Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Review on Electrochemical and Biosensors and Their Application

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Advancements in Materials Science and Technology Led by Women

Part of the book series: Advanced Structured Materials ((STRUCTMAT,volume 165))

  • 261 Accesses

Abstract

Analysis of environmental, food and pharmaceutical compounds is crucial in determining the compounds content in the food products, drinking water and medicines. These compounds correspond to the health of human, thus presence of forbidden additives in the products of food, liquid samples and medicines may be harmful toward humans. Due to that, there is a high demand for analytical strategies to analyze food products and to detect harmful compounds in materials. Various studies have been done to develop low-cost, stable, high selectivity and sensitivity analytical methods. Among the analytical methods proposed, electrochemical methods show fast and selective analysis, ease of operation, portability, and they are inexpensive. On the other hand, electrochemical biosensors, which directly convert biological activities into electrical impulses, offer a different technique in analyzing the content of biological samples for the biochemical processes or biological quantification. Traditional techniques such as chronoamperometry, amperometry and potentiometry have been developed and will be further discussed in this review. Some of the challenges faced with electrochemical biosensors are instability, low signal response and selectivity affected by the presence of fouling agent and interference induced by chemicals present in the sample matrix. This shortcoming can be overcome through modification of the electrochemical electrode to improve the performance of the sensor. Detailed classification of sensors and working principle will be discussed in this review along with the review of application of electrochemical sensors in food safety, environmental analysis, glucose detection and medical diagnosis.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 129.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  • Abdel-Karim R, Reda Y, Abdel-Fattah A (2020) Review—nanostructured materials-based nanosensors. J Electrochem Soc 167(3):037554

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Abdul Aziz M, Kawde AN (2013) Gold nanoparticle-modified graphite pencil electrode for the high-sensitivity detection of hydrazine. Talanta 115:214–221

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Alam AU, Clyne D, Jin H, Hu NX, Deen MJ (2020) Fully integrated, simple, and low-cost electrochemical sensor array for in situ water quality monitoring. ACS Sens 5(2):412–422

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Baracu AM, Dinu Gugoasa LA (2021) Review—recent advances in microfabrication, design and applications of amperometric sensors and biosensors. J Electrochem Soc 168(3):037503

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bard AJ, Faulkner LR (2001) Electrochemical methods: fundamentals and applications. Wiley

    Google Scholar 

  • Berepiki A, Kent R, MacHado LFM, Dixon N (2020) Development of high-performance whole cell biosensors aided by statistical modeling. ACS Synth Biol 9(3):576–589

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Biswas P, Karn AK, Balasubramanian P, Kale PG (2017) Biosensor for detection of dissolved chromium in potable water: a review. Biosens Bioelectron 94:589–604

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bruen D, Delaney C, Florea L, Diamond D (2017) Glucose sensing for diabetes monitoring: recent developments. Sensors (Switzerland) 17(8):1–21

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chang J, Wang X, Wang J, Li H, Li F (2019) Nucleic acid-functionalized metal-organic framework-based homogeneous electrochemical biosensor for simultaneous detection of multiple tumor biomarkers. Anal Chem 91(5):3604–3610

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chaubey A, Malhotra BD (2002) Mediated biosensors. Biosens Bioelectron 17(6–7):441–456

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cheng C, Peng Y, Bai J, Zhang X, Liu Y, Fan X, Ning B, Gao Z (2014) Rapid detection of Listeria monocytogenes in milk by self-assembled electrochemical immunosensor. Sens Actuat B Chem 190:900–906

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cheng T, Li X, Huang P, Wang H, Wang M, Yang W (2019) Colorimetric and electrochemical (dual) thrombin assay based on the use of a platinum nanoparticle modified metal-organic framework (type Fe-MIL-88) acting as a peroxidase mimic. Microchim Acta 186(2):6–13

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cosnier S (2014) Electrochemical nucleic acid aptamer–based biosensors. In: Electrochemical biosensors

    Google Scholar 

  • Danielsson B (1991) Calorimetric biosensors. Biochem Soc Trans 19(1):26–28

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • De Carvalho CCCR (2011) Enzymatic and whole cell catalysis: finding new strategies for old processes. Biotechnol Adv 29(1):75–83

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Devasenathipathy R, Mani V, Chen SM, Manibalan K, Huang ST (2015) Determination of 4-nitrophenol at iron phthalocyanine decorated graphene nanosheets film modified electrode. Int J Electrochem Sci 10(2):1384–1392

