Skip to main content

Neurodiversity in the Anglophone Caribbean

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Disability in the Workplace

Part of the book series: Palgrave Explorations in Workplace Stigma ((PAEWS))

  • 246 Accesses

Abstract

The term neurodiversity is not one which is used in popular discourse in the Caribbean, though the conditions which are classified as such are widely recognised. Persons who are neurodivergent face challenges with social acceptance and equal access to employment, education and access to necessary goods and services (Graby, 2015; Jaarsma & Welin, 2012). Prejudicial attitudes associated with persons with atypical cognitive processes could result in the perception that the employment and retention of neurodivergent individuals will not add value to the workplace, and as such, the benefits associated with any accommodations which they may require, may not be regarded as justified by their costs (Krzeminska et al., 2019). Notwithstanding this, there are several modifications to human resource practices, (which are not cost prohibitive), which workplaces may adopt, with a view of ameliorating the deleterious effect of the typical workplace, on neurodivergent employees and organisational stakeholders. There is a paucity of literature on neurodiversity in the Caribbean and consequently, this chapter critically analyses whether and the extent to which neurodiversity is understood and accommodated by contemporary Caribbean workplaces, with a view of facilitating the optimal contribution of this marginalised group.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 129.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Notes

  1. 1.

    Underemployment refers to incidents where individuals are employed but they are underutilised, underpaid, overeducated, over skilled and overqualified for the posts they occupy (Mc-Kee-Ryan & Harvey, 2011).

  2. 2.

    Caribbean islands which are signatories to the United Nations Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities are Antigua & Barbuda, Barbados, Bahamas, Dominica, Grenada, Guyana, Jamaica, St. Kitts and Nevis; St. Lucia; St. Vincent and the Grenadines; and Trinidad and Tobago.

References

  • Allen, S., & Carlson, G. (2003). To conceal or disclose a disabling condition? A dilemma of employment transition. Journal of Vocational Rehabilitation, 19(1), 19–30.

    Google Scholar 

  • Alvarez-Galvez, J., & Rojas-Garcia, A. (2019). Measuring the impact of multiple discrimination on depression in Europe. BMC Public Health, 19(1), 1–11.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Austin, R. D., & Pisano, G. P. (2017). Neurodiversity as a competitive advantage. Harvard Business Review, 95(3), 96–103.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bennett, D., & Gibb, Y. K. (2022). Working for Others. In Entrepreneurship, neurodiversity and gender (pp. 35–52). Emerald Publishing Limited.

    Google Scholar 

  • Berrigan, P., Scott, C. W., & Zwicker, J. D. (2020). Employment, education, and income for Canadians with developmental disability: Analysis from the 2017 Canadian survey on disability. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-020-04603-3

  • Bewley, H., & George, A. (2016). Neurodiversity at work. National Institute of Social and Economic Research.

    Google Scholar 

  • Beyer, S., Brown, T., Akandi, R., & Rapley, M. (2010). A comparison of quality of life outcomes for people with intellectual disabilities in supported employment, day services and employment enterprises. Journal of Applied Research in Intellectual Disabilities, 23(3), 290–295.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bishop, D. (2010). Which neurodevelopmental disorders get researched and why? PLoS ONE, 11, e15112.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Blank, S. (2013). An historical and contemporary overview of gendered Caribbean relations. Journal of Arts and Humanities, 2(4), 1–10.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brouwers, E. P. (2020). Social stigma is an underestimated contributing factor to unemployment in people with mental illness or mental health issues: Position paper and future directions. BMC Psychology, 8(1), 1–7.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Burt, D. B., Fuller, S. P., & Lewis, K. R. (1991). Brief report: Competitive employment of adults with autism. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 21(2), 237–242.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bury, S. M., Spoor, J. R., Hayward, S. M., & Hedley, D. (2022). Supporting the mental health and well-being of autistic and other neurodivergent employees in the work environment. In Neurodiversity in the workplace (pp. 241–266). Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Carlson, D., & Ehrlich, N. (2006). Sources of payment for assistive technology: Findings from a national survey of persons with disabilities. Asst Technol., 18, 77–86.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chappel, S. L., & Somers, B. C. (2010). Employing persons with autism spectrum disorders: A collaborative effort. Journal of Vocational Rehabilitation, 32(2), 117–124.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • CIPD (Chartered Institute of Personnel and Development). (2018). Neurodiversity at Work, CIPD (Chartered Institute of Personnel and Development). London: United Kingdom.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dalton, N. S. (2013). Neurodiversity & HCI. In CHI'13 Extended abstracts on human factors in computing systems (pp. 2295–2304). https://doi.org/10.1145/2468356.2468752

  • Djela, M. (2021). Change of autism narrative is required to improve employment of autistic people. Advances in Autism, 7(1), 86–100.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Doyle, N. (2020). Neurodiversity at work: A biopsychosocial model and the impact on working adults. British Medical Bulletin, 135(1), 108.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dreaver, J., Thompson, C., Girdler, S., Adolfsson, M., Black, M. H., & Falkmer, M. (2020). Success factors enabling employment for adults on the autism spectrum from employers’ perspective. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 50(5), 1657–1667.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dyck, E., & Russell, G. (2020). Challenging psychiatric classification: Healthy autistic diversity the neurodiversity movement. In Healthy minds in the twentieth century (pp. 167–187). Palgrave Macmillan.

    Google Scholar 

  • Earnshaw, V. A., Quinn, D. M., Kalichman, S. C., & Park, C. L. (2013). Development and psychometric evaluation of the chronic illness anticipated stigma scale. Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 36(3), 270–282.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ekblad, L. (2013). Autism, personality, and human diversity: Defining neurodiversity in an iterative process using Aspie Quiz. SAGE Open, 3(3), 2158244013497722.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Graby, S. (2015). Neurodiversity: Bridging the gap between the disabled people’s movement and the mental health system survivors’ movement. In Madness, distress and the politics of disablement (pp. 231–244). Policy Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Grougiou, V., Dedoulis, E., & Leventis, S. (2016). Corporate social responsibility reporting and organizational stigma: The case of “sin” industries. Journal of Business Research, 69(2), 905–914.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hampson, M. E., Watt, B. D., & Hicks, R. E. (2020). Impacts of stigma and discrimination in the workplace on people living with psychosis. BMC Psychiatry, 20, 1–11.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Harris, C., van der Vloodt, R. & Maddocks, J. (2020). Championing neurodiversity and emotional intelligence in the workplace (Executive Resilience Coaching, white paper). ERC.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hendricks, D. (2010). Employment and adults with autism spectrum disorders: Challenges and strategies for success. Journal of Vocational Rehabilitation, 32(2), 125–134.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Houdek, P. (2022). Neurodiversity in (not only) public organizations: An untapped opportunity? Administration & Society, 1, 24.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hume, K., Loftin, R., & Lantz, J. (2009). Increasing independence in autism spectrum disorders: A review of three focused interventions. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 39(9), 1329–1338.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jaarsma, P., & Welin, S. (2012). Autism as a natural human variation: Reflections on the claims of the neurodiversity movement. Health Care Analysis, 20(1), 20–30.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jenkins, K. S. (2014). Assembling autism. Doctoral Dissertation, City University of New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kapp, S. K., Gillespie-Lynch, K., Sherman, L. E., & Hutman, T. (2013). Deficit, difference, or Both? Autism and Neurodiversity. Developmental Psychology, 49(1), 59.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kirsh, B., Slack, T., & King, C. A. (2012). The nature and impact of stigma towards injured workers. Journal of Occupational Rehabilitation, 22(2), 143–154.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Krzeminska, A., Austin, R. D., Bruyère, S. M., & Hedley, D. (2019). The advantages and challenges of neurodiversity employment in organizations. Journal of Management & Organization, 25(4), 453–463.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kwon, C. K. (2021). Resisting ableism in deliberately developmental organizations: A discursive analysis of the identity work of employees with disabilities. Human Resource Development Quarterly, 32(2), 179–196.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • LaRue, R. H., Manente, C. J., Maraventano, J. C., Budge, J., Butler, C., Hoffmann, M. R., & Kahng, S. (2022). Employment and vocational skills for individuals with autism. In Handbook of quality of life for individuals with autism spectrum disorder (pp. 377–395). Springer.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lattimore, L. P., Parsons, M. B., & Reid, D. H. (2006). Enhancing job-site training of supported workers with autism: A reemphasis on simulation. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 39(1), 91–102.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • List, T. P. (n.d.) Neurodiversity, ADHD and work: Obstacles and opportunities.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lorenz, T., Frischling, C., Cuadros, R., & Heinitz, K. (2016). Autism and overcoming job barriers: Comparing job-related barriers and possible solutions in and outside of autism-specific employment. PLoS ONE, 11(1), e0147040.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • MacLeod, A., Lewis, A., & Robertson, C. (2013). ‘Why should I be like bloody R ain M an?!’Navigating the autistic identity. British Journal of Special Education, 40(1), 41–49.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Maria Szulc, J., Davies, J., Tomczak, M. T., & McGregor, F. L. (2021). AMO perspectives on the well-being of neurodivergent human capital. Employee Relations, 43(4), 858–872.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mavranezouli, I., Megnin-Viggars, O., Cheema, N., Howlin, P., Baron-Cohen, S., & Pilling, S. (2014). The cost-effectiveness of supported employment for adults with autism in the United Kingdom. Autism, 18(8), 975–984.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mawhood, L., & Howlin, P. (1999). The outcome of a supported employment scheme for high-functioning adults with autism or Asperger syndrome. Autism, 3(3), 229–254.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • McKee-Ryan, F., & Harvey, J. (2011). “I have a job but…” A review of underemployment. Journal of Management, 37(4), 962–996.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mellifont, D. (2022). COVID-19 related factors affecting the experiences of neurodivergent persons in the workplace: A rapid review. Work, 71, 1–10.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Moore, C. B., McIntyre, N. H., & Lanivich, S. E. (2021). ADHD-related neurodiversity and the entrepreneurial mindset. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 45(1), 64–91.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ne’eman, A., & Pellicano, E. (2022). Neurodiversity as politics. Human Development, 66(2), 149–157.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ohl, A., Grice Sheff, M., Small, S., Nguyen, J., Paskor, K., & Zanjirian, A. (2017). Predictors of employment status among adults with autism spectrum disorder. Work, 56(2), 345–355.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pan American Health Organization (PAHO). (2021). The burden of mental disorders in the Region of the Americas, 2000–2019.

