Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Accounting for the Greenhouse Gas (GHG) Emission Double-Counting in Greater Toronto and Hamilton Area (GTHA)

  • Conference paper
  • First Online:
Responsible Engineering and Living (REAL 2022)

Part of the book series: Springer Proceedings in Energy ((SPE))

Included in the following conference series:

Abstract

Industrial greenhouse gas (GHG) emission reporting has been an error-prone process due to the lack of universally accepted guidelines. Challenges pertaining to industrial GHG emission quantification consist of enhancing the accuracy of estimates by reducing the risk of double-counting. Currently, GHG emissions from overall natural gas use and large-scale industrial GHG emissions are reported separately. Hence, the objective of this study is to investigate possible double-counting in Ontario’s GHG inventory. This research scrutinized natural gas emissions from large-scale emitters in Greater Toronto and Hamilton Area (GTHA). Quantification methods used by large-scale industrial emitters were analyzed for natural gas use data. Due to the data uncertainty, the fuzzy set theory-based Dong, Shah, and Wong (DSW) algorithm was used to estimate double-counting. Results revealed that the GHG double-counting from natural gas in the industrial sector was approximately 130,927 - 178,513 tons of carbon dioxide equivalent (CO2e).

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 189.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 249.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 249.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  1. S.R. Weart, The Discovery of Global Warming. Harvard University Press (2008). https://doi.org/10.4159/9780674417557

    Article  Google Scholar 

  2. J. Cook et al., Quantifying the consensus on anthropogenic global warming in the scientific literature. Environ. Res. Lett. 8(2), 024024, Jun. (2013). https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/8/2/024024

    Article  Google Scholar 

  3. Government of Canada, Goal 13—Climate action, 2021. https://www144.statcan.gc.ca/sdg-odd/goal-objectif13-eng.htm (accessed Apr. 17, 2022)

  4. Government of Canada, Canadian net-zero emissions accountability act, 2022. https://www.canada.ca/en/services/environment/weather/climatechange/climate-plan/net-zero-emissions-2050/canadian-net-zero-emissions-accountability-act.html (accessed May 11, 2022)

  5. Government of Canada, Canada’s greenhouse gas quantification requirements, 2020. https://publications.gc.ca/site/eng/9.866467/publication.html (accessed May 03, 2022)

  6. Ministry of the Environment Conservation and Parks, Guideline for quantification, reporting and verification of greenhouse gas emissions, 2020. https://www.ontariocanada.com/registry/showAttachment.do?postingId=30247&attachmentId=42676 (accessed Jan. 14, 2022)

  7. The Atmospheric Fund, Carbon emissions inventory in the GTHA, 2022. https://taf.ca/gtha-carbon-emissions/ (accessed May 03, 2022)

  8. L. M. Miller, Double counting in municipal greenhouse gas emissions inventories, 2022, https://gaftp.epa.gov/Air/nei/ei_conference/EI17/session5/miller.pdf (accessed May 11, 2022)

  9. Open Risk Manual, GHG emissions double counting, 2022. https://www.openriskmanual.org/wiki/GHG_Emissions_Double_Counting (accessed May 11, 2022)

  10. J.D. Kern, G.W. Characklis, B.T. Foster, Natural gas price uncertainty and the cost-effectiveness of hedging against low hydropower revenues caused by drought. Water Resour. Res. 51(4), 2412–2427, Apr. (2015). https://doi.org/10.1002/2014WR016533

    Article  Google Scholar 

  11. Environment and Climate Change Canada, Canada’s greenhouse gas quantification requirements, 2021. https://publications.gc.ca/collections/collection_2022/eccc/En81-28-2021-eng.pdf (accessed Apr. 04, 2022)

  12. C. Krelling, M.G. Badami, Cost-effectiveness analysis of compressed natural gas implementation in the public bus transit fleet in Delhi, India. Transp. Policy 115, 49–61, Jan. (2022). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tranpol.2021.10.019

    Article  Google Scholar 

  13. H.S. Mohamadabadi, G. Tichkowsky, A. Kumar, Development of a multi-criteria assessment model for ranking of renewable and non-renewable transportation fuel vehicles. Energy 34(1), 112–125, Jan. (2009). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2008.09.004

    Article  Google Scholar 

  14. Government of Ontario, Greenhouse gas emissions reporting by facility, 2021. https://data.ontario.ca/dataset/greenhouse-gas-emissions-reporting-by-facility (Accessed Mar. 25, 2022)

  15. T.C. Dodanwala, P. Shrestha, Work–family conflict and job satisfaction among construction professionals: the mediating role of emotional exhaustion. On the Horizon 29(2), 62–75, Jul. (2021). https://doi.org/10.1108/OTH-11-2020-0042

    Article  Google Scholar 

  16. T.C. Dodanwala, D.S. Santoso, The mediating role of job stress on the relationship between job satisfaction facets and turnover intention of the construction professionals. Eng. Constr. Archit. Manag. 29(4), 1777–1796, Apr. (2022). https://doi.org/10.1108/ECAM-12-2020-1048

    Article  Google Scholar 

  17. T. Dodanwala, P. Shrestha, D.S. Santoso, Role conflict related job stress among construction project professionals: the moderating role of age and organization tenure. Construction Economics and Building 21(4), 21–37 (Dec.2021). https://doi.org/10.5130/AJCEB.v21i4.7609

    Article  Google Scholar 

  18. T.C. Dodanwala, D.S. Santoso, V. Yukongdi, Examining work role stressors, job satisfaction, job stress, and turnover intention of Sri Lanka’s construction industry. Int. J. Constr. Manag. (May2022). https://doi.org/10.1080/15623599.2022.2080931

    Article  Google Scholar 

  19. Government of Ontario, O. Reg. 390/18: Greenhouse gas emissions: quantification, reporting and verification, 2018. https://www.ontario.ca/laws/regulation/r18390#BK4 (accessed May 03, 2022)

  20. Government of Canada, North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) Canada 2017 Version 3.0, 2021. https://www23.statcan.gc.ca/imdb/p3VD.pl?Function=getVD&TVD=1181553 (accessed May 04, 2022)

  21. Capital Power, Goreway Power Station, 2022. https://www.capitalpower.com/operations/goreway-power-station/ (accessed Apr. 25, 2022)

  22. Portlands Energy Centre, Operations & Facility, 2022. https://www.portlandsenergycentre.com/project-2 (accessed Apr. 25, 2022)

  23. Burns & McDonnell, Halton Hills Generating Station, 2022. https://www.burnsmcd.com/projects/halton-hills-generating-station (accessed Apr. 25, 2022)

  24. Energy Justice Network, Whitby Cogeneration, 2022. http://www.energyjustice.net/map/displayfacility-76647.htm (accessed Apr. 25, 2022)

  25. Capital Power, York Energy Centre, 2022. https://www.capitalpower.com/operations/york-energy-centre/ (accessed Apr. 25, 2022)

  26. M. Jonas, R. Bun, Z. Nahorski, G. Marland, M. Gusti, O. Danylo, Quantifying greenhouse gas emissions. Mitig. Adapt. Strat. Glob. Change 24(6), 839–852 (Aug.2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11027-019-09867-4

    Article  Google Scholar 

  27. R. Ruparathna, K. Hewage, R. Sadiq, Economic evaluation of building energy retrofits: a fuzzy based approach. Energy and Buildings 139, 395–406 (Mar.2017). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enbuild.2017.01.031

    Article  Google Scholar 

  28. H.-J. Zimmermann, Fuzzy set theory. Wiley interdisciplinary reviews: computational statistics 2(3), 317–332, May (2010). https://doi.org/10.1002/wics.82

    Article  Google Scholar 

  29. T.J. Ross, Fuzzy logic with engineering applications, 3rd edn. (John Wiley & Sons, West Sussex, 2010)

    Book  Google Scholar 

  30. A. Panigrahi, M. R. Patra, Network intrusion detection model based on fuzzy-rough classifiers, in Handbook of Neural Computation, Elsevier, 2017, pp. 109–125. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-811318-9.00006-5

  31. M. Ammar, T. Zayed, O. Moselhi, Fuzzy-based life-cycle cost model for decision making under subjectivity. J. Constr. Eng. Manag. 139(5), 556–563 (May2013). https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)CO.1943-7862.0000576

    Article  Google Scholar 

  32. S. Naaz, A. Alam, R. Biswas, Effect of different defuzzification methods in a fuzzy based load balancing application. Int. J. Comput. Sci. Issues (IJCSI) 8(5), 261–267 (2011)

    Google Scholar 

  33. S. Chakraverty, D. M. Sahoo, N. R. Mahato, Defuzzification, in Concepts of Soft Computing, Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2019, pp. 117–127. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-7430-2_7

  34. US Energy Information Administration, Glass manufacturing is an energy-intensive industry mainly fueled by natural gas—Today in Energy, 2013. https://www.eia.gov/todayinenergy/detail.php?id=12631 (accessed Mar. 25, 2022)

  35. C. Wulf, P. Zapp, Analyzing the future potential of defossilizing industrial specialty glass production with hydrogen by LCA. Procedia CIRP 105, 666–671 (Jan. 2022). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.procir.2022.02.111

    Article  Google Scholar 

  36. Canada Energy Regulator, Market snapshot: the pulp and paper sector uses less energy and produces less material than it did 20 years ago, 2019. https://www.cer-rec.gc.ca/en/data-analysis/energy-markets/market-snapshots/2019/market-snapshot-pulp-paper-sector-uses-less-energy-produces-less-material-than-it-did-20-years-ago.html (accessed Mar. 25, 2022)

Download references

Acknowledgments

This work was supported by The Atmospheric Fund in collaboration with Mitacs (grant number: IT26585). The authors especially thank Dr. Maryam Shekarrizfard, Mr. Juan Sotes, and Mr. Aakash Harpalani of The Atmospheric Fund, who provided constructive suggestions to improve this research.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Windsor, 401 Sunset Ave, Windsor, ON, Canada

    Tharindu C. Dodanwala, Dilusha Hemaal Kankanamge, Rajeev Ruparathna & Gyan Chhipi-Shrestha

Authors
  1. Tharindu C. Dodanwala
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Dilusha Hemaal Kankanamge
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Rajeev Ruparathna
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Gyan Chhipi-Shrestha
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Tharindu C. Dodanwala .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. MAME, University of Windsor, Windsor, ON, Canada

    David S.-K. Ting

  2. Mechanical Engineering, Tennessee Tech University, Nashville, TN, USA

    Ahmad Vasel-Be-Hagh

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2023 The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG

About this paper

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this paper

Dodanwala, T.C., Kankanamge, D.H., Ruparathna, R., Chhipi-Shrestha, G. (2023). Accounting for the Greenhouse Gas (GHG) Emission Double-Counting in Greater Toronto and Hamilton Area (GTHA). In: Ting, D.SK., Vasel-Be-Hagh, A. (eds) Responsible Engineering and Living. REAL 2022. Springer Proceedings in Energy. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-20506-4_11

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-20506-4_11

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-031-20505-7

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-031-20506-4

  • eBook Packages: EnergyEnergy (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation