, Giaculli F, Berg K, et al. Use of a reference material proposed by the International Federation of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine to evaluate analytical methods for the determination of plasma lipoprotein(a). Clin Chem. 2000;46(12):1956–67.
Shalaurova I, Connelly MA, Garvey WT, Otvos JD. Lipoprotein insulin resistance index: a lipoprotein particle-derived measure of insulin resistance. Metab Syndr Relat Disord. 2014;12(8):422–9.
Tremblay AJ, Morrissette H, Gagne JM, Bergeron J, Gagne C, Couture P. Validation of the Friedewald formula for the determination of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol compared with beta-quantification in a large population. Clin Biochem. 2004;37(9):785–90.
Martin SS, Blaha MJ, Elshazly MB, Toth PP, Kwiterovich PO, Blumenthal RS, et al. Comparison of a novel method vs the Friedewald equation for estimating low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels from the standard lipid profile. JAMA. 2013;310(19):2061–8.
Sampson M, Ling C, Sun Q, Harb R, Ashmaig M, Warnick R, et al. A new equation for calculation of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol in patients with normolipidemia and/or hypertriglyceridemia. JAMA Cardiol. 2020;5:540.
Eissa MA, Mihalopoulos NL, Holubkov R, Dai S, Labarthe DR. Changes in fasting lipids during puberty. J Pediatr. 2016;170:199–205.
Jolliffe CJ, Janssen I. Distribution of lipoproteins by age and gender in adolescents. Circulation. 2006;114(10):1056–62.
Kwiterovich PO Jr, Barton BA, McMahon RP, Obarzanek E, Hunsberger S, Simons-Morton D, et al. Effects of diet and sexual maturation on low-density lipoprotein cholesterol during puberty: the dietary intervention study in children (DISC). Circulation. 1997;96(8):2526–33.
Sumner AE. Ethnic differences in triglyceride levels and high-density lipoprotein lead to underdiagnosis of the metabolic syndrome in black children and adults. J Pediatr. 2009;155(3):S7 e7–11.
Barter PJ, Carroll KF, Nestel PJ. Diurnal fluctuations in triglyceride, free fatty acids, and insulin during sucrose consumption and insulin infusion in man. J Clin Invest. 1971;50(3):583–91.
Acknowledgments
None.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Ethics declarations
 STC and ML are supported by the Intramural Program of National Institute of Diabetes & Digestive & Kidney Diseases at the National Institutes of Health in Bethesda, MD.
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2023 The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Lightbourne, M., Chung, S.T. (2023). Measurement of Lipids and Lipoproteins. In: Ashraf, A., Sunil, B. (eds) Pediatric Dyslipidemia. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-24113-0_4
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-24113-0_4
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-031-24112-3
Online ISBN: 978-3-031-24113-0
eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)