    Google Scholar 

  • Patton, E. (2019). Autism, attributions and accommodations: Overcoming barriers and integrating a neurodiverse workforce. Personnel Review, 48(4), 915–934.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Radulski, E. M. (2022). Conceptualising autistic masking, camouflaging, and neurotypical privilege: Towards a minority group model of neurodiversity. Human Development, 66(2), 113–127.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Riach, K., & Loretto, W. (2009). Identity work and theunemployed’worker: Age, disability and the lived experience of the older unemployed. Work, Employment and Society, 23(1), 102–119.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Roopnarine, J. L. (2012). Father involvement in English-speaking Caribbean families. In Handbook of father involvement (pp. 291–314). Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sahu, K. K. (2015). Intervening negative impact of stigma on employability of a person with schizophrenia through social case work. Journal of Psychosocial Rehabilitation and Mental Health, 2(1), 87–95.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Santuzzi, A. M., & Keating, R. T. (2022). Neurodiversity and the disclosure dilemma. In Neurodiversity in the workplace (pp. 124–148). Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schall, C. M. (2010). Positive behavior support: Supporting adults with autism spectrum disorders in the workplace. Journal of Vocational Rehabilitation, 32(2), 109.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Schur, L., Han, K., Kim, A., Ameri, M., Blanck, P., & Kruse, D. (2017). Disability at work: A look back and forward. Journal of Occupational Rehabilitation, 27(4), 482–497.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Scott, M., Jacob, A., Hendrie, D., Parsons, R., Girdler, S., Falkmer, T., & Falkmer, M. (2017). Employers’ perception of the costs and the benefits of hiring individuals with autism spectrum disorder in open employment in Australia. PLoS ONE, 12(5), e0177607.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Scott, M., Milbourn, B., Falkmer, M., Black, M., Bölte, S., Halladay, A., Lerner, M., Taylor, J. L., & Girdler, S. (2019). Factors impacting employment for people with autism spectrum disorder: A scoping review. Autism, 23(4), 869–901.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Smith, M. J., Fleming, M. F., Wright, M. A., Losh, M., Humm, L. B., Olsen, D., & Bell, M. D. (2015). Brief report: Vocational outcomes for young adults with autism spectrum disorders at six months after virtual reality job interview training. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 45(10), 3364–3369.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Solomon, C. (2020). Autism and Employment: Implications for Employers and Adults with ASD. Journal of Autism & Developmental Disorders, 50(11), 4209–4217.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Stephenson, J. H. (2022). Efficacy of Anti-Discrimination Legislation – The Case of Autism Spectrum Disorder. In A. E. Hurley-Hanson & C. M. Giannantonio (Eds.), Generation A (Emerald Studies in Workplace Neurodiversity) (pp. 141–177). Bingley: Emerald Publishing Limited. https://doi.org/10.1108/978-1-80262-263-820220010

  • Szulc, J. M., McGregor, F. L., & Cakir, E. (2021). Neurodiversity and remote work in times of crisis: Lessons for HR. Personnel Review, 2021, 16–16.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tomczak, M. T. (2022). How can the work environment be redesigned to enhance the well-being of individuals with autism?. Employee Relations, 1–18.

    Google Scholar 

  • Udayasankar, K. (2008). Corporate social responsibility and firm size. Journal of Business Ethics, 83(2), 167–175.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Van Wieren, T. A., Armstrong, A. J., & McMahon, B. T. (2012). Autism spectrum disorders and intellectual disabilities: A comparison of ADA Title I workplace discrimination allegations. Journal of Vocational Rehabilitation, 36(3), 159–169.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wehman, P., Brooke, V., Brooke, A. M., Ham, W., Schall, C., McDonough, J., & Avellone, L. (2016). Employment for adults with autism spectrum disorders: A retrospective review of a customized employment approach. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 53, 61–72.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wehmeyer, M. L., Davies, D. K., Stock, S. E., & Tanis, S. (2020). Applied cognitive technologies to support the autonomy of people with intellectual and developmental disabilities. Advances in Neurodevelopmental Disorders, 4(4), 389–399.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Yoshimura, Y., Bakolis, I., & Henderson, C. (2018). Psychiatric diagnosis and other predictors of experienced and anticipated workplace discrimination and concealment of mental illness among mental health service users in England. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 53(10), 1099–1109.

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Jacqueline H. Stephenson .

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2023 The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Stephenson, J.H., Persadie, N. (2023). Neurodiversity in the Anglophone Caribbean. In: Disability in the Workplace. Palgrave Explorations in Workplace Stigma. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-19340-8_6

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics