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Surface Activity and Emulsification Properties of Saponins as Biosurfactants

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Advancements in Biosurfactants Research

Abstract

Saponins are group of chemical compounds found in many plants and some marine animals. Due to extensive biological activity, these compounds are widely used in pharmaceutical, food, cosmetic, and many other industries. Saponins are also known as biosurfactants. The word saponin implies a latin word “sapo” which means soap. Saponins are amphiphilic compounds containing hydrophilic and hydrophobic properties. One of the important characteristics of saponins is the foaming properties which makes them able to act as surface-active agents. Surface-active agents are widely used chemicals in different industrial processes. The purified Quillaja Saponin (QS-21) as a representative of plant saponins with high surface activity and biological properties has been proposed for industrial application as biosurfactant. This property of QS-21 is due to its high hydrophilic–lipophilic balance (HLB) value and lengthy sugar side chain. Formation of nanoemulsions using QS-21 saponin as biosurfactant has achieved more interest in recent studies. This chapter focused on saponin structure, surface activity, critical micelle concentration (CMC), rule of saponins as biosurfactants, and stabilization of nanoemulsions via saponin. The chapter also reviewed the Quillaja Saponin (QS-21) isolated from the bark of Quillaja saponaria Molina as a biosurfactant. It is expected that the future application of biosurfactants based on natural and less toxic bio-sources would become a topic of interest in food, cosmetic and pharmaceutical companies. However, further research should be carried out to highlight all the safety and side effects of saponin-based biosurfactants in future markets.

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Acknowledgments

Sweeta Akbari is grateful from the Institute of International Education’s Scholar Rescue Fund (IIE-SRF) and Finnish National Agency for Education (EDUFI) for supporting her postdoctoral research in Tampere University.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. BioMediTech Unit, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland

    Sweeta Akbari

  2. Department of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering, Universiti Malaysia Pahang, Lebuhraya Tun Razak, Gambang, Kuantan, Pahang, Malaysia

    Nour Hamid Abdurahman

  3. Department of Physics and Engineering, College of Health, Engineering and Science, Slippery Rock University of Pennsylvania, Slippery Rock, PA, USA

    Viacheslau Kudrashou

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  1. Sweeta Akbari
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  2. Nour Hamid Abdurahman
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  3. Viacheslau Kudrashou
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Correspondence to Sweeta Akbari .

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Editors and Affiliations

  1. Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, India

    Ruby Aslam

  2. Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, India

    Mohammad Mobin

  3. Taibah University, Al-Madina, Saudi Arabia

    Jeenat Aslam

  4. Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, India

    Saman Zehra

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Akbari, S., Abdurahman, N.H., Kudrashou, V. (2023). Surface Activity and Emulsification Properties of Saponins as Biosurfactants. In: Aslam, R., Mobin, M., Aslam, J., Zehra, S. (eds) Advancements in Biosurfactants Research. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-21682-4_7

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