Skip to main content

Biosurfactants as Emulsifying Agents in Food Formulation

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Advancements in Biosurfactants Research

Abstract

The increase in the world population and globalisation has enhanced the expansion of investment and production of sophisticated food supply dynamics. This has caused the attention of the food industry to greatly shift towards the use of biosurfactants in food formulations; this is because of the solubilising, foaming, and emulsifying properties of biosurfactants. Moreover, the challenges arising from food safety include the properties and origins of components and products added to the foods. A lot of these components and products including emulsifiers, stabilisers, and thickeners are essential additives in determining food quality as they improve or maintain food freshness, appearance, flavour, safety, and texture. The use of biosurfactants in food formulations keeps increasing because of their different structures and possibilities of producing biosurfactants from substrates. Industrially, the potential of biosurfactants in the food industry is increasing because these natural-based compounds are liberal to ordinary processing techniques and can replace synthetic surfactants in relation to their ability in reducing interfacial and surface tensions with low toxicity and biodegradability. Several features have prompted the usability of biosurfactants as versatile ingredients and additives in the food industry. Thus, this chapter focuses on unveiling biosurfactants as emulsifiers in food formulations.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 139.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 179.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 249.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  • Anjum et al (2016) Biosurfactant production through Bacillus sp. MTCC 5877 and its multifarious applications in food industry. Bioresour Technol 213

    Google Scholar 

  • Ask R, Mody K, Jha B (2006) Emulsifying properties of a marine bacterial exopolysaccharide. Enzym Microb Technol 38:220–222

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Berton-Carabin CC, H́élène Ropers M-H, Geno C (2014) Lipid oxidation in oil-in-water emulsions: involvement of the interfacial layer. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 13:945

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Branen AL, Haggerty R (2002) Introduction to food additives. In: Branen AL, Davidson PM, Salminen S, Thorngate JH (eds) Food additives. Marcel Dekker, New York, pp 1–9

    Google Scholar 

  • Campos JM, Stamford TLM, Rufino RD, Luna JM, Stamford TCM, Sarubbo LA (2015) Formulation of mayonnaise with the addition of a bioemulsifier isolated from Candida utilis. Toxicol Rep 2:1164–1170

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Campos JM, Stamford TLM, Sarubbo LA (2014) Production of a bioemulsifier with potential application in the food industry. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 172:3234–3252

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Campos JM, Stamford TLM, Sarubbo LA, de Luna JM, Rufino RD, Banat IM (2013) Microbial biosurfactants as additives for food industries. Biotechnol Prog 29:1097–1108

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dikit P, Maneerat S, Saimmai A (2019) The effective emulsifying property of biosurfactant– producing Marinobacter hydrocarbonoclasticus ST1 obtained from palm oil contaminated sites. Appl Biochem Microbiol 55:615–625

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dilarri G, da Silva VL, Pecora HB, Montagnolli RN, Corso CR, Bidoia ED (2016) Electrolytic treatment and biosurfactants applied to the conservation of Eugenia uniflora fruit. Food Sci Technol 36:456

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ekambaram G, Prakash P, Karmegam N, Varjani S, Awasthi MK, Ravindran B (2022) Biosurfactants: potential and eco-friendly material for sustainable agriculture and environmental safety—a review. Agronomy 12:662

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Farheen V, Saha SB, Pyne S, Chowdhury BR (2016) Production of nanobiosurfactant from Pseudomonas aeruginosa and it’s application in bakery industry. Int J Adv Res Biol Eng Sci Technol 2:67

    Google Scholar 

  • Ganesh et al (2010) Synthesis of biosurfactant-based silver nanoparticles with purifi ed rhamnolipids isolated from Pseudomonas aeruginosa BS-161R. J Microbiol Biotechnol 1061

    Google Scholar 

  • Giri SS, Sen SS, Jun JW, Sukumaran V, Park SC (2017) Role of bacillus licheniformis VS16-derived biosurfactant in mediating immune responses in carp rohu and its application to the food industry. Front Microbiol 8:514

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gudiña EJ, Rodrigues LR (2019) Research and production of biosurfactants for the food industry. Bioproc Biomol Prod:125–143

    Google Scholar 

  • Hasenhuettl GL, Hartel RW (2019) Synthesis and commercial preparation of food emulsifiers. In: Hasenhuettl G, Harte LR (eds) Food emulsifiers and their applications. Springer, Cham, pp 11–39

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Hidayati N, Surtiningsih T, Ni’matuzahroh M (2014) Removal of heavy metals Pb, Zn and Cu from sludge waste of paper industries using biosurfactant. J Bioremed Biodegr 5:255

    Google Scholar 

  • Hricova D, Stephan R, Zweifel C (2008) Electrolyzed water and its application in the food industry. J Food Prot 71:1934

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jirku V, Cejkova A, Schreiberova O, Jezdik R, Masak J (2015) Multicomponent biosurfactants: a “green toolbox,” extension. Biotechnol Adv 33:1272–1276

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kourkoutas Y, Banat IM (2004) Biosurfactant production and application. In: Pandey AP (ed) The concise encyclopedia of bioresourses technology. Haworth Reference Press, Philadelphia, p 505

    Google Scholar 

  • Kralova I, Sjöblom J (2009) Surfactants used in food industry: a review. J Dispers Sci Technol 30:1363

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Manoharan MJ, Bradeeba K, Parthasarathi R, Sivakumaar PK, Chauhan PS, Tipayno S, Benson A, Sa T (2012) Development of surfactin based nanoemulsion formulation from selected cooking oils: evaluation for antimicrobial activity against selected food associated microorganisms. J Taiwan Inst Chem Eng 43:172–180

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Marchant R, Banat IM (2012) Biosurfactants: a sustainable replacement for chemical surfactants? Biotechnol Lett 34:1597

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • McClements DJ (2016) Context and background. In: McClements DJ (ed) Food emulsions: principles, practices, and techniques. CRC Press, Boca Raton, pp 1–26

    Google Scholar 

  • Mellor GE, Bentley JA, Dykes GA (2011) Evidence for a role of biosurfactants produced by Pseudomonas fluorescens in the spoilage of fresh aerobically stored chicken meat. Food Microbiol 28:1101

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mnif I, Besbes S, Ellouze R, Ellouze-Chaabouni S, Ghribi D (2012) Improvement of bread quality and bread shelf-life by Bacillus subtilis biosurfactant addition. Food Sci Biotechnol 2:1105–1112

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Munif I et al (2012) Improvement of bread dough quality by Bacillus subtilis SPB1 biosurfactant addition: optimized extraction using response surface methodology. J Sci Food Agric 21:3055

    Google Scholar 

  • Narayanan et al (2010) Synthesis, stabilization and characterization of rhamnolipid-capped ZnS nanoparticles in aqueous medium. IET Nanotechnol 4:29

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nitsche M, Sousa S (2018) Recent food applications of microbial surfactants. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 58:631–638. https://doi.org/10.1080/10408398.2016.1208635

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nitschke M, Costa SGVAO (2007) Biosurfactants in food industry. Trends Food Sci Technol 18:252–258

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Palanisamy P, Raichur AM (2009) Synthesis of spherical NiO nanoparticles through a novel biosurfactant mediated emulsion technique. Mater Sci Eng 29:199

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pandey RM, Upadhyay SK (2012) Food additives. In: El-Samragy Y (ed) Food additives. InTech, Croatia, pp 1–30

    Google Scholar 

  • Partridge D, Lloyd KA, Rhodes JM, Walker AW, Johnstone AM, Campbell BJ (2019) Food additives: assessing the impact of exposure to permitted emulsifiers on bowel and metabolic health—introducing the FADiets study. Nutr Bull 44:329–349

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ribeiro BG, de Veras BO, Aguiar JS, Guerra JM, Sarubbo LA (2020a) Biosurfactant produced by Candida utilis UFPEDA1009 with potential application in cookie formulation. Electron J Biotechnol 46:14–21

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ribeiro BG, Guerra JMC, Sarubbo LA (2020) Biosurfactants: production and application prospects in the food industry. Biotechnol Prog 36. https://doi.org/10.1002/btpr.3030

  • Ribeiro BG, Guerra JMC, Sarubbo LA (2020b) Potential food application of a biosurfactant produced by Saccharomyces cerevisiae URM 6670. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 8:434

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rodrigues L, Ibrahim MB, Teixeira J, Oliveira R (2006) Biosurfactants: potential applications in medicine. J Antimicrob Chemother 57:609–618

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rossi EM, Beilke L, Kochhann M, Sarzi DH, Tondo EC (2016) Biosurfactant produced by Salmonella enteritidis SE86 can increase adherence and resistance to sanitizers on lettuce leaves (Lactuca sativa L., cichoraceae). Front Microbiol 7:9

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sagalowicz L, Leser ME (2010) Delivery systems for liquid food products. Curr Opin Colloid Interface Sci 15:61–72

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Santamaria-Echart A, Fernandes IP, Silva SC, Rezende SC, Colucci G, Dias MMMFB (2021) New trends in natural emulsifiers and emulsion technology for the food industry. Food Additives. https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.99892

  • Santos DKF, Meira HM, Rufino RD, Luna JM, Sarubbo LA (2017) Biosurfactant production from Candida lipolytica in bioreactor and evaluation of its toxicity for application as a bioremediation agent. Process Biochem 8:1–11

    Google Scholar 

  • Saravanan V, Vijayakuma S (2015) Biosurfactants-types, sources and applications. Res J Microbiol 10:181–192

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Satpute SK, Banpurkar AG, Dhakephalkar PK, Banat IM, Chopade BA (2010) Methods for investigating biosurfactants and bioemulsifiers: a review. Crit Rev Biotechnol 30:127–144

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Shakeri F, Babavalian H, Amoozegar MA, Ahmadzadeh Z, Zuhuriyanizadi S, Afsharian MP (2021) Production and application of biosurfactants in biotechnology. Biointerface Res Appl Chem 11:10446–10460

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tan C, McClements DJ (2021) Application of advanced emulsion technology in the food industry: a review and critical evaluation. Foods 10:812

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Uzoigwe C, Burgess JG, Ennis CJ, P.K.S.M., R (2015) Bioemulsifiers are not biosurfactants and require different screening approaches. Front Microbiol 6:245

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wang S, Mulligan CN (2004) An evaluation of surfactant foam technology in remediation of contaminated soil. Chemosphere 57:1079

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Xu et al (2011) Biosurfactants for microbubble preparation and application. Int J Mol Sci 12:462

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zouari R, Besbes S, Ellouze-Chaabouni S, Ghribi-Aydi D (2016) Cookies from composite wheat–sesame peels flours: dough quality and effect of Bacillus subtilis SPB1 biosurfactant addition. Food Chem 194:758–769

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zouaria R, Moalla-Rekikc D, Sahnounc Z, Rebaid T, Ellouze-Chaabounia S, Ghribi-Aydi D (2016) Evaluation of dermal wound healing and in vitro antioxidant efficiency of Bacillus subtilis SPB1 biosurfactant. Biomed Pharmacother 84:878–891

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgments

The authors acknowledge the financial assistance (industrial grant, UIC190806) of Eastern Unity Technology, Malaysia.

Important Websites Indicating Companies with Industrial Applications of Biosurfactants

https://research.tees.ac.uk/en/publications/biosurfactants-and-bio-emulsifiers-from-algae-3

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6046428/

https://www.tateandlyle.com/ingredient/frimulsion-stabiliser-systems?utm_source=google&utm_medium=cpc&utm_campaign=FRIMULSION&gclid=CjwKCAjw7cGUBhA9EiwArBAvos5iAZn2qDzLhjLjaP4UicJexQNqbAewIg0SI4lxlWeEcF2TcCHChxoCaPkQAvD_BwE

https://www.foodchem.com/?campaignid=8392115017&DEV=c&PLC&target&keyword=food%20additive%20companies&AD=402581407376&feeditem&gclid=CjwKCAjw7cGUBhA9EiwArBAvogXfln0dG6-fDtJb-ryHqveKb1AOawAV6JcFKBSuq1HBS3iaWpEP_xoCtucQAvD_BwE

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Oluwaseun Ruth Alara .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Ethics declarations

The authors declare none.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2023 The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Alara, O.R., Abdurahman, N.H., Alara, J.A., Ukaegbu, C.I., Tade, M.O., Ali, H.A. (2023). Biosurfactants as Emulsifying Agents in Food Formulation. In: Aslam, R., Mobin, M., Aslam, J., Zehra, S. (eds) Advancements in Biosurfactants Research. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-21682-4_8

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics