Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

The Nature of Disabilities in the Caribbean

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Disability in the Workplace

Part of the book series: Palgrave Explorations in Workplace Stigma ((PAEWS))

  • 215 Accesses

Abstract

This chapter will examine the causes of disabilities in the English-speaking Caribbean region and the extent of their impact on the life of the affected person(s), specifically as it relates to employment. In the Caribbean region, the frequently reported causes of disabilities include accidents (work related and vehicular), chronic illnesses (e.g. diabetes) and other health conditions, gun violence and gender-based violence (ECLAC, 2019; Gayle, 2005; World Bank, 2019). Within the context of employment, it has been argued that knowledge of the nature and origin of an individual’s disability, may influence whether and the extent to which a person with disabilities is engaged by an organisation, and treated fairly (Stone & Colella, 1996). Thus, the value of members of this group is assessed through various characteristics including but not limited to their aesthetic qualities, the origin of their disability, the extent to which their disability can be concealed, and whether or not making accommodations for PWD is likely to be disruptive and the potential danger which persons with disabilities are either known to, or, believed to pose.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 129.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Notes

  1. 1.

    In the case of Trinidad and Tobago’s Equal Opportunity Act (2000), the protected grounds are disability, sex, race, ethnicity, origin, religion and marital status.

  2. 2.

    IBM website for diversity—https://www.ibm.com/impact/be-equal/.

  3. 3.

    Apple website for diversity—https://www.apple.com/diversity/#:~:text=We're%20continuing%20to%20build,workforce%20and%20a%20better%20world.&text=74%25Increase%20in%20the%20number,URCs)2%20in%20the%20U.S./.

  4. 4.

    DEI website: https://disabilityin.org/what-we-do/disability-equality-index/.

  5. 5.

    What is the gig economy? (Woodcock & Graham, 2019: 9–10)—The term “gig economy” refers to labour markets that are characterized by independent contracting that happens via and on digital platforms. The kind of work that is offered is contingent: casual and non-permanent work. It may have variable hours and little job security, involve payment on a piece-work basis. This relationship is sometimes termed “independent contracting”, “freelancing” or “temporary work” (‘temp’ for short). The term has also been used to refer to a broader range of activities that happen in both digitally mediated, via platforms such as Amazon Mechanical Turk (MTurk), Fiverr, Freelancer.com and Upwork, and non-mediated ways (such as bike messengers and cab drivers). Source Woodcock, J., & Graham, M. (2019). The gig economy. A Critical Introduction. Cambridge: Polity.

    What are gig workers? (Vallas & Schor, 2020: 275)—Gig workers are those whose services are engaged via platforms and generally performed offline, as in ride-hail, food delivery, home repair and care work. There is a robust market of this type for business, which includes delivery, day-labour, and odd-job tasks. This arrangement affords the provider with flexibility in terms of work schedules and autonomy; however, gig workers must not only assume responsibility for operating costs and risks and forego protections enjoyed by employees but also conform to the temporal rhythms of customer demand, which can reduce their autonomy substantially. Source Vallas, S., & Schor, J. B. (2020). What do platforms do? Understanding the gig economy. Annual Review of Sociology, 46(1), 273–294.

  6. 6.

    What is othering? (Mik-Meyer, 2016: 1343)—The othering process refers to the way in which co-workers talk about the impairments of their colleague in an implicit manner by referring to other “different” people. The othering or stereotyping of employees who “differ” from the norm may be done through co-workers’ associations with other people who are (also) constructed as “different”. Able-bodied norms, or “ableism” (Campbell, 2009), inform how co-workers think about a colleague with impairments. Therefore, when co-workers spontaneously associate with people whom they (also) construct as “different”, when answering questions about their particular colleague with impairments (most likely in attempts to avoid reinforcing their colleague’s status as ‘other’), this may be viewed as an othering process. Source Mik-Meyer, N. (2016). Othering, ableism and disability: A discursive analysis of co-workers’ construction of colleagues with visible impairments. Human Relations, 69(6), 1341–1363.

References

  • American Association of People with Disabilities (AAPD). 2021. Disability Equality Index. American Association of People with Disabilities and Disability:IN™ Initiative. https://disabilityin.org/what-we-do/disability-equality-index/

  • Autor, D. H. (2011). The unsustainable rise of the disability rolls in the United States: Causes, consequences, and policy options. NBER Working Paper Series-National Bureau of Economic Research, (17697).

    Google Scholar 

  • Barclay, L. A., & Markel, K. S. (2007). Discrimination and stigmatization in work organizations: A multiple level framework for research on genetic testing. Human Relations, 60(6), 953–980.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Barnes, E. (2014). Valuing disability, causing disability. Ethics, 125(1), 88–113.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Berghs, M., Atkin, K., Graham, H., Hatton, C., & Thomas, C. (2016). Implications for public health research of models and theories of disability: A scoping study and evidence synthesis. Public Health Research, 4(8), 1–166.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Berrigan, P., Scott, C. W., & Zwicker, J. D. (2020). Employment, education, and income for Canadians with developmental disability: Analysis from the 2017 Canadian survey on disability. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 1–13.

    Google Scholar 

  • Black, N. E. (2004). Blessing or curse? Distance delivery to students with invisible disabilities. Journal of Library Administration, 41(1–2), 47–64.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Booth, A. L. (2006). The glass ceiling in Europe: Why are women doing badly in the labour market? Centre for Economic Policy Research (CEPR), Research School of Social Sciences, The Australian National University.

    Google Scholar 

  • Booth, A. L., Francesconi, M., & Frank, J. (2003). A sticky floors model of promotion, pay, and gender. European Economic Review, 47(2), 295–322.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Brune, J. A. (2012). The multiple layers of disability passing in life, literature, and public discourse. Disability and Passing: Blurring the Lines of Identity, ed. Jeffrey A. Brune and Daniel J. Wilson (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 2013), 36, 33–57.

    Google Scholar 

  • Büttner, G., & Hasselhorn, M. (2011). Learning disabilities: Debates on definitions, causes, subtypes, and responses. International Journal of Disability, Development and Education, 58(1), 75–87.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Campbell, F. A. K. (2009). Having a career in disability studies without even becoming disabled! The strains of the disabled teaching body. International Journal of Inclusive Education, 13(7), 713–725.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Charmaz, K. (2010). Disclosing illness and disability in the workplace. Journal of International Education in Business, 3(1/2), 6.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cureton, A. (2018). Hiding a disability and passing. Disability in Practice: Attitudes, Policies, and Relationships, 15.

    Google Scholar 

  • de Lucas, J. M., & Navarro, A. C. (2020). Permanent visual work disabilities: 321 cases review. Archivos De La Sociedad Española De Oftalmología (English Edition), 95(3), 130–137.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dibben, P., James, P., Cunningham, I., & Smythe, D. (2002). Employers and employees with disabilities in the UK: An economically beneficial relationship? International Journal of Social Economics.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dokko, J., Mumford, M., & Schanzenbach, D. W. (2015). Workers and the online gig economy. The Hamilton Project, 1–8.

    Google Scholar 

  • Durlak, P. R. (2017). Disability at work: Understanding the impact of the ADA on the workplace. Sociology Compass, 11(5), e12475.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • ECLAC (Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean). (2019). Social Panorama of Latin America, 2019 (LC/PUB.2019/22-P/Rev.1), Santiago.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ekberg, K., Pransky, G. S., Besen, E., Fassier, J. B., Feuerstein, M., Munir, F., & Blanck, P. (2016). New business structures creating organizational opportunities and challenges for work disability prevention. Journal of Occupational Rehabilitation, 26(4), 480–489.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Emens, E. F. (2008). Integrating accommodation. University of Pennsylvania Law Review, 839–922.

