Skip to main content

Automatic Detection of Cyberbullying: Racism and Sexism on Twitter

  • Conference paper
  • First Online:
Cybersecurity in the Age of Smart Societies

Abstract

With the increasing number of people more people utilising social media platforms, the production of aggressive language online such as attacks, abuse, and denigration increase. However, the constantly changing and different forms of online language provide difficulties in detecting violent language. Not only is this a difficult undertaking, but it is also an area for research and growth, considering the harm caused by cyber violence to children, women, and victims of racial prejudice, as well as the severity of cyberbullying's consequences. This paper identifies some violent terms and proposes a model for detecting racism and sexism on social media (twitter) based on TextCNN and Word2Vec sentiment analysis achieving 96.9% and 98.4% accuracy.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 139.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 179.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 179.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Mateu A, Pascual-Sánchez A, Martinez-Herves M, Hickey N, Nicholls D, & Kramer T (2020) Cyberbullying and post-traumatic stress symptoms in UK adolescents. Arch Dis Child 105(10):951–956. https://doi.org/10.1136/archdischild-2019-318716

  2. Slonje R, Smith P (2008) Cyberbullying: another main type of bullying? Scand J Psychol 49(2):147–154. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9450.2007.00611.x

    Article  Google Scholar 

  3. Unicef.org. (2021) Cyberbullying: What is it and how to stop it. https://www.unicef.org/end-violence/how-to-stop-cyberbullying. Accessed 29 July 2021

  4. Vendemia M, Bond R, DeAndrea D (2019) The strategic presentation of user comments affects how political messages are evaluated on social media sites: evidence for robust effects across party lines. Comput Hum Behav 91:279–289. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2018.10.007

    Article  Google Scholar 

  5. Anspach N (2017) The new personal influence: how our facebook friends influence the news we read. Polit Commun 34(4):590–606. https://doi.org/10.1080/10584609.2017.1316329

    Article  Google Scholar 

  6. Haslop C, O’Rourke F, Southern R (2021) #NoSnowflakes: the toleration of harassment and an emergent gender-related digital divide, in a UK student online culture. Converg: Int J Res New Media Technol 135485652198927. https://doi.org/10.1177/1354856521989270

  7. Her Majesty’s Government (HMG) (2018) Government response to the internet safety strategy green paper. HM Government, London

    Google Scholar 

  8. Mikhnovets A (2021) Cyberbullying as a new form of threat on the internet

    Google Scholar 

  9. The Annual Bullying Survey 2017 | Ditch the Label (2017). https://www.ditchthelabel.org/research-papers/the-annual-bullying-survey-2017/. Accessed 29 July 2021

  10. Balakrishnan V, Khan S, Arabnia H (2020) Improving cyberbullying detection using Twitter users’ psychological features and machine learning. Comput Secur 90:101710. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cose.2019.101710

    Article  Google Scholar 

  11. Mladenović M, Ošmjanski V, Stanković S (2021) Cyber-aggression, cyberbullying, and cyber-grooming. ACM Comput Surv 54(1):1–42. https://doi.org/10.1145/3424246

    Article  Google Scholar 

  12. Bayzick J, Kontostathis A, Edwards L (2011) Detecting the presence of cyberbullying using computer software

    Google Scholar 

  13. Waseem Z, Hovy D (2016) Hateful symbols or hateful people? Predictive features for hate speech detection on twitter. In: Proceedings of the NAACL student research workshop, pp 88–93

    Google Scholar 

  14. Dadvar M, De Jong F (2012) Cyberbullying detection: a step toward a safer internet yard. In: Proceedings of the 21st international conference on World Wide Web, pp 121–126

    Google Scholar 

  15. Nahar V, Al-Maskari S, Li X, Pang C (2014) Semi-supervised learning for cyberbullying detection in social networks. In: Australasian database conference. Springer, Cham, , pp 160–171

    Google Scholar 

  16. Xu JM, Jun KS, Zhu X, Bellmore A (2012) Learning from bullying traces in social media. In: Proceedings of the 2012 conference of the North American chapter of the association for computational linguistics: human language technologies, pp 656–666

    Google Scholar 

  17. Wang X, Jiang W, Luo Z (2016) Combination of convolutional and recurrent neural network for sentiment analysis of short texts. In: Proceedings of COLING 2016, the 26th international conference on computational linguistics: technical papers, pp 2428–2437

    Google Scholar 

  18. Al-Ajlan MA, Ykhlef M (2018) Deep learning algorithm for cyberbullying detection. Int J Adv Comput Sci Appl 9(9):199–205

    Google Scholar 

  19. Greevy E, Smeaton AF (2004) Classifying racist texts using a support vector machine. In: Proceedings of the 27th annual international ACM SIGIR conference on research and development in information retrieval, pp 468–469

    Google Scholar 

  20. Swim JK, Mallett R, Stangor C (2004) Understanding subtle sexism: detection and use of sexist language. Sex Roles 51(3):117–128

    Article  Google Scholar 

  21. Zhang T (2019) Applications of common neural network models in the field of natural language processing. https://zhuanlan.zhihu.com/p/60976912. Accessed 8 Aug 2021

  22. Acosta J, Lamaute N, Luo M, Finkelstein E, Andreea C (2017) Sentiment analysis of twitter messages using word2vec. Proc Stud-Fac Res Day CSIS Pace Univ 7:1–7

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Tasmina Islam .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2023 The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG

About this paper

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this paper

Wang, L., Islam, T. (2023). Automatic Detection of Cyberbullying: Racism and Sexism on Twitter. In: Jahankhani, H. (eds) Cybersecurity in the Age of Smart Societies. Advanced Sciences and Technologies for Security Applications. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-20160-8_7

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-20160-8_7

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-031-20159-2

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-031-20160-8

  • eBook Packages: Computer ScienceComputer Science (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics