Abstract
The purpose of the study is to explore the social impacts of socioeconomic inequities and inequalities Black workers have encountered since the era of sociologist and civil rights activist Dr. W.E.B. Du Bois in the early 1900s up until the year 2020.
Keywords
- Black STEM workers
- Social exclusion
- Black socioeconomics
- Racialism
- Social issues in management
This is a preview of subscription content, access via your institution.
Buying options
Notes
- 1.
Assari (2018a), Bell et al. (2018), Burns and Garcia (2017), Charleston (2012), Chen and Ningyu (2018), Gaddis (2015), Goldberg et al. (2019), Hinks and Watson (2001), Jones (2010), Kohon (2018), LeRoy (2018), Massey (2009), Maurer et al. (2011), Nwafor and Ho-Hing (2019), Ong and Fuller-Rowell (2009), Pager et al. (2009), Palmer et al. (2011), Patton (2013), Payton et al. (2018), Rosenfeld and Kleykamp (2012), Saeki (2005), Shore et al. (2018), Strayhorn (2015), Thomas (2003), Wilson (2011), Wilson and Roscigno (2010), and Wright et al. (2016).
- 2.
- 3.
References
Allegretto, S., & Stettner, A. (2004). Educated, experienced, and out of work. Economic Policy Institute, 198, 1–10. https://www.epi.org/publication/issuebriefs_ib198/
Agesa, J., & Agesa, R. U. (2007). Market structure-driven discrimination and the earnings of subordinate managers: An analysis by union density. Journal of Post Keynesian Economics, 30(2), 206–225. https://doi.org/10.2753/PKE0160-3477300204
Arrow, K. J. (1998). What has economics to say about racial discrimination? Journal of Economic Perspectives, 12(2), 91–100. https://doi.org/10.1257/jep.12.2.91
Assari, S. (2018a). Blacks’ diminished return of education attainment on subjective health; Mediating effect of income. Brain Sciences, 8(9), 176–187. https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci8090176
Assari, S. (2018b). Parental educational attainment and mental well-being of college students: Diminished returns of Blacks. Brain Sciences, 8(193), 1–10. https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci8110193
Bandham, R. (2001, October 1). Everything must go: Business process outsourcing. http://www.cfo.com.
Becker, E. H., & Bowers, N. (1984). Employment and unemployment improvements widespread in 1983. Monthly Labor Review, 3–14. https://www.bls.gov/opub/mlr/1984/02/art1full.pdf
Becker, G. S. (1993). Human capital: A theoretical and empirical analysis with special reference to education (3rd ed.). The University of Chicago Press. https://www.nber.org/books/beck94-1
Becker, G. S. (1992, December 9). Noble lecture: The economic way of looking at life. Department of Economics, University of Chicago. https://www.nobelprize.org/uploads/2018/06/becker-lecture.pdf
Becker, G. S. (1962). Investment in human capital: A theoretical analysis. The Journal of Political Economy, 70(5), 9–49. http://www.jstor.org/stable/1829103
Bell, M. P., Leopold, J., Berry, D., & Hall, A. V. (2018). Diversity, discrimination, and persistent inequality: Hope for the future through the solidarity economy movement. Journal of Social Issues, 74(2), 224–243. https://doi.org/10.1111/josi.12266
Broady, K. E. (2017). Race and jobs at high risk automation. Joint Center for Political and Economic Studies. http://jointcenter.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/Race-and-Jobs-at-High-Risk-to-Automation-12-18-17-11_30-am.docx-2_0.pdf
Browne, I., Hewitt, C., Tigges, L., & Green, G. (2001). Why does job segregation lead to wage inequality among African Americans? Person, place, sector, or skills? Social Science Research, 30, 473–495. https://doi.org/10.1006/ssre.2001.0708
Burns, S. T., & Garcia, G. (2017). Education level, occupational classification, and perceptions of differences for Blacks in the United States. Journal of Employment Counseling, 54, 51–62. https://doi.org/10.1002/joec.12053
Chander, A. (2017). The racist algorithm? Michigan Law Review, 115(6), 1023–1045. http://repository.law.umich.edu/mlr/vol115/iss6/13
Charleston, L. J. (2012). A qualitative investigation of African Americans’ decision to pursue computing science degrees: Implications for cultivating career choice and aspiration. Journal of Diversity in Higher Education, 5(4), 222–243. https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1037/a0028918
Chen, C., & Ningyu, T. (2018). Does perceived inclusion matter in the workplace? Journal of Managerial Psychology, 33(1), 43–57. https://doi.org/10.1108/JMP-02-2017-0078
Coleman, M. G. (2003). Job skill and Black male wage discrimination. Social Science Quarterly, 84(4), 893–905. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.0038-4941.2003.08404007.x
