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Long-Range Condensations of Humid Air

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Self-Assembled Water Chains

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Abstract

We have observed the humidity-dependent structural transition and long nucleation times in nanoscopic water menisci through indirect measurements such as pull-off force and friction. The observed phenomena have not been explained with the properties of bulk water. The unexplained phenomena underscore the fact that very little is known about the structure of confined water and its formation mechanism at the nanometer scale. To assess these data and models, more innovative measurements are required. The latest advancement of atomic force microscopy (AFM) leads to IFM and COIFM (cantilever-based optical IFM) where the force-feedback technique is employed. The IFM and COIFM allow us to directly manipulate and observe the structure and behavior of the meniscus at the nanoscale. IFM starts to detect the attractive force on the tip at a distance of ~3 nm (where the water bridge forms) as the tip approaches the surface. The IFM onset distance of ~3 nm is much shorter than the onset distance of ~10 nm measured by a sharp AFM probe of COIFM on a flat substrate. The onset distance of 3 nm is still two to three times larger than the onset distance, 2rK = 1.3 nm, predicted by the Kelvin equation at RH 45%, indicating that a phase other than liquid water is necessary. While the forces in the IFM data change monotonously with the positive slopes, the COFM data are oscillatory as the tip approaches the surface.

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  1. Department of Physics, Boise State University, Boise, ID, USA

    Byung Il Kim

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Kim, B.I. (2023). Long-Range Condensations of Humid Air. In: Self-Assembled Water Chains. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-19087-2_4

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