    Google Scholar 

  • Faridbod F, Gupta VK, Zamani HA (2011) Electrochemical sensors and biosensors. Int J Electrochem 2011:1–2

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fartas FM, Abdullah J, Yusof NA, Sulaiman Y, Saiman MI (2017) Biosensor based on tyrosinase immobilized on graphene-decorated gold nanoparticle/chitosan for phenolic detection in aqueous. Sensors (Switzerland) 17(5)

    Google Scholar 

  • Freitas M, Viswanathan S, Nouws HPA, Oliveira MBPP, Delerue-Matos C (2014) Iron oxide/gold core/shell nanomagnetic probes and CdS biolabels for amplified electrochemical immunosensing of Salmonella typhimurium. Biosens Bioelectron 51:195–200

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gallardo-Gonzalez J, Baraket A, Boudjaoui S, Metzner T, Hauser F, Rößler T, Krause S, Zine N, Streklas A, Alcácer A, Bausells J, Errachid A (2019) A fully integrated passive microfluidic Lab-on-a-Chip for real-time electrochemical detection of ammonium: Sewage applications. Sci Total Environ 653:1223–1230

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gamboa JCM, Peña RC, Paixão TRLC, Bertotti M (2009) A renewable copper electrode as an amperometric flow detector for nitrate determination in mineral water and soft drink samples. Talanta 80(2):581–585

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Govindasamy M, Mani V, Chen SM, Subramani B, Devasenathipathy R, Tamilarasan S (2016) Highly sensitive amperometric sensor for nitrobenzene detection using functionalized multiwalled-carbon nanotubes modified screen printed carbon electrode. Int J Electrochem Sci 11(12):10837–10846

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Grieshaber D, MacKenzie R, Vörös J, Reimhult E (2008) Electrochemical biosensors—sensor principles and architectures. Sensors 8(3):1400–1458

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Guang-Xian Z, Zhang W-X, Sun Y-M, Wei Y-Q, Lei Y, Peng H-P, Liu A-L, Chen Y-Z, Lin X-H (2015) A nonenzymatic amperometric glucose sensor based on three dimensional nano- structure gold electrode. Sens Actuat B Chem 212:72–77

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gugoasa LA, Stefan-van Staden RI, van Staden JF, Coroș M, Pruneanu S (2019) Electrochemical determination of bisphenol A in saliva by a novel three-dimensional (3D) printed gold-reduced graphene oxide (rGO) composite paste electrode. Anal Lett 52(16):2583–2606

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gui Q, Lawson T, Shan S, Yan L, Liu Y (2017) The application of whole cell-based biosensors for use in environmental analysis and in medical diagnostics. Sensors (Switzerland) 17(7):1–17

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gupta VK, Jain AK, Al KM, Bhargava SK, Raisoni JR (2008) Electroanalytical studies on cobalt(II) selective potentiometric sensor based on bridge modified calixarene in poly(vinyl chloride). Electrochim Acta 53(16):5409–5414

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hanrahan G, Patil DG, Wang J (2004) Electrochemical sensors for environmental monitoring: design, development and applications. J Environ Monit 6(8):657–664

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hassan MH, Vyas C, Grieve B (2021) Recent advances in enzymatic and non-enzymatic electrochemical glucose sensing

    Google Scholar 

  • Hovancová J, Šišoláková I, Oriňaková R, Oriňak A (2017) Nanomaterial-based electrochemical sensors for detection of glucose and insulin. J Solid State Electrochem 21(8):2147–2166

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ju J, Hsieh CM, Tian Y, Kang J, Chia R, Chang H, Bai Y, Xu C, Wang X, Liu Q (2020) Surface enhanced Raman Spectroscopy based biosensor with a microneedle array for minimally invasive in vivo glucose measurements. ACS Sens 5(6):1777–1785

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Justino CIL, Freitas AC, Pereira R, Duarte AC, Rocha Santos TAP (2015) Recent developments in recognition elements for chemical sensors and biosensors. TrAC Trends Anal Chem 68:2–17

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Karimi-Maleh H, Karimi F, Alizadeh M, Sanati AL (2020) Electrochemical sensors, a bright future in the fabrication of portable kits in analytical systems. Chem Rec 20(7):682–769

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kasemo B (2002) Biol Surf Sci 500:1–22

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kausar ASMZ, Reza AW, Latef TA, Ullah MH, Karim ME (2015) Optical nano antennas: state of the art, scope and challenges as a biosensor along with human exposure to nano-toxicology. Sensors (Switzerland) 15(4):8787–8831

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kormosh ZA, Hunka IP, Bazel YR (2009) A potentiometric sensor for the determination of diclofenac. J Anal Chem 64(8):853–858

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kurniawan A, Kurniawan F, Gunawan F, Chou SH, Wang MJ (2019) Disposable electrochemical sensor based on copper-electrodeposited screen-printed gold electrode and its application in sensing L-Cysteine. In: Electrochimica acta, vol 293. Elsevier Ltd

    Google Scholar 

  • Kylilis N, Riangrungroj P, Lai HE, Salema V, Fernández LÁ, Stan GBV, Freemont PS, Polizzi KM (2019) Whole-cell biosensor with tunable limit of detection enables low-cost agglutination assays for medical diagnostic applications. ACS Sens 4(2):370–378

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Labib M, Sargent EH, Kelley SO (2016) Electrochemical methods for the analysis of clinically relevant biomolecules. Chem Rev 116(16):9001–9090

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Laurent S, Saei AA, Behzadi S, Panahifar A, Mahmoudi M (2014) Superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles for delivery of therapeutic agents: opportunities and challenges. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 11(9):1449–1470

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lee CS, Kyu Kim S, Kim M (2009) Ion-sensitive field-effect transistor for biological sensing. Sensors 9(9):7111–7131

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Li J, Feng H, Li J, Feng Y, Zhang Y, Jiang J, Qian D (2015) Fabrication of gold nanoparticles-decorated reduced graphene oxide as a high performance electrochemical sensing platform for the detection of toxicant Sudan I. Electrochim Acta 167:226–236

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Li F, Yu Z, Han X, Lai RY (2019) Electrochemical aptamer-based sensors for food and water analysis: a review. Anal Chim Acta 1051:1–23

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lim SA, Ahmed MU (2016) Electrochemical immunosensors and their recent nanomaterial-based signal amplification strategies: a review. RSC Adv 6(30):24995–25014

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lima SA, Ahmed MU (2019) Introduction to immunosensors. In: Detection science. Royal Society of Chemistry, pp 1–20

    Google Scholar 

  • Liu Y, Jiang X, Cao W, Sun J, Gao F (2018) Detection of thrombin based on fluorescence energy transfer between semiconducting polymer dots and BHQ-labelled aptamers. Sensors (Switzerland) 18(2)

    Google Scholar 

  • Macdonald MA, Andreas HA (2014) Method for equivalent circuit determination for electrochemical impedance spectroscopy data of protein adsorption on solid surfaces. Electrochim Acta 129:290–299

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mendoza MO, Ortega EP, De Fuentes OA, Prokhorov Y, Luna Barcenas JG (2014) Chitosan/bentonite nanocomposite: Preliminary studies of its potentiometric response to nitrate ions in water. In: 2014 IEEE 9th IberoAmerican congress on sensors, IBERSENSOR 2014—conference proceedings, pp 7–10

    Google Scholar 

  • Menon S, Mathew MR, Sam S, Keerthi K, Kumar KG (2020) Recent advances and challenges in electrochemical biosensors for emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases. J Electroanal Chem 878:114596

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Moussa S, Mauzeroll J (2019) Review—microelectrodes: an overview of probe development and bioelectrochemistry applications from 2013 to 2018. J Electrochem Soc 166(6):G25–G38

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Naresh V, Lee N (2021) A review on biosensors and recent development of nanostructured materials-enabled biosensors. Sensors (Switzerland) 21(4):1–35

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pachauri V, Ingebrandt S (2016) Biologically sensitive field-effect transistors: from ISFETs to NanoFETs. Essays Biochem 60(1):81–90

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Patel BC, Sinha GR, Goel N (2020) Chapter 1. Introduction to sensors. In: Advances in modern sensors. IOP Publishing, pp 1–21

    Google Scholar 

  • Pisoschi AM (2016) Potentiometric biosensors: concept and analytical applications-an editorial. Biochem Anal Biochem 5(3):19–20

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rana A, Kawde AN (2016) Open-circuit electrochemical polymerization for the sensitive detection of phenols. Electroanalysis 28(4):898–902

