Skip to main content

Abstract

Algorithms for reconstruction of three-dimensional semantic maps are an important element of on-board vehicle computer vision systems. Such maps can be used in simulation environments and to generate the so-called HD maps needed for path planning and vehicle navigation. The paper presents an analysis of modern methods for semantic map reconstruction based on sequences of 3D point clouds, including noisy ones. The Kimera Semantics method, modified approaches VDB Fusion, Puma and ALeGO-LOAM with Interactive SLAM are compared. We have developed a novel approach for quantitatively estimation the quality of 3D maps and successfully applied it using the open dataset SemanticKITTI. It allows us to take into account the features of generated 3D map mesh and semantic labels in order to obtain a more informative metric.

This work was supported by the Russian Science Foundation, project no. 21-71-00131 https://rscf.ru/project/21-71-00131/.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 229.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 299.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Notes

  1. 1.

    https://github.com/cds-mipt/SAMM.git.

  2. 2.

    https://numpy.org/.

  3. 3.

    http://www.open3d.org/.

  4. 4.

    https://github.com/mikedh/trimesh.

  5. 5.

    https://github.com/fwilliams/point-cloud-utils.

References

  1. Behley, J., et al.: Semantickitti: a dataset for semantic scene understanding of lidar sequences. In: Proceedings of the IEEE/CVF International Conference on Computer Vision, pp. 9297–9307 (2019)

    Google Scholar 

  2. Belkin, I., Abramenko, A., Yudin, D.: Real-time lidar-based localization of mobile ground robot. Procedia Comput. Sci. 186, 440–448 (2021)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  3. Chen, S., Chen, H., Chang, C.W., Wen, C.Y.: Multilayer mapping kit for autonomous UAV navigation. IEEE Access 9, 31493–31503 (2021)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  4. Chen, X., Milioto, A., Palazzolo, E., Giguere, P., Behley, J., Stachniss, C.: Suma++: efficient lidar-based semantic slam. In: 2019 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems (IROS), pp. 4530–4537. IEEE (2019)

    Google Scholar 

  5. Chen, Z., Tagliasacchi, A., Funkhouser, T., Zhang, H.: Neural dual contouring. arXiv preprint arXiv:2202.01999 (2022)

  6. Cortinhal, T., Tzelepis, G., Aksoy, E.E.: Salsanext: fast, uncertainty-aware semantic segmentation of lidar point clouds for autonomous driving. arXiv preprint arXiv:2003.03653 (2020)

  7. Gan, L., Zhang, R., Grizzle, J.W., Eustice, R.M., Ghaffari, M.: Bayesian spatial kernel smoothing for scalable dense semantic mapping. IEEE Rob. Autom. Lett. 5(2), 790–797 (2020)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  8. jyakaranda: A-LeGO-LOAM. https://github.com/jyakaranda/A-LeGO-LOAM

  9. Koide, K., Miura, J., Yokozuka, M., Oishi, S., Banno, A.: Interactive 3D graph SLAM for map correction. IEEE Rob. Autom. Lett. 6(1), 40–47 (2021)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  10. Li, K., Tang, Y., Prisacariu, V.A., Torr, P.H.: Bnv-fusion: dense 3D reconstruction using bi-level neural volume fusion. arXiv preprint arXiv:2204.01139 (2022)

  11. Li, L., et al.: Sa-loam: semantic-aided lidar slam with loop closure. In: 2021 IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation (ICRA), pp. 7627–7634. IEEE (2021)

    Google Scholar 

  12. Rosinol, A., Abate, M., Chang, Y., Carlone, L.: Kimera: an open-source library for real-time metric-semantic localization and mapping. In: 2020 IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation (ICRA), pp. 1689–1696. IEEE (2020)

    Google Scholar 

  13. Baumann, R., Tann, E.: Mesh processing utilities based on the point cloud library. https://github.com/ryanfb/pcl-tools

  14. Schmid, L., et al.: Panoptic multi-tsdfs: a flexible representation for online multi-resolution volumetric mapping and long-term dynamic scene consistency. In: 2022 International Conference on Robotics and Automation (ICRA), pp. 8018–8024. IEEE (2022)

    Google Scholar 

  15. Shan, T., Englot, B., Meyers, D., Wang, W., Ratti, C., Rus, D.: Lio-sam: tightly-coupled lidar inertial odometry via smoothing and mapping. In: 2020 IEEE/RSJ international conference on intelligent robots and systems (IROS), pp. 5135–5142. IEEE (2020)

    Google Scholar 

  16. Stokolesov, M., Yudin, D.: Improvement of projection-based lidar data segmentation algorithms using object-contextual representations. In: Journal of Physics: Conference Series, vol. 1925, p. 012035. IOP Publishing (2021)

    Google Scholar 

  17. Tang, H., Liu, Z., Zhao, S., Lin, Y., Lin, J., Wang, H., Han, S.: Searching efficient 3D architectures with sparse point-voxel convolution. In: Vedaldi, A., Bischof, H., Brox, T., Frahm, J.-M. (eds.) ECCV 2020. LNCS, vol. 12373, pp. 685–702. Springer, Cham (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-58604-1_41

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  18. Ummenhofer, B., Koltun, V.: Adaptive surface reconstruction with multiscale convolutional kernels. In: Proceedings of the IEEE/CVF International Conference on Computer Vision, pp. 5651–5660 (2021)

    Google Scholar 

  19. Vespa, E., Nikolov, N., Grimm, M., Nardi, L., Kelly, P.H., Leutenegger, S.: Efficient octree-based volumetric slam supporting signed-distance and occupancy mapping. IEEE Rob. Autom. Lett. 3(2), 1144–1151 (2018)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  20. Vizzo, I.: Poisson surface reconstruction for LiDAR odometry and mapping. In: IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation (ICRA), pp. 5624–5630. IEEE (2021)

    Google Scholar 

  21. Vizzo, I., Guadagnino, T., Behley, J., Stachniss, C.: Vdbfusion: flexible and efficient TSDF integration of range sensor data. Sensors 22(3), 1296 (2022)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  22. Yang, S., Huang, Y., Scherer, S.: Semantic 3D occupancy mapping through efficient high order CRFs. In: 2017 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems (IROS), pp. 590–597. IEEE (2017)

    Google Scholar 

  23. Zhou, H., et al.: Cylinder3D: an effective 3D framework for driving-scene lidar semantic segmentation. arXiv preprint arXiv:2008.01550 (2020)

  24. Zobeidi, E., Koppel, A., Atanasov, N.: Dense incremental metric-semantic mapping for multiagent systems via sparse gaussian process regression. IEEE Trans. Rob. (2022)

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Vitaly Bezuglyj .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2023 The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG

About this paper

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this paper

Bezuglyj, V., Yudin, D. (2023). Reconstruction of 3D Semantic Map and Its Quality Estimation. In: Kovalev, S., Sukhanov, A., Akperov, I., Ozdemir, S. (eds) Proceedings of the Sixth International Scientific Conference “Intelligent Information Technologies for Industry” (IITI’22). IITI 2022. Lecture Notes in Networks and Systems, vol 566. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-19620-1_31

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics