Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Delivery of Vaccines via the Nasal Route

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Nasal Drug Delivery

  • 498 Accesses

Abstract

Several methods, including novel formulations and production systems, have been proposed as ways to improve drug delivery. Nasal delivery of drugs is traditionally employed when local effects (allergies, congestion, and respiratory illnesses) and/or systemic effects (pain treatment) are required. Over the last couple of years, the nasal route has been sought as a site for vaccine delivery. Data suggests that when vaccines are administered via the nasal route, they elicit powerful immune system responses. There are a number of vaccines that have been developed for nasal administration, some of which include Nasalflu, FluMist®, and Coronavac, among others. The nasal route for delivering vaccines has many merits; however, a few drawbacks limit the use of this route. Nonetheless, scientists are still trying to exploit this route as a potential for vaccine administration.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 149.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 199.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 199.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  1. Landry S, Heilman C. Future directions in vaccines: the payoffs of basic research. Health Aff. 2005;24(3):758–69.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  2. Nabel GJ. Global health designing tomorrow’s vaccines. N Engl J Med. 2013;368(6):551–60.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  3. Treves P. Thucydides, the history of the Peloponnesian war, edited in translation. By Livingstone R. W. Sir. Pp. xxxi + 400. 1 map. Oxford: University Press (The World’s Classics), 1943. 3s. In: The Journal of Hellenic Studies. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press; 1943. p. 133–4.

    Google Scholar 

  4. Jenner E. An inquiry into the causes and effects of the variolae vaccinae a disease discovered in some of the Western Counties of England, particularly Gloucestershire, and known by the name of the Cow Pox. Project Gutenberg. 2009.

    Google Scholar 

  5. Tognotti E. The eradication of smallpox, a success story for modern medicine and public health: what lessons for the future? J Infect Dev Ctries. 2010;4(5):264–6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. Pasteur L. De l’attenuation du virus du cholera des poules. CR Acad Sci Paris. 1880;91(7):673–80.

    Google Scholar 

  7. Pasteur L. Méthode pour prévenir la rage après morsure. CR Acad Sci Paris. 1885;91(7):765–72.

    Google Scholar 

  8. Jennings H. Further approaches for optimizing polysaccharide-protein conjugate vaccines for prevention of invasive bacterial disease. J Infect Dis. 1992;165(Supplement-1):S156–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. Hammer GD, McPhee SJ. Pathophysiology of disease: an introduction to clinical medicine, McGraw-Hill’s AccessMedicine. 6th ed. New York: McGraw-Hill Education LLC; 2010.

    Google Scholar 

  10. Ols S, et al. Route of vaccine administration alters antigen trafficking but not innate or adaptive immunity. Cell Rep. 2020;30(12):3964–3971.e7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  11. Peace RM. Mucosal immunization for cancer: Opportunities and challenges. ProQuest dissertations publishing, NC, USA. 2015.

    Google Scholar 

  12. Czerkinsky C, Holmgren J. Topical immunization strategies. Mucosal Immunol. 2010;3(6):545–55.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Kraehenbuhl J-P, Neutra MR. Mucosal vaccines: where do we stand? Curr Top Med Chem. 2013;13(20):2609–28.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. Lobaina Mato Y. Nasal route for vaccine and drug delivery: features and current opportunities. Int J Pharm. 2019;572:118813.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Boyaka PN, et al. Effective mucosal immunity to anthrax: neutralizing antibodies and Th cell responses following nasal immunization with protective antigen. J Immunol (1950). 2003;170(11):5636–43.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. Almeida AJ, Alpar HO. Nasal delivery of vaccines. J Drug Target. 1996;3(6):455–67.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Shakya AK, et al. Mucosal vaccine delivery: current state and a pediatric perspective. J Control Release. 2016;240:394–413.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  18. Hauri AM, Armstrong GL, Hutin YJF. The global burden of disease attributable to contaminated injections given in health care settings. Int J STD AIDS. 2004;15(1):7–16.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Fortuna A, et al. Intranasal delivery of systemic-acting drugs: small-molecules and biomacromolecules. Eur J Pharm Biopharm. 2014;88(1):8–27.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. Chien YW, Su KSE, Chang S-F. Nasal systemic drug delivery. Drugs and the pharmaceutical sciences, vol. 39. New York: M. Dekker; 1989.

    Google Scholar 

  21. Ramvikas M, et al. Chapter Fifteen – Nasal vaccine delivery. Elsevier Inc., USA. 2017. p. 279–301.

    Google Scholar 

  22. Illum L. Nasal drug delivery—possibilities, problems and solutions. J Control Release. 2003;87(1):187–98.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. Marttin E, et al. Nasal mucociliary clearance as a factor in nasal drug delivery. Adv Drug Deliv Rev. 1998;29(1):13–38.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. Stevens A, Lowe JS. Human histology. London: Mosby; 1997.