Cook, K., Pinder, D., Stewart, S., Uchegbu, A., & Wright, J. (2019). The future of work in Black America. McKinsey & Company. https://www.mckinsey.com/featured-insights/future-of-work/the-future-of-work-in-Black-america
Crawford, K. (2010). Schooling, citizenship and the myth of the meritocracy. Citizen, Social, and Economics Education, 9(1), 3–13. https://doi.org/10.2304/csee.2010.9.1.3
Crummell, A. (1861). The relations and duties of free colored men in America to Africa. A letter to Charles B. Dunbar, M.D., ESQ., of New York City. Lockwood and Company. https://www.loc.gov/item/17001524
Crummell, A. (1856). The duty of a rising Christian state to contribute to the world’s well-being and civilization, and the means by which it may perform the same. Wertheim & Macintosh. https://www.loc.gov/item/15009591
Dobbin, F., Kalev, A., & Kelly, E. (2007). Diversity management in corporate America. The American Sociological Association, 6(4), 21–27. https://doi.org/10.1525/ctx.2007.6.4.21
Du Bois, W. E. B. (1905). The Niagara movement’s “declaration of principles,” 1905. Black History Bulletin, 68(1), 21–23. https://www.jstor.org/stable/i24759614
Du Bois, W. E. B. (1903). The souls of Black folk. Dover Publications.
Ellison, N., Powell, M., & Bauld, L. (2008). Analysis and debate in social policy. Social Policy Review, 16, 121–143. Policy Press.
Escobari, M., Seyal, I., Morales-Arilla, J., & Shearer, C. (2019). Growing cities that work for all. The Brookings Institute. https://www.brookings.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/GrowingCitiesthatWorkforAll-FINALforWeb.pdf
Fiske, S. T., & Russell, A. M. (2010). Cognitive process. In J. F. Dovidio, M. Hewstone, P. Glick, & V. M. Es (Eds.), The SAGE handbook of prejudice, stereotyping and discrimination (2nd ed., pp. 115–130). Sage. https://doi.org/10.4135/9781446200919.n15
Funk, C., & Parker, K. (2018). Women and men in STEM often at odds over workplace equity. Pew Research Center. https://www.pewsocialtrends.org/2018/01/09/women-and-men-in-stem-often-at-odds-over-workplace-equity/
Gaddis, S. M. (2015). Discrimination in the credential society: An audit study of race and college selectivity in the labor market. Discrimination in the Credential Society, 93(4), 1451–1479. https://doi.org/10.1093/sf/sou111
Galiakberova, A. A. (2019). Conceptual analysis of education’s role in economics: The human capital theory. Journal of History Culture, and Art Research, 8(3), 410–421. https://doi.org/10.7596/taksad.v8i3.2256
Giddens, A. (1998). The third way: The renewal of social democracy. Polity Press.
Gilmore, G. (1996). Gender and Jim Crow: Women and the politics of White supremacy in North Carolina, 1896–1920 (1st ed.). The University of North Carolina Press.
Goldberg, S. R., Kessler, L., & Govern, M. (2019). Fostering diversity and inclusion in the accounting workplace. CPA Journal, 89(12), 50–57. https://www.cpajournal.com/2019/12/25/fostering-diversity-and-inclusion-in-the-accounting-workplace/
Gould, E. (2019). State of working America, wages 2018: Wage inequality marches on-and is even threatening data reliability. Economic Policy Institute. https://www.epi.org/publication/state-of-american-wages-2018/
Gross, V. (2019, February 1). Top 10 STEM Historically Black Colleges and Universities. Office of Equity, Diversity, and Inclusion. National Institutes of Health. https://www.edi.nih.gov/blog/communities/top-10-stem-historically-Black-colleges-and-universities
Harden, A., & Thomas, J. (2008). Thematic synthesis of qualitative research methods for the thematic synthesis of qualitative research in systematic reviews. BMC Medical Research Methodology, 8(45), 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2288-8-45
Hellerstein, J. K., & Neumark, D. (2008). Workplace segregation in the United States: Race, ethnicity, and skill. The Review of Economics and Statistics, 90(3), 459–477. https://doi.org/10.1162/rest.90.3.459
Hinks, T., & Watson, D. (2001). A multinomial logit nondiscriminatory approach to estimating racial wage and occupational discrimination. Applied Economics, 33, 605–612. https://doi.org/10.1080/00036840122869
Holtz-Eakin, D., & Lee, T. (2019). Projecting future skill shortages through 2029. American Action Forum. https://www.americanactionforum.org/research/projecting-future-skill-shortages-through-2029/
Huffman, M. L. (2003). More pay, more inequality? The influence of average wage levels and the racial composition of jobs on the Black-White wage gap. Social Science Research, 33, 498–520. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssresearch.2003.06.004
Hurn, C. (1993). The limits and possibilities of schooling: An introduction to the sociology of education. Allyn & Bacon.
Jacob, C. E. (1985). Reaganomics: The revolution in American political economy. Law and Contemporary Problems, 48(4), 7–30. https://scholarship.law.duke.edu/lcp/vol48/iss4/2
Johnson, H. B. (2006). The American dream and the power of wealth: Choosing schools and inheriting inequality in the land of opportunity. Routledge.
Johnson, H. J., Burthey, G. C., & Ghorm, K. (2008). Economic globalization and the future of Black America. Journal of Black Studies, 38(6), pp. 883–899. http://www.jstor.org/stable/40035029?origin=JSTOR-pdf
Jones, J. M. (2010). I’m White and you’re not: The value of unraveling ethnocentric science. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 5(6), 700–707. https://doi.org/10.1177/1745691610388771
Kanazawa, S. (2005). The myth of racial discrimination in pay in the United States. Managerial and Decision Economics, 26, 285–294. https://doi.org/10.1002/mde.1229
Kang, J. (2005). Trojan horses of race. Harvard Law Review, 118(5), 1489–1593. http://www.jstor.org/stable/4093447
Kluegel, J. R. (1990). Trends in White’s explanations of the Black-White gap in socioeconomic status, 1977–1989. American Sociological Review, 55(4), 512–525. https://doi.org/10.2307/2095804
Kohon, J. (2018). Social inclusion in the sustainable neighborhood? Idealism of urban social sustainability theory complicated by realities of community planning practice. City, Culture and Society, 15, 14–22. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ccs.2018.08.005
Landivar, L. C. & U.S. Census Bureau. (2013). Disparities in STEM employment by sex, race, and Hispanic origin. American Community Survey Reports, U.S. Census Bureau. https://www.census.gov/library/publications/2013/acs/acs-24.html
Lawton, A. (2000). The meritocracy myth and the illusion of equal employment opportunity. Minnesota Law Review, 85, 587–664. https://digitalcommons.law.msu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1537&context=facpubs
LeRoy, M.H. (2018). Targeting White supremacy in the workplace. Stanford Law & Policy Review, 29(107), 108–158. https://law.stanford.edu/publications/targeting-White-supremacy-workplace/
Levy, J. (2016). Forging African American minds: Black pragmatism, “intelligent labor”, and a new look at industrial education, 1879–1900. American Nineteenth Century History, 17(1), 43–73. https://doi.org/10.1080/14664658.2016.1172425
Mark, S. L. (2018). A bit of both science and economics: A non-traditional STEM identity narrative. Cultural Studies of Science and Education, 13, 983–1003. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11422-017-9832-2
Massey, D. (2009). Globalization and inequality: Explaining American exceptionalism. European Sociological Review, 25(1), 9–23. https://doi.org/10.1093/esr/jcn036
Maurer, C. C., Bansal, P., & Crossan, M. M. (2011). Creating economic value through social values: Introducing a culturally informed resource-based view. Organization Science, 22(2), 432–448. https://doi.org/10.1287/orsc.1100.0546
Merton, R. K. (1957). Manifest and latent functions. In Social theory and social structure (p. 60–69). The Free Press.
Mooney, C., Knox, D., & Schact, C. (2007). Understanding social problems (5th ed). Thomson/Wadsworth.
Muro, M., Maxim, R., & Whiton, J. (2019a). Automation and artificial intelligence: How machines are affecting people and places. The Brookings Institute. https://www.brookings.edu/research/automation-and-artificial-intelligence-how-machines-affect-people-and-places/
Muro, M., Maxim, R., & Whiton, J. (2019b). What jobs are affected by AI? Better-paid, better-educated workers face the most exposure. The Brookings Institute. https://www.brookings.edu/research/what-jobs-are-affected-by-ai-better-paid-better-educated-workers-face-the-most-exposure/
National Institutes of Health. (2019). Rigor and reproducibility. National Institutes of Health. https://www.nih.gov/research-training/rigor-reproducibility
National Science Board. (2018). Science & engineering indicators 2018: Higher education in science and engineering. National Science Board, National Science Foundation. https://www.nsf.gov/statistics/2018/nsb20181/
New York Board of Commissions. (1895). Report of the Board of Commissioners representing the state of New York at the Cotton States and International Exposition held at Atlanta, Georgia. Wynkoop Hallenbeck Crawford Co.
Neumark, D., & Stock, W. A. (2006). The labor market effects of sex and race discrimination laws. Economic Inquiry, 44(3), 385–419. https://doi.org/10.1093/ei/cbj034
Noel, N., Pinder, D., Stewart, S., & Wright, J. (2019). The economic impact of closing the racial wealth gap. McKinsey & Company. https://www.mckinsey.com/industries/public-and-social-sector/our-insights/the-economicimpact-of-closing-the-racial-wealth-gap
Nwafor, F., & Ho-Hing, D. (2019). Economic inequality and African Americans: A comparative analysis. Journal of Applied Economics and Business Research, 9(3), 166–176. http://www.aebrjournal.org/uploads/6/6/2/2/6622240/joaebrseptember2019_166_176.pdf
Okoye, C. U. (1997). The Reagan administration’s fiscal policy and its impact on the level of unemployment among African Americans [Unpublished doctoral dissertation]. Howard University.
Ong, A. D., & Fuller-Rowell, T. (2009). Racial discrimination and the stress process. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 96(6), 1259–1271. https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1037/a0015335
Oppenheimer, D. B. (2016). The disappearance of voluntary affirmative action from the U.S. workplace. Journal of Poverty and Social Justice, 24(1), 37–50. https://doi.org/10.1332/175982716X14538098991133
Pager, D., Bonikowski, B., & Western, B. (2009). Discrimination in a low-wage labor market: A field experiment. American Sociological Review, 74, 777–799. https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1177/000312240907400505
Palmer, R. T., Maramba, D. C., & Dancy, T. E. (2011). A qualitative investigation of factors promoting the retention and persistence of students of color in STEM. The Journal of Negro Education, 80(4), 491–504. https://www.jstor.org/stable/41341155?seq=1
Patton, S. (2013). Black and Hispanic science Ph.D.’s graduate with more debt. The Chronicle of Higher Education, 59(36). https://www.chronicle.com/article/Black-and-hispanic-science-ph-d-s-graduate-with-more-debt-study-finds/
Pawson, R., Boaz, A., Grayson, L., Long, A., & Barnes, C. (2003). Types and quality of social care knowledge. Stage two: towards the quality assessment of social care knowledge (Working Paper 18). ESRC UK Centre for Evidence Based Policy and Practice. https://www.kcl.ac.uk/sspp/departments/politicaleconomy/research/cep/pubs/papers/assets/wp18.pdf
Payton, F. C., Yarger, L. K., & Pinter, A. T. (2018). Mining microaggressions literature: Implications impacting Black computing faculty. The Journal of Negro Education, 87(3), 217–229. https://doi.org/10.7709/jnegroeducation.87.3.0217
Perna, L. W., Gasman, M., Gary, S., Lundy-Wagner, V., & Drezner, N. D. (2010). Identifying strategies for increasing degree attainment in STEM: Lessons from minority-serving institutions. New Directions for Institutional Research, 148, 41–51. https://doi.org/10.1002/ir.360
Pope, W. (1975). Durkheim as a functionalist. The Sociological Quarterly, 16(3), 361–739. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1533-8525.1975.tb00954.x
Reeves, R., & Rodrigue, E. (2015). Five bleak facts on Black opportunity: Social mobility in America. The Brookings Institution. https://www.brookings.edu/blog/social-mobility-memos/2015/01/15/five-bleak-facts-on-Black-opportunity/
Reeves, R., Rodrigue, E., & Kneebone, E. (2016). Five evils: Multidimensional poverty and race in America. The Brookings Institution. https://www.brookings.edu/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/reeveskneebonerodrigue_multidimensionalpoverty_fullpaper
Reid, L., & Padavic, I. (2005). Employment exits and the race gap in young women’s employment. Social Science Quarterly, 86, 1242–1260. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0038-4941.2005.00344.x
Rosenfeld, J., & Kleykamp, M. (2012). Organized labor and racial wage inequality in the United States. American Journal of Sociology, 117(5), 1460–1502. https://doi.org/10.1086/663673
Saeki, M. (2005). Systematic, political, and socioeconomic influences on educational spending in the American states. Review of Policy Research, 22(2), 245–256. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1541-1338.2005.00132.x
Sandmo, A. (1993). Gary Becker’s contributions to economics. Scandinavian Journal of Economics, 95(1), 7–23. https://doi.org/10.2307/3440130
Schultz, T. (1972). Human capital: Policy issues and research opportunities: Vol. 6. Economic research: Retrospect and prospect. National Bureau of Economic Research. https://econpapers.repec.org/RePEc:nbr:nberch:4126
Shore, L. M., Cleveland, J. N., & Sanchez, D. (2018). Inclusive workplaces: A review and model. Human Resource Management Review, 28(2), 176–189. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hrmr.2017.07.003
Solomon, D., Maxwell, C., & Castro, A. (2019). Systematic inequality and economic opportunity. Center for American Progress. https://www.americanprogress.org/issues/race/reports/2019/08/07/472910/systematic-inequality-economic-opportunity/
Strayhorn, T. L. (2015). Factors influencing Black males’ preparation for college and success in STEM majors: A mixed methods study. The Western Journal of Black Studies, 39(1), 45–63. https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Factors-Influencing-Black-Males%27-Preparation-for-in-Strayhorn/d07f9b0e627e573516562f8b59dbb744c346b8b8
Sweetland, S. R. (1996). Human capital theory: Foundations of a field of inquiry. Review of Educational Research, 66(3), 341–359. https://doi.org/10.3102/00346543066003341
Themelis, S. (2008). Meritocracy through education and social mobility in post-ware Britain: A critical examination. British Journal of Sociology of Education, 29(5), 427–438. https://doi.org/10.1080/01425690802263601
Thigpen, D. E., Iheukumere, K., Taylor, T. S, Derosby, D., & Harris, G. (2008). The future of economic development for African Americans in the Chicago metropolitan area: The next ten years. Chicago Urban League. https://www.csu.edu/cerc/researchreports/documents/FutureOfEconomicDevelopmentAfricanAmericansChicagoMetroArea2008.pdf
Thomas, W. F. (2003). The meaning of race to employers: A dynamic qualitative perspective. The Sociological Quarterly, 44(2), 227–242. https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1111/j.1533-8525.2003.tb00556.x
U.S. Department of Education. (2016). Fact sheet: Spurring African American STEM degree completion. White House Initiative on Educational Excellence for African Americans, U.S. Department of Education. https://www.ed.gov/news/press-relea/fact-sheet-spurring-african-american-stem-degree-completion
Washington, B. T. (1895). Atlanta Exposition Address “Atlanta compromise address,” 1895. Cotton States and International Exposition, 1–9. https://iowaculture.gov/history/education/educator-resources/primary-source-sets/reconstruction-and-its-impact/booker-t
Wilson, G. (2011). Women’s mobility into upper-tier occupations: Do determinants and timing differ by race? American Academy of Political and Social Science, 639, 131–148. https://doi.org/10.1177/0002716211422339
Wilson, G., & Roscigno, V. J. (2010). Race and downward mobility from privileged occupations: African American/White dynamics across the early work-career. Social Science Research, 39, 67–77. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssresearch.2009.03.008
Wright, R., Ellis, M., & Townley, M. (2016). The matching of STEM degree holders with STEM occupations in large metropolitan labor markets in the United States. Economic Geography, 93(2), 185–201. https://doi.org/10.1080/00130095.2016.1220803
Young, M. (1968). The rise of the meritocracy: 1870–2023. Penguin.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2023 The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Adams, B. (2023). Social Exclusion and Socioeconomic Inequalities of Black STEM Workers: A Systematic Literature Review. In: Poonamallee, L., Howard, A.D., Joy, S. (eds) Managing for Social Justice. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-19971-4_9
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-19971-4_9
Published:
Publisher Name: Palgrave Macmillan, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-031-19970-7
Online ISBN: 978-3-031-19971-4
eBook Packages: Business and ManagementBusiness and Management (R0)