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ryu H, Thompson D, Huang Y, Li B, Lei Y (2020) Electrochemical sensors for nitrogen species: a review. Sens Actuators Rep 2(1):100022

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Saiapina OY, Dzyadevych SV, Walcarius A, Jaffrezic-Renault N (2012) A novel highly sensitive zeolite-based conductometric microsensor for ammonium determination. Anal Lett 45(11):1467–1484

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Salama FM, Attia KA, Abouserie AA, El-Olemy A, Abolmagd E (2018) Potentiometric determination of Enrofloxacin using PVC and coated graphite sensors. Glob Drugs Ther 3(3)

    Google Scholar 

  • Saraf M, Rajak R, Mobin SM (2016) A fascinating multitasking Cu-MOF/rGO hybrid for high performance supercapacitors and highly sensitive and selective electrochemical nitrite sensors. J Mater Chem A 4(42):16432–16445

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schroeder HW, Cavacini L (2010) Structure and function of immunoglobulins. J Allergy Clin Immunol 125(1):S41–S52

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Shen J, Li Y, Gu H, Xia F, Zuo X (2014) Recent development of sandwich assay based on the nanobiotechnologies for proteins, nucleic acids, small molecules, and ions. Chem Rev 114(15):7631–7677

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Shinde RB, Veerapandian M, Kaushik A, and Manickam P (2020) State-of-art bio-assay systems and electrochemical approaches for nanotoxicity assessment. Front Bioeng Biotechnol

    Google Scholar 

  • Simões FR, Xavier MG (2017) Chapter 6—Electrochemical sensors. In: Micro and nano technologies. Elsevier Inc.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sivarajasekar N, Dharshni RA, Dharshini RD (2019) Thermal biosensors and their applications. Am Int J Res Sci

    Google Scholar 

  • Skoog DA, Holler FJ, Crouch SR (2016) Principles of instrumental analysis, 7th edn. Cengage Learning

    Google Scholar 

  • Stradiotto NR, Yamanaka H, Zanoni MVB (2003) Electrochemical sensors: a powerful tool in analytical chemistry. J Braz Chem Soc 14(2):159–173

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sun CL, Lee HH, Yang JM, Wu CC (2011) The simultaneous electrochemical detection of ascorbic acid, dopamine, and uric acid using graphene/size-selected Pt nanocomposites. Biosens Bioelectron 26(8):3450–3455

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tian K, Prestgard M, Tiwari A (2014) A review of recent advances in nonenzymatic glucose sensors. Mater Sci Eng C Mater Biol Appl 41:100–118

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Toghill KE, Compton RG (2010) Electrochemical non-enzymatic glucose sensors: a perspective and an evaluation. Int J Electrochem Sci 5(9):1246–1301

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Trani A, Petrucci R, Marrosu G, Zane D, Curulli A (2017) Selective electrochemical determination of caffeine at a gold-chitosan nanocomposite sensor: may little change on nanocomposites synthesis affect selectivity? J Electroanal Chem 788(2016):99–106

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tumur M, Kanberoglu GS, Coldur F (2020) A novel potentiometric PVC-membrane cysteamine-selective electrode based on cysteamine-phosphomolybdate ion-pair. In: Current pharmaceutical analysis. Bentham Science Publishers, pp 168–175

    Google Scholar 

  • Veerapandian M, Yun K (2013) Methylene blue dye coated silver-silica nanoparticles with dual functionality fabricated by injection pump and ultrasonochemistry. Mater Res Bull 48(5):1817–1823

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Vieira S, Vial S, Reis RL, Oliveira JM (2017) Nanoparticles for bone tissue engineering. Biotechnol Prog 33(3):590–611

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Vladislavić N, Rončević IŠ, Buljac M, Brinić S, Krivić D, Buzuk M (2018) Electroanalytical determination of cysteine using the electrodes based on ternary silver-copper sulfides. Sensors (Switzerland) 18(11)

    Google Scholar 

  • Wang L, Sipe DM, Xu Y, Lin Q (2008) A MEMS thermal biosensor for metabolic monitoring applications. J Microelectromech Syst 17(2):318–327

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wang M, Ma J, Chang Q, Fan X, Zhang G, Zhang F, Peng W, Li Y (2018) Fabrication of a novel ZnO–CoO/rGO nanocomposite for nonenzymatic detection of glucose and hydrogen peroxide. Ceram Int 44(5):5250–5256

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wang Y, Jiao WW, Wang Y, Sun L, Li JQ, Wang ZM, Xiao J, Shen C, Xu F, Qi H, Wang YH, Guo YJ, Shen AD (2019) Simultaneous nucleic acids detection and elimination of carryover contamination with nanoparticles-based biosensor- and antarctic thermal sensitive uracil-DNA-glycosylase-supplemented polymerase spiral reaction. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 7(December):1–11

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wee Ling JL, Khan A, Saad B, Ab Ghani S (2012) Electro polymerized 4-vinyl pyridine on 2B pencil graphite as ionophore for cadmium (II). Talanta 88:477–483

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Willander M, Khun K, Ibupoto ZH (2014) Metal oxide nanosensors using polymeric membranes, enzymes and antibody receptors as ion and molecular recognition elements. Sensors (Switzerland) 14(5):8605–8632

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wu L, Zhang X, Wang M, He L, Zhang Z (2018) Preparation of Cu2O/CNTs composite and its application as sensing platform for detecting nitrite in water environment. Meas J Int Meas Confed 128(October 2017):189–196

    Google Scholar 

  • Yang S, Li G, Qu C, Wang G, Wang D (2017) Simple synthesis of ZnO nanoparticles on N-doped reduced graphene oxide for the electrocatalytic sensing of l-cysteine. RSC Adv 7(56):35004–35011

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yang S, Teng Y, Cao Q, Bai C, Fang Z, Xu W (2019) Electrochemical sensor based on molecularly imprinted polymer-aptamer hybrid receptor for voltammetric detection of thrombin. J Electrochem Soc 166(2):B23–B28

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zaidi SA, Shin JH (2016) Recent developments in nanostructure based electrochemical glucose sensors. Talanta 149:30–42

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zhad HR, Lai RY (2015) Comparison of nanostructured silver-modified silver and carbon ultramicroelectrodes for electrochemical detection of nitrate. Anal Chim Acta 892:153–159

    Google Scholar 

  • Zhang J, Zheng J (2015) An enzyme-free hydrogen peroxide sensor based on Ag/FeOOH nanocomposites. Anal Methods 7(5):1788–1793

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zhang W, Xu G, Liu R, Chen J, Li X, Zhang Y, Zhang Y (2016) Novel MOFs@XC-72-Nafion nanohybrid modified glassy carbon electrode for the sensitive determination of melamine. Electrochim Acta 211:689–696

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zhao W, Chen G (2009) Comparison of active and passive damping methods for application in high power active power filter with LCL-filter. In: 1st international conference on sustainable power generation and supply, SUPERGEN ’09

    Google Scholar 

  • Zhou W, Jimmy Huang PJ, Ding J, Liu J (2014) Aptamer-based biosensors for biomedical diagnostics. Analyst 139(11):2627–2640

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

The authors would like to acknowledge Center for Women Advancement and Leadership (CWAL) for the opportunity given and FRGS for the fundamental support.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Universiti Kuala Lumpur Malaysian Institute of Chemical and Bioengineering Technology, Lot 1988, Bandar Vendor, 78000, Alor Gajah, Malacca, Malaysia

    Norilhamiah Yahya & Nur Afifah Mat Razali

Authors
  1. Norilhamiah Yahya
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Nur Afifah Mat Razali
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Norilhamiah Yahya .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Centre for Women Advancement and Leadership, Universiti Kuala Lumpur, Malaysian Institute of Marine Engineering Technology, Lumut, Perak, Malaysia

    Azman Ismail

  2. Faculty of Information Management, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Machang, Kelantan, Malaysia

    Fatin Nur Zulkipli

  3. Centre for Women Advancement and Leadership, Universiti Kuala Lumpur, Malaysian Institute of Information Technology, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia

    Husna Sarirah Husin

  4. Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Esslingen University of Applied Sciences, Esslingen, Germany

    Andreas Öchsner

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2023 The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Yahya, N., Mat Razali, N.A. (2023). Review on Electrochemical and Biosensors and Their Application. In: Ismail, A., Nur Zulkipli, F., Husin, H.S., Öchsner, A. (eds) Advancements in Materials Science and Technology Led by Women. Advanced Structured Materials, vol 165. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-21959-7_13

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation