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Eye

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Practical Pharmaceutics

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Abstract

In this chapter several aspects of ocular dosage forms are discussed with emphasis on eye drops, eye lotions and eye ointments prepared in pharmacies. Their formulation, method of preparation, packaging, storage and methods of administration are also discussed.

The bioavailability of active substances in ocular dosage forms is low due to the efficient barrier function of the cornea, lachrymation, tear turn over, and nasolacrimal drainage. Formulations should take into account these constraints. The vehicle and excipients selected should improve the permeation of the active substances into the eye or the residence in the conjunctival sac and thereby increase the therapeutic effects. Minimal eye irritation and good local tolerability of the preparation is of utmost importance.

When formulating aqueous ophthalmic preparations attention should be given to osmolality, pH, solubility, chemical interactions, stability of the active substance, together with viscosity and the choice of a suitable preservative. Sterility is of critical importance and therefore the most appropriate sterilisation method must be chosen.

Besides pharmaceutical factors, the correct administration of the eye preparation plays an important role. Therefore, clear instructions to the patients about eye drop administration and correct storage of the medicine is essential. It will add to the success of pharmaceutical care and patient compliance.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Pharmacy, University Medical Centre, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany

    Jens Boventer, Irene Krämer & Julia Reichhold

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  1. Jens Boventer
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  2. Irene Krämer
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  3. Julia Reichhold
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Correspondence to Jens Boventer .

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Editors and Affiliations

  1. Clinical Pharmacy and Toxicology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands

    Paul Le Brun

  2. Pharmacy Department, MINT URM Inserm 1066 CNRS 6021, University of Angers, CHU Angers, Angers, France

    Sylvie Crauste-Manciet

  3. Apotheke der Universitätsmedizin, Mainz, Rheinland-Pfalz, Germany

    Irene Krämer

  4. JCS Pharma Consulting Ltd., Newport, Gwent, UK

    Julian Smith

  5. Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands

    Herman Woerdenbag

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Boventer, J., Krämer, I., Reichhold, J. (2023). Eye. In: Le Brun, P., Crauste-Manciet, S., Krämer, I., Smith, J., Woerdenbag, H. (eds) Practical Pharmaceutics. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-20298-8_18

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