    Google Scholar 

  25. Ki D-D. Drug absorption studies: in situ. In: In vitro and in silico models. Springer; 2007.

    Google Scholar 

  26. Yusuf H, Kett V. Current prospects and future challenges for nasal vaccine delivery. Hum Vaccin Immunother. 2017;13(1):34–45.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. Quraishi MS, Jones NS, Mason J. The rheology of nasal mucus: a review. Clin Otolaryngol Allied Sci. 1998;23(5):403–13.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  28. Voynow JA, Rubin BK. Mucins, mucus, and sputum. Chest. 2009;135(2):505–12.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  29. Thornton DJ, Rousseau K, McGuckin MA. Structure and function of the polymeric mucins in airways mucus. Annu Rev Physiol. 2008;70(1):459–86.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. Walker WT, et al. Upper and lower airway nitric oxide levels in primary ciliary dyskinesia, cystic fibrosis and asthma. Respir Med. 2012;107(3):380–6.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  31. Russell MW, et al. Chapter 1 – Overview: the mucosal immune system. Elsevier Inc; 2015. p. 3–8.

    Google Scholar 

  32. Brandtzaeg P. Function of mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue in antibody formation. Immunol Investig. 2010;39(4–5):303–55.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. Holmgren J, Czerkinsky C. Mucosal immunity and vaccines. Nat Med. 2005;11(4):S45–53.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  34. van de Pavert SA, Mebius RE. New insights into the development of lymphoid tissues. Nat Rev Immunol. 2010;10(9):664–74.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  35. Hjelm BE, Kilbourne J, Herbst-Kralovetz MM. TLR7 and 9 agonists are highly effective mucosal adjuvants for norovirus virus-like particle vaccines. Hum Vaccin Immunother. 2014;10(2):410–6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  36. Fukuyama S, Kiyono H. NALT- versus PEYER’S-patch-mediated mucosal immunity. Nat Rev Immunol. 2004;4(9):699–710.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  37. Perry M, Whyte A. Immunology of the tonsils. Immunol Today (Amsterdam Regular ed.). 1998;19(9):414–21.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  38. Bienenstock J, McDermott MR. Bronchus- and nasal-associated lymphoid tissues. Immunol Rev. 2005;206(1):22–31.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  39. Sharma S, et al. Pharmaceutical aspects of intranasal delivery of vaccines using particulate systems. J Pharm Sci. 2009;98(3):812–43.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  40. Csaba N, Garcia-Fuentes M, Alonso MJ. Nanoparticles for nasal vaccination. Adv Drug Deliv Rev. 2009;61(2):140–57.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  41. Grassin-Delyle S, et al. Intranasal drug delivery: an efficient and non-invasive route for systemic administration – focus on opioids. Pharmacol Ther. 2012;134(3):366–79.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  42. Dahl AR, Hadley WM. Formaldehyde production promoted by rat nasal cytochrome P-450-dependent monooxygenases with nasal decongestants, essences, solvents, air pollutants, nicotine, and cocaine as substrates. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 1983;67(2):200–5.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  43. Brittebo EB. Metabolism of progesterone by the nasal mucosa in mice and rats. Acta Pharmacol Toxicol. 1982;51(5):441–5.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  44. Henningfield JE, Keenan RM. Nicotine delivery kinetics and abuse liability. J Consult Clin Psychol. 1993;61(5):743–50.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  45. Arora P, Sharma S, Garg S. Permeability issues in nasal drug delivery. Drug Discov Today. 2002;7(18):967–75.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  46. Touitou E, Barry BW, Editors. Enhancement in drug delivery (1st ed.). CRC Press, USA. 2011. https://doi.org/10.1201/9781420004816.

  47. Pires A, Fortuna A, Alves G, Falcão A. Intranasal drug delivery: how, why and what for? J Pharm Pharm Sci. 2009;12(3):288–311.

    Google Scholar 

  48. Dimova S, et al. The use of human nasal in vitro cell systems during drug discovery and development. Toxicol In Vitro. 2005;19(1):107–22.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  49. Sarkar MA. Drug metabolism in the nasal mucosa. Pharm Res. 1992;9(1):1–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  50. Lee VHL, Yamamoto A. Penetration and enzymatic barriers to peptide and protein absorption. Adv Drug Deliv Rev. 1989;4(2):171–207.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  51. Harris AS, et al. Intranasal administration of peptides: nasal deposition, biological response, and absorption of desmopressin. J Pharm Sci. 1986;75(11):1085–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  52. McMartin C, et al. Analysis of structural requirements for the absorption of drugs and macromolecules from the nasal cavity. J Pharm Sci. 1987;76(7):535–40.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  53. Costantino HR, et al. Intranasal delivery: physicochemical and therapeutic aspects. Int J Pharm. 2007;337(1):1–24.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  54. Zaki NM, et al. Rapid-onset intranasal delivery of metoclopramide hydrochloride. Part II: safety of various absorption enhancers and pharmacokinetic evaluation. Int J Pharm. 2006;327(1–2):97–103.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  55. Belshe RB, et al. The efficacy of live attenuated, cold-adapted, trivalent, intranasal influenzavirus vaccine in children. N Engl J Med. 1998;338(20):1405–12.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  56. Carter NJ, Curran MP. Live attenuated influenza vaccine (FluMist®; Fluenz™): a review of its use in the prevention of seasonal influenza in children and adults. Drugs. 2012;71(12):1591–622.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  57. Lamb YN. BNT162b2 mRNA COVID-19 vaccine: first approval. Drugs. 2021;81(4):495–501.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  58. Sadoff J, et al. Interim results of a phase 1–2a trial of Ad26.COV2.S Covid-19 vaccine. N Engl J Med. 2021;384(19):1824–35.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  59. Wan EYF, et al. Bell’s palsy following vaccination with mRNA (BNT162b2) and inactivated (CoronaVac) SARS-CoV-2 vaccines: a case series and nested case-control study. Lancet Infect Dis. 2021;2(1):64–72.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  60. Bangham AD, Standish MM, Watkins JC. Diffusion of univalent ions across the lamellae of swollen phospholipids. J Mol Biol. 1965;13(1):238,IN26–52,IN27.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  61. Allen TM. Liposomes: opportunities in drug delivery. Drugs. 1997;54(S4):8–14.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  62. van Hoogevest P, Wendel A. The use of natural and synthetic phospholipids as pharmaceutical excipients. Eur J Lipid Sci Technol. 2014;116(9):1088–107.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  63. Alsarra IA, Hamed AY, Alanazi FK. Acyclovir liposomes for intranasal systemic delivery: development and pharmacokinetics evaluation. Drug Deliv. 2008;15(5):313–21.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  64. Meyer HW, Ostro M, Editors. Liposomes – from biophysics to therapeutics. XIV + 393 S., 72 Abb., 32 Tab. New York-Basel 1987. Marcel Dekker. $ 102.00. ISBN: 0-8247-7762-X. In: Journal of Basic Microbiology. Berlin: Wiley-VCH; 1989. p. 255.

    Google Scholar 

  65. Allen TM, Hansen CB, de Menezes DEL. Pharmacokinetics of long-circulating liposomes. Adv Drug Deliv Rev. 1995;16(2):267–84.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  66. Jain AK, et al. Muco-adhesive multivesicular liposomes as an effective carrier for transmucosal insulin delivery. J Drug Target. 2007;15(6):417–27.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  67. Law SL, et al. Enhancement of nasal absorption of calcitonin loaded in liposomes. J Liposome Res. 2001;11(2–3):165–74.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  68. Alsarra IA, et al. Mucoadhesive polymeric hydrogels for nasal delivery of acyclovir. Drug Dev Ind Pharm. 2009;35(3):352–62.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  69. Sharma N, Purwar N, Gupta PC. Microspheres as drug carriers for controlled drug delivery: a review. Int J Pharm Sci Res. 2015;6(11):4579.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  70. Sinha VR, et al. Chitosan microspheres as a potential carrier for drugs. Int J Pharm. 2004;274(1):1–33.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  71. Pereswetoff-Morath L. Microspheres as nasal drug delivery systems. Adv Drug Deliv Rev. 1998;29(1):185–94.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  72. Gavini E, et al. Mucoadhesive microspheres for nasal administration of cyclodextrins. J Drug Target. 2009;17(2):168–79.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  73. De Jong WH, Borm PJA. Drug delivery and nanoparticles: applications and hazards. Int J Nanomedicine. 2008;3(2):133–49.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  74. Tiyaboonchai W. Chitosan nanoparticles: a promising system for drug delivery. NUJST. 2003;11:51–66.

    Google Scholar 

  75. El-Zaafarany GM, et al. A tailored thermosensitive PLGA-PEG-PLGA/emulsomes composite for enhanced oxcarbazepine brain delivery via the nasal route. Pharmaceutics. 2018;10(4):217.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  76. Dhakar RC, et al. A review on factors affecting the design of nasal drug delivery system. Int J Drug Deliv. 2011;1(2):194–208.

    Google Scholar 

  77. Marasini N, Skwarczynski M, Toth I. Intranasal delivery of nanoparticle-based vaccines. Ther Deliv. 2017;8(3):151–67.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Medical Pharmacology, University of Ghana Medical School, Accra, Ghana

    Seth Kwabena Amponsah

  2. Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, USA

    Emmanuel Boadi Amoafo

Authors
  1. Seth Kwabena Amponsah
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Emmanuel Boadi Amoafo
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Seth Kwabena Amponsah .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Taneja College of Pharmacy, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA

    Yashwant V. Pathak

  2. School of Pharmacy, Suresh Gyan Vihar University, Jaipur, Rajasthan, India

    Hemant K. S. Yadav

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2023 The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Amponsah, S.K., Amoafo, E.B. (2023). Delivery of Vaccines via the Nasal Route. In: Pathak, Y.V., Yadav, H.K.S. (eds) Nasal Drug Delivery. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-23112-4_8

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation