Abstract
Most matrices considering context of trauma fail to recognize the importance of social determinants of health (SDH). Many factors including structural racism, socioeconomics, gender, sexuality, and geography intermingle to exacerbate trauma disparities. When taking all of these into consideration, socioeconomics plays the greatest role. Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) are potentially traumatic experiences that occur in childhood and play a role in widening socioeconomic disparities. Redlining was a discriminatory practice that created disparate socioeconomic communities and has perpetuated health inequalities that still exist today. Understanding the historic and cultural contexts of violence is essential for designing effective injury and violence prevention strategies. Racial and cultural concordance helps increase trust which is needed for program recruitment and enrollment. Listening and engaging with patients and families help to understand what matters to them. If intentionality is applied, outcomes throughout all sectors can improve.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
World Health Organization. Road traffic injuries 2020 [Internet]. (Updated 7 Feb). Available from https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/road-traffic-injuries
Haddon W Jr. Advances in the epidemiology of injuries as a basis for public policy. Public Health Rep. 1980;95(5):411–21.
Saeednejad M, Sadeghian F, Fayaz M, et al. Association of social determinants of health and road traffic deaths: a systematic review. Bull Emerg Trauma. 2020;8(4):211–7. https://doi.org/10.30476/beat.2020.86574.
Hoofnagle MH, Mubang RN, Joseph DK, et al. Eastern association for the surgery of trauma statement on structural racism, and the deaths of George Floyd, Ahmaud Arbery, and Breonna Taylor. Ann Surg. 2020;272(6):911–4. https://doi.org/10.1097/SLA.0000000000004430v.
Edwards F, Lee H, Esposito M. Risk of being killed by police use-of-force in the US by age, race/ethnicity, and sex. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. Academy of Sciences. 2020.
Scott-Jones G, CAADC, Kamara MR, PE. The traumatic impact of structural racism on Blacks. Dela J Public Health. 2020;6(5):80–2. https://doi.org/10.32481/djph.2020.11.019.
Helms JE, Jernigan M, Mascher J. The meaning of race in psychology and how to change it: a methodological perspective. Am Psychol. 2005;60(1):27–36. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.60.1.27.
Lawrence K, Kelecher T. Chronic disparity: strong and pervasive evidence of racial inequalities poverty outcomes: structural racism. Paper presented at the Race and Public Conference. 2004.
Kalesan B, Vasan S, Mobily ME, et al. State-specific, racial and ethnic heterogeneity in trends of firearm-related fatality rates in the USA from 2000 to 2010. BMJ Open. 2014;4(9):e005628. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2014-005628.
Jacoby SF, Dong B, Beard JH, Wiebe DJ, Morrison CN. The enduring impact of historical and structural racism on urban violence in Philadelphia. Soc Sci Med. 2018;199:87–95. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2017.05.038.
Decker MR, Holliday CN, Hameeduddin Z, Shah R, Miller J, Dantzler J, Goodmark L. “You do not think of me as a human being”: race and gender inequities intersect to discourage police reporting of violence against women. J Urban Health. 2019;96(5):772–83. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11524-019-00359-z.
Petrosky E, Blair JM, Betz CJ, Fowler KA, Jack SPD, Lyons BH. Racial and ethnic differences in homicides of adult women and the role of intimate partner violence—United States, 2003-2014. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2017;66(28):741–6.
Center for Disease Control and Prevention. Leading causes of death in females, 2015 [Internet]. 2018. Accessed 1 Aug 2018.
Black MC, Basile KC, Breiding MJ, et al. The national intimate partner and sexual violence survey (NISVS): 2010 summary report. Atlanta, GA: National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; 2011.
Educational fund to stop gun violence and coalition to stop gun violence [Internet]. A public health crisis decades in the making: a review of 2019 CDC Gun Mortality Data. 2021. Available from http://efsgv.org/2019CDCdata
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Injury Center. Preventing adverse childhood experiences: violence prevention [Internet]; 2021 Apr 6. Available from https://www.cdc.gov/violenceprevention/aces/fastfact.html. Accessed 7 Nov 2021.
Gilgoff R, Singh L, Koita K, Gentile B, Marques SS. Adverse childhood experiences, outcomes, and interventions. Pediatr Clin. 2020;67(2):259–73. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pcl.2019.12.001.
Tabb LP, Rich JA, Waite D, Alberto C, Harris E, Gardner J, Gentile N, Corbin TJ. Examining associations between adverse childhood experiences and posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms among young survivors of urban violence. J Urban Health. 2022;99(4):669–79.
The Arena Group. How a new deal housing program enforced segregation. History stories [Internet]. [cited 2021 June 1]. Available from https://www.history.com/news/housing-segregation-new-deal-program
Aaronson D, Hartley D, Mazumder B. The effects of the 1930s HOLC “redlining” maps. Am Econ J Econ Pol. 2021;13(4):355–92.
Gross T. A ‘forgotten history’ of how the U.S. government segregated America [Internet]. NPR. 2017 May 3. Available from https://www.npr.org/2017/05/03/526655831/a-forgotten-history-of-how-the-u-s-government-segregated-america
Rothstein R. The color of law: a forgotten history of how our government segregated America. Liveright Publishing; 2017 May 7.
Jackson C. What is redlining? The New York Times: Real Estate. 2021 Aug 17. Available from https://www.nytimes.com/2021/08/17/realestate/what-is-redlining.html
McWhorter J. What’s missing from the conversation about systemic racism. The New York Times: Opinion. 2021 Sept 28. Available from https://www.nytimes.com/2021/09/28/opinion/redlining-systemic-racism.html
Galea S. Health inequalities in Boston by T-Stops: a pictorial essay [Internet]. Boston: Boston University School of Public Health; 2015 Mar 29. Available from https://www.bu.edu/sph/news/articles/2015/health-of-a-city-health-inequalities-in-boston-by-t-stops-a-pictorial-essay/
Bailey ZD, Krieger N, Agénor M, Graves J, Linos N, Bassett MT. Structural racism and health inequities in the USA: evidence and interventions. Lancet. 2017;389(10077):1453–63. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(17)30569-X.
Houghton A, Jackson-Weaver O, Toraih E, et al. Firearm homicide mortality is influenced by structural racism in US metropolitan areas. J Trauma Acute Care Surg. 2021;91(1):64–71. https://doi.org/10.1097/TA.0000000000003167.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. The public health approach to violence prevention [Internet]. 2022 Jan 18. Available from https://www.cdc.gov/violenceprevention/about/publichealthapproach.html
Adler RR, Smith RN, Fowler KJ, Gates J, Jefferson NM, Adler JT, Patzer RE. Community Based Participatory Research (CBPR): an underutilized approach to address surgical disparities. Ann Surg. 2022;275(3):496–9.
Tervalon M, Murray-García J. Cultural humility versus cultural competence: a critical distinction in defining physician training outcomes in multicultural education. J Health Care Poor Underserved. 1998;9(2):117–25.
Smith R, Dobbins S, Evans A, Balhotra K, Dicker RA. Hospital-based violence intervention: risk reduction resources that are essential for success. J Trauma Acute Care Surg. 2013;74(4):976–80.; discussion 980–2. https://doi.org/10.1097/TA.0b013e31828586c9.
Smith R, Evans A, Adams C, Cocanour C, Dicker R. Passing the torch: evaluating exportability of a violence intervention program. Am J Surg. 2013;206(2):223–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amjsurg.2012.11.025.
Juillard C, Cooperman L, Allen I, Pirracchio R, Henderson T, Marquez R, Orellana J, Texada M, Dicker RA. A decade of hospital-based violence intervention: benefits and shortcomings. J Trauma Acute Care Surg. 2016;81(6):1156–61. https://doi.org/10.1097/TA.0000000000001261.
Fischer KR, Bakes KM, Corbin TJ, Fein JA, Harris EJ, James TL, Melzer-Lange MD. Trauma-informed care for violently injured patients in the emergency department. Ann Emerg Med. 2019;73(2):193–202.
Alang SM. Mental health care among blacks in America: confronting racism and constructing solutions. Health Serv Res. 2019;54(2):346–55.
Neufeld MY, Janeway MG, Lee SY, Miller MI, Smith EA, Kalesan B, Allee L, Dechert T, Sanchez SE. Utilization of mental health services in pediatric patients surviving penetrating trauma resulting from interpersonal violence. Am J Surg. 2021;221(1):233–9.
Nelson A. Unequal treatment: confronting racial and ethnic disparities in health care. J Natl Med Assoc. 2002;94(8):666.
Loberg JA, Hayward RD, Fessler M, Edhayan E. Associations of race, mechanism of injury, and neighborhood poverty with in-hospital mortality from trauma: a population-based study in the Detroit metropolitan area. Medicine. 2018;97(39) https://doi.org/10.1097/MD.0000000000012606.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2023 Springer Nature Switzerland AG
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Smith, R.N., Castater, C., James, T. (2023). Cultural Humility in Hospital-Based Injury and Violence Prevention. In: Adams, C., Tinkoff, G. (eds) Hospital-based Injury and Violence Prevention Programs. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-20357-2_3
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-20357-2_3
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-031-20356-5
Online ISBN: 978-3-031-20357-2
eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)