    Google Scholar 

  • Erevelles, N. (2014). Thinking with disability studies. Disability Studies Quarterly, 34(2), 1–16.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Feingold, L. (2017). The gig economy: Making it available to everyone. Scitech Lawyer, 13(2), 8.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fichten, C. S., & Amsel, R. (1986). Trait attributions about college students with a physical disability: Circumplex analyses and methodological issues 1. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 16(5), 410–427.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fuqua, D. R., Rathbun, M., & Gade, E. M. (1984). A comparison of employer attitudes toward the worker problems of eight types of disabled workers. Journal of Applied Rehabilitation Counseling, 15(1), 40–43.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gayle, A., & Palmer, D. (2005). The activism of persons with disabilities in Jamaica: An evaluation of the impact. Social and Economic Studies, 122–142.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gjertsen, H., Hardonk, S., & Ineland, J. (2021). Work Inclusion for People with Intellectual Disabilities in Three Nordic Countries: The Current Policy and Challenges. Scandinavian Journal of Disability Research, 23(1).

    Google Scholar 

  • Goodman, J. H. (2008). Influences of maternal postpartum depression on fathers and on father–infant interaction. Infant Mental Health Journal: Official Publication of The World Association for Infant Mental Health, 29(6), 624–643.

    Google Scholar 

  • Grünke, M., & Cavendish, W. M. (2016). Learning disabilities around the globe: Making sense of the heterogeneity of the different viewpoints. Learning Disabilities: A Contemporary Journal, 14(1), 1–8.

    Google Scholar 

  • Harpur, P., & Blanck, P. (2020). Gig workers with disabilities: Opportunities, challenges, and regulatory response. Journal of Occupational Rehabilitation, 30(4), 511–520.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hartnett, H. P., Stuart, H., Thurman, H., Loy, B., & Batiste, L. C. (2011). Employers’ perceptions of the benefits of workplace accommodations: Reasons to hire, retain and promote people with disabilities. Journal of Vocational Rehabilitation, 34(1), 17–23.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hebl, M. R., & Kleck, R. E. (2002). Acknowledging one's stigma in the interview setting: Effective strategy or liability? Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 32(2), 223–249.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hebl, M. R., & Skorinko, J. L. (2005). Acknowledging one’s physical disability in the interview: Does “when” make a difference? Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 35(12), 2477–2492.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hendricks, D. (2010). Employment and adults with autism spectrum disorders: Challenges and strategies for success. Journal of Vocational Rehabilitation, 32(2), 125–134.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hennis, A., Wu, S., Nemesure, B., Li, X., & Leske, M. (2002). Diabetes in a Caribbean population: Epidemiological profile and implications. International Journal of Epidemiology, 31(1), 234–239.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hernandez, B., Keys, C., & Balcazar, F. (2000). Employer attitudes toward workers with disabilities and their ADA employment rights: A literature review. Journal of Rehabilitation, 66(4), 4–16.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jans, L. H., Kaye, H. S., & Jones, E. C. (2012). Getting hired: Successfully employed people with disabilities offer advice on disclosure, interviewing, and job search. Journal of Occupational Rehabilitation, 22(2), 155–165.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jasper, C. R., & Waldhart, P. (2013). Employer attitudes on hiring employees with disabilities in the leisure and hospitality industry: Practical and theoretical implications. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 25(4), 577–594.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Johnson, W. G., & Baldwin, M. (1993). The Americans with disabilities act: Will it make a difference? Policy Studies Journal, 21(4), 775–788.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kotter, J. P. (2012). Leading change. Boston, U.S.A: Harvard Business Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kaye, H. S., Jans, L. H., & Jones, E. C. (2011). Why don’t employers hire and retain workers with disabilities? Journal of Occupational Rehabilitation, 21(4), 526–536.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Krzeminskà, A., Austin, R. D., Bruyère, S. M., & Hedley, D. (2019). The advantages and challenges of neurodiversity employment in organizations. Journal of Management & Organization, 25(4), 453–463.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kulkarni, M. (2022). Hiding but hoping to be found: Workplace disclosure dilemmas of individuals with hidden disabilities. Equality, Diversity and Inclusion: An International Journal, 41(3), 491–507.

    Google Scholar 

  • Landau, D. A. (1993). Employment discrimination against lesbians and gays: The incomplete legal responses of the United States and the European Union. Duke J. Comp. & Int’l l., 4, 335.

    Google Scholar 

  • Laughlin, R. (1991). Enviornmental disturbances and organisational transitions and transformations – Some alternative models. Organisational Studies, 12(2), 209–232.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lewin, K. (1947). Group decision and social change. Readings in Social Psychology, 3(1), 197–211.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lingsom, S. (2008). Invisible impairments: Dilemmas of concealment and disclosure. Scandinavian Journal of Disability Research, 10(1), 2–16.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lipow, V. (2015). Don’t let disabilities get in the way of getting the job. Retrieved from http://career-advice.monster.com/job-search/Getting-Started/Job-Hunting-with-a-Disability/article.aspx

  • Lyons, B. J., Martinez, L. R., Ruggs, E. N., Hebl, M. R., Ryan, A. M., O’Brien, K. R., & Roebuck, A. (2018). To say or not to say: Different strategies of acknowledging a visible disability. Journal of Management, 44(5), 1980–2007.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • MacDonald-Wilson, K. L., Russinova, Z., Rogers, E. S., Lin, C. H., Ferguson, T., Dong, S., & MacDonald, M. K. (2011). Disclosure of mental health disabilities in the workplace: Work accommodation and retention. In Izabela Z. Schultz & E. Sally Rogers (Eds.), Work Accommodation and Retention in Mental Health (pp. 191–218). New York: Springer.

    Google Scholar 

  • Martinez-Marrero, I. (2007). Assistive technology: An instructional tool to assist college students with written language disabilities. Unpublished doctoral dissertation. University of Northern Iowa.

    Google Scholar 

  • Martz, E. (2003). Invisibility of disability and work experience as predictors of employment among community college students with disabilities. Journal of Vocational Rehabilitation, 18(3), 153–161.

    Google Scholar 

  • McDonald, K. E., Keys, C. B., & Balcazar, F. E. (2007). Disability, race/ethnicity and gender: Themes of cultural oppression, acts of individual resistance. American Journal of Community Psychology, 39(1), 145–161.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mik-Meyer, N. (2016). Othering, ableism and disability: A discursive analysis of co-workers’ construction of colleagues with visible impairments. Human Relations, 69(6), 1341–1363.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mizunoya, S., & Mitra, S. (2013). Is there a disability gap in employment rates in developing countries? World Development, 42, 28–43.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Newton, D. C., Tomyn, A., & LaMontagne, A. (2021). Exploring the challenges and opportunities for improving the health and wellbeing of international students: Perspectives of professional staff at an Australian University. JANZSSA-Journal of the Australian and New Zealand Student Services Association, 29(1), 74–92.

    Google Scholar 

  • Norstedt, M. (2019). Work and invisible disabilities: Practices experiences and understandings of nondisclosure. Scandinavian Journal of Disability Research, 21(1), 14–24.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ozturk, M. B., & Tatli, A. (2018). Sexuality, gender identity and career journeys. In Research Handbook of Diversity and Careers. Edward Elgar Publishing.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pan American Health Organization (PAHO). (2021). Leading causes of mortality and health loss at regional, subregional, and country levels in the Region of the Americas, 2000–2019. ENLACE data portal. Pan American Health Organization. https://www.paho.org/en/enlace/leading-causes-death-and-disability

  • Perry, E. L., Hendricks, W., & Broadbent, E. (2000). An exploration of access and treatment discrimination and job satisfaction among college graduates with and without physical disabilities. Human Relations, 53(7), 923–955.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pinilla-Roncancio, M., & Gallardo, M. (2022). Inequality in labour market opportunities for people with disabilities: Evidence for six Latin American countries. Global Social Policy, 14680181211070201.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pollard, N., & Block, P. (2017). Who occupies disability? Cadernos Brasileiros de Terapia Ocupacional. Brazilian Journal of Occupational Therpy, 25(2), 417–426.

    Google Scholar 

  • Prince, M. J. (2017). Persons with invisible disabilities and workplace accommodation: Findings from a scoping literature review. Journal of Vocational Rehabilitation, 46(1), 75–86.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Purc-Stephenson, R. J., Jones, S. K., & Ferguson, C. L. (2017). “Forget about the glass ceiling, I’m stuck in a glass box”: A meta-ethnography of work participation for persons with physical disabilities. Journal of Vocational Rehabilitation, 46(1), 49–65.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Roberts, S. (2005, April). The inequality of treating unequals equally: the future of direct discrimination under the Disability Discrimination Act 1992 (Cth)? [Paper presented at ANU Public Law Weekend, Canberra, 6 November (2004).]. In AIAL Forum (No. 45, pp. 20–38).

    Google Scholar 

  • Sabat, I. E., Lindsey, A. P., Membere, A., Anderson, A., Ahmad, A., King, E., & Bolunmez, B. (2014). Invisible disabilities: Unique strategies for workplace allies. Industrial and Organizational Psychology, 7(2), 259–265.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Samuels, E. (2017). Passing, coming out, and other magical acts. Negotiating Disability: Disclosure and Higher Education, 15–24.

    Google Scholar 

  • Samuels, E. J. (2003). My body, my closet: Invisible disability and the limits of coming-out discourse. GLQ: A Journal of Lesbian and Gay Studies, 9(1), 233–255.

    Google Scholar 

  • Santuzzi, A. M., Waltz, P. R., Finkelstein, L. M., & Rupp, D. E. (2014). Invisible disabilities: Unique challenges for employees and organizations. Industrial and Organizational Psychology, 7(2), 204–219.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Schartz, H. A., Hendricks, D. J., & Blanck, P. (2006). Workplace accommodations: Evidence based outcomes. Work, 27(4), 345–354.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schroeder, A. N., Bricka, T. M., & Whitaker, J. H. (2021). Work design in a digitized gig economy. Human Resource Management Review.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schur, L., Kruse, D., & Blanck, P. (2005). Corporate culture and the employment of persons with disabilities. Behavioral Sciences & the Law, 23(1), 3–20.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schur, L. A., Ameri, M., & Kruse, D. (2020). Telework after COVID: A “silver lining” for workers with disabilities? Journal of Occupational Rehabilitation, 30(4), 521–536.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Scott, M., Jacob, A., Hendrie, D., Parsons, R., Girdler, S., Falkmer, T., & Falkmer, M. (2017). Employers’ perception of the costs and the benefits of hiring individuals with autism spectrum disorder in open employment in Australia. PLoS ONE, 12(5), e0177607.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Shier, M., Graham, J. R., & Jones, M. E. (2009). Barriers to employment as experienced by disabled people: A qualitative analysis in Calgary and Regina, Canada. Disability & Society, 24(1), 63–75.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shih, M., Young, M. J., & Bucher, A. (2013). Working to reduce the effects of discrimination: Identity management strategies in organizations. The American Psychologist, 68(3), 145–157.

    Google Scholar 

  • Siebers, T. (2019). Returning the social to the social model. The Matter of Disability, 39–47.

    Google Scholar 

  • Solomon, C. (2020). Autism and employment: Implications for employers and adults with ASD. Journal of Autism & Developmental Disorders, 50(11).

    Google Scholar 

  • Solovieva, T. I., Dowler, D. L., & Walls, R. T. (2011). Employer benefits from making workplace accommodations. Disability and Health Journal, 4(1), 39–45.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Stone, D. L., & Colella, A. (1996). A model of factors affecting the treatment of disabled individuals in organizations. Academy of Management Review, 21(2), 352–401.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Stone, S. D. (2005). Reactions to invisible disability: The experiences of young women survivors of hemorrhagic stroke. Disability and Rehabilitation, 27, 293–304.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Suresh, V., & Dyaram, L. (2020). Workplace disability inclusion in India: Review and directions. Management Research Review, 43(12). https://doi.org/10.1108/MRR-11-2019-0479

  • Svinndal, E. V., Jensen, C., & Rise, M. B. (2020). Working life trajectories with hearing impairment. Disability and Rehabilitation, 42(2), 190–200.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Taub, D. E., Blinde, E. M., & Greer, K. R. (1999). Stigma management through participation in sport and physical activity: Experiences of male college students with physical disabilities. Human Relations, 52(11), 1469–1484.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Thornicroft, G., Brohan, E., Kassam, A., & Lewis-Holmes, E. (2008). Reducing stigma and discrimination: Candidate interventions. International Journal of Mental Health Systems, 2(1), 1–7.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tompa, E., Buettgen, A., Mahood, Q., Padkapayeva, K., Posen, A., & Yazdani, A. (2015). Evidence synthesis of workplace accommodation policies and practices for persons with visible disabilities: Final report. October 22, 2015.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tregaskis, C. (2000). Interviewing non-disabled people about their disability-related attitudes: Seeking methodologies. Disability & Society, 15(2), 343.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tringo, J. L. (1970). The hierarchy of preference toward disability groups. The Journal of Special Education, 4(3), 295–306.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Vallas, S., & Schor, J. B. (2020). What do platforms do? Understanding the gig economy. Annual Review of Sociology, 46(1), 273–294.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Von Schrader, S., Malzer, V., & Bruyère, S. (2014). Perspectives on disability disclosure: The importance of employer practices and workplace climate. Employee Responsibilities and Rights Journal, 26(4), 237–255.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wilton, R. D. (2006). Disability Disclosure in the Workplace. Just Labour, 8.

    Google Scholar 

  • Woodcock, J., & Graham, M. (2019). The gig economy. Polity Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • World Bank. (2019). World Report on Disabilities. World Bank Group, Washington, D.C. Retrieved from: http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/665131468331271288/Main-report

  • World Health Organisation (WHO). (2011). World Report on Disability—WHO.

    Google Scholar 

  • World Health Organisation (WHO). (2019). Global Health Estimates, 2019. Published by the World Health Organisation. Retrieved from: https://www.paho.org/en/enlace/leading-causes-death-and-disability

  • World Health Organisation (WHO). (2020). World Report on Disability, 2020. Published by the World Health Organisation. Retrieved from: https://www.paho.org/en/enlace/leading-causes-death-and-disability

  • Yap, M., & Konrad, A. (2009). Gender and racial differentials in promotions: Is there a sticky floor, a mid-level bottleneck, or a glass ceiling? Relations Industrielles/industrial Relations, 64(4), 593–619. https://doi.org/10.7202/038875ar

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ysasi, N., Becton, A., & Chen, R. (2018). Stigmatizing effects of visible versus invisible disabilities. Journal of Disability Studies, 4(1), 22–29.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. University of the West Indies, St. Augustine, Trinidad and Tobago

    Jacqueline H. Stephenson

  2. University of Trinidad and Tobago, Point Lisas, Trinidad and Tobago

    Natalie Persadie

Authors
  1. Jacqueline H. Stephenson
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Natalie Persadie
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Jacqueline H. Stephenson .

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2023 The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Stephenson, J.H., Persadie, N. (2023). The Nature of Disabilities in the Caribbean. In: Disability in the Workplace. Palgrave Explorations in Workplace Stigma. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-19340-8_2

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation