Defining Distinguishing and Disseminating Evangelical Children’s Literature 1780–1900

Smale, Irene Euphemia

doi:10.1007/978-3-031-19028-5_2

Irene Euphemia Smale²

84 Accesses

Abstract

The second chapter assimilates theological and historical research incorporating definitions of Evangelicalism and contextualised socio-historical critiques on the community of authors and publishers. As a consequence, I conclude with my threefold working definition of nineteenth-century Evangelical children’s literature through (i) an exploration of the origins and scholarly definitions of Evangelicalism and the Evangelical Movement; (ii) the clarification of its nature, main characteristics, and principal doctrines; (iii) and the identification and context of its historical community of authors and publishers across the spectrum of children’s Christian literature throughout the period.

All the little Sunday books in those days were Mrs Sherwood’s, Mrs Cameron’s and Charlotte Elizabeth’s, and little did my mother guess how much Calvinism one could suck out of them, even while diligently reading the story and avoiding the lesson (Coleridge, Christabel. Charlotte Mary Yonge, Her Life and Letters (London; New York: Macmillan and Co. Ltd., 1903). p. 97.).

—Charlotte Yonge

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Notes

1.
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2.
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3.
Demers, Patricia. Heaven upon Earth: The Form of Moral and Religious Children’s Literature, to 1850 (University of Tennessee Press, 1993). p. 29.
4.
For genre theory see: Nikolajeva, Maria. Aesthetic Approaches to Children’s Literature: An Introduction (Maryland: Scarecrow Press, 2005). Stephens, John. Language and Ideology in Children’s Fiction (London: Longman, 1992). Devitt, Amy J. Writing Genres (Illinois: Southern Illinois University Press, 2004).
5.
Kingsley, Charles (1863), The Water-Babies (Oxford & New York: Oxford University Press, 1995).
6.
Bebbington, David W. Evangelicalism in Modern Britain: A History from the 1730s to the 1980s (London: Unwin Hyam, 1989). Bebbington, David W. The Dominance of Evangelicalism: The Age of Spurgeon and Moody (Downers Grove, IL: InterVarsity, 2005). Wolffe, John. The Expansion of Evangelicalism: The Age of Wilberforce, Chalmer, and Finney (Downers Grove, IL: InterVarsity, 2007). Larsen, Timothy. “Defining and Locating Evangelicalism” in The Cambridge Companion to Evangelical Theology. Larsen, Timothy and Treier, Daniel (eds.) 1–14. (Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2007). Lovegrove, Deryck (ed.) The Rise of the Laity in Evangelical Protestantism (London: Routledge, 2002). Smith, Mark (ed.) British Evangelical Identities Past and Present: Aspects of the History and Sociology of Evangelicalism in Britain and Ireland (Milton Keynes: Paternoster, 2008). Jay, Elizabeth. The Religion of the Heart (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1979).
7.
Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (Oxford: Oxford University Press in association with the British Academy, 2004–2015). www.oxforddnb.com/. Larsen, Timothy. Biographical Dictionary of Evangelicals (Leicester: Inter Varsity Press, 2003). Chadwick, Owen. The Victorian Church (London: SCM Press, 1987). Balleine, George Reginald. A History of the Evangelical Party in the Church of England (London: Longmans, Green, and Co., 1908). Storr, Vernon F. The Development of English Theology in the Nineteenth Century, 1800–1860 (London: Longmans, Green and Co., 1913). Bebbington, 1989. See also the section on the historicization of children’s literature in Chap. 1.
8.
Although the term ‘database’ strictly refers to an organised collection of data more commonly associated with computer science systems, the term is used in this study to denote a detailed record of interconnected historical material that allows for individual or related pieces of information to be found easily.
9.
Grenby, Matthew Orville. The Child Reader 1700–1840 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2011). p. 150 offers evidence of specifically children’s bookshops emerging after 1810.
10.
Myers, Mitzi. Missed Opportunities and Critical Malpractice: New Historicism and Children’s Literature. Children’s Literature Association Quarterly 13, 1 (1988). pp. 41–43.
11.
See Croce, Diane Della. and Everett, Graham. Emerging Meaning: Reading as a Process, in Robertson, Alice. and Smith, Barbara. Teaching in the 21st Century: Adapting Writing Pedagogies to the College Curriculum (London: Routledge, 1999). p. 231.
12.
Devitt, Amy J. Writing Genres (Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Press, 2008). p. 165.
13.
For a comprehensive treatment of eschatology in the Victorian era see, Wheeler, Michael. Heaven, Hell, and the Victorians (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994).
14.
Hilton, Andrew Boyd. The Age of Atonement (New York: Oxford University Press, 1988). p. 7.
15.
Bebbington (1989. p. 1).
16.
See Jay (1979).
17.
Sidney, Edwin. Life of Sir Richard Hill (London, R. B. Seeley and W. Burnside, 1839). p. 479.
18.
Jay (1979, pp. 16–30).
19.
See Altick, p. 99.
20.
Bebbington (1979, p. 1).
21.
See trans: Jones, John Morgan. Morgan, William. Aaron, John. The Calvinistic Methodist Fathers of Wales (Edinburgh: Carlisle, PA: Banner of Truth Trust, 2008).
22.
Wesley, John. The Works of John Wesley, Third Edition Complete and Unabridged, Vol. 1 Journals from Oct. 14, 1735–Nov. 29, 1745; Introductory Letter (Grand Rapids MI: Baker Books).
23.
See https://archive.org/details/fortyfoursermons00wesluoft/page/n7/mode/2up, accessed 26/07/21
24.
Hodder, Edwin. The Life and Work of The Seventh Earl of Shaftesbury (London: K. G. Cassell & Company Limited., 1887). Vol. III, p. 451.
25.
Bebbington (1989. p. 1).
26.
McGrath, Alister E. Christian Theology an Introduction (Oxford: Blackwell Publishers Ltd, 1994). p. 121.
27.
Ibid. (1994). Bebbington (1979).; Carson, D. A. The Gagging of God: Christianity Confronts Pluralism (Grand Rapids Michigan: Zondervan Publishing House, 1996); Noll, Mark A. Evangelicalism: Comparative Studies of Popular Protestantism in North America, the British Isles, and Beyond, 1700–1990 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1994). Marsden, George. Evangelicalism and Modern America (Grand Rapids Michigan: W.B. Eerdmans, 1984). Hilton, Andrew. The Age of Atonement: The Influence of Evangelicalism on Social and Economic Thought 1795–1865 (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1991). Jay, 1979.
28.
Bradley, Ian. The Call to Seriousness: Evangelical Impact on the Victorians (London: Jonathan Cape Ltd. 1976). p. 16.
29.
Hilton (1991, p. 8).
30.
Storr, Vernon F. The Development of English Theology in the Nineteenth Century, 1800–1860 (London: Longmans, Green, 1913). p. 67.
31.
See Field, C. D. Methodism in Metropolitan London, 1850–1920: A Social and Sociological Study (D. Phil University of Oxford,1975).
32.
Telford, John. Wesley’s Veterans. Lives of Early Methodist Preachers (London: R. Culley, 1909). p. 74.
33.
Hilton (1991, p. 8).
34.
Kruppa, Patricia Stallings. Charles Haddon Spurgeon: A Preacher’s Progress (New York: Garland Publishing, 1982). p. 416.
35.
Bickersteth, Edward. A Scripture Help: Designed to Assist in Reading the Bible Profitably (London: R.B. Seeley & W. Burnside, 1838). p. 2.
36.
Bebbington (1979, p. 11).
37.
The belief in a future Millennium following the Second Coming of Christ during which he will reign on earth in peace, based on the Book of Revelation 20: 1–5. For this discussion see Jay (1979, pp. 88–97).
38.
Jay (1979. p. 89). ‘Millenarianism’ is used to refer to a more cataclysmic and destructive arrival of a utopian period as compared to ‘millennialism’, which is often used to denote a more peaceful arrival and is more closely associated with a one thousand-year utopia. See in particular the work of Lord Byron, Heaven and Earth (1822); Thomas Campbell, The Last Man (1823); the apocalyptic paintings of John Martin; in poetry Robert Pollock, The Course of Time (1827); Robert Montgomery, The Messiah (1832); and Heraud, The Descent into Hell (1830).
39.
Such as The Millennium: or Twelve Stories designed to explain to Young Bible Readers the Scripture and Prophecies concerning the Glory of the Latter Days (1829) and in The History of Henry Milner Part IV (1837).
40.
‘In the four gospels, we find the account of our Saviour’s abode with us, in his state of suffering and humiliation, but it is in the book of the prophets that we find the history and description of his second coming, and it is my great delight, my dear children, to turn from the account of his sufferings and his cruel death to the view of those lovely passages in Scripture, whereby I am led to the assurance of seeing him in glory, and finding myself united with him forever.’ Sherwood, Martha. The Millennium, Or, Twelve Stories Designed to Explain to Young Bible Readers the Scripture Prophecies Concerning the Glory of the Latter Days (London: Hamilton, Adams & Co., 1829). p. 21.
41.
See The History of Henry Millner Part IV, p. 250–252.
42.
Hilton (1991, p. 8).
43.
‘The Spiritual Barometer’ in The Evangelical Magazine 8 vols (London: T. Chapman, 1793–1800), 8 (1800). pp. 526. See the Haithi Trust at http://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=hvd.ah6lsd;view=1up;seq=556, accessed 16/07/21.
44.
Erdozain, Dominic. The Problem of Pleasure: Sport, Recreation, and the Crisis of Victorian Religion (Woodbridge: Boydell & Brewer Ltd, 2010). p. 74.
45.
Bebbington (1979, pp. 70–71).
46.
See Bradley, Ian. The Call to Seriousness: Evangelical Impact on the Victorians (London: Jonathan Cape Ltd, 1976); Sangster, Paul. Pity My Simplicity: The Evangelical Revival and the Religious Education of Children 1738–1800 (Aylesbury: The Epworth Press, 1963); Hilton, Mary. Women and the Shaping of the Nation’s Young: Education and Public Doctrine in Britain, 1750–1850 (Aldershot: Ashgate, 2007); Shattock, Joanne. Women and Literature in Britain 1800–1900 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2001); Bebbington (1979).
47.
See, for example, the work of Stott, Anne ‘Hannah More and the Blagdon Controversy’, Journal of Ecclesiastical History (April 2000). pp. 319–46; idem, ‘Patriotism and Providence: The Politics of Hannah More’ in Women in British Politics: The Power of the Petticoat (Eds.) Gleadle, Kathryn and Richardson, Sarah (Macmillan, 2000). pp. 39–55; idem, ‘A singular injustice towards women’. See also ‘Hannah More and Female Education’ in Morgan, Sue (Ed.) Women, Religion and Feminism in Britain 1750–1990, (Basingstoke: Palgrave, 2002). pp. 21–38. Stott, Anne Hannah More: The First Victorian (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2003).
48.
Stoker, David. Lady Fenn (1744–1813)’, Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2004; online edn, May 2005 [http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/9279, accessed 21 January 2021]
49.
Brenda, Froggy’s Little Brother (London: J. F. Shaw, 1875). p. 198.
50.
Keble, John. Lyra Innocentium: Thoughts in Verse on Christian Children, their Ways, and their Privileges (Oxford: J. H. Parker, 1846).
51.
Jones, Nicolette. The Plimsoll Sensation: The Great Campaign to Save Lives at Sea (London: Hachette, 2013). Chapter 8.
52.
Hazell, George Henry. The threefold task: A record of the work of The Salvation Army with children and young people. Unpublished paper. (1996). Beard, Marie Keighley The contribution of The Salvation Army to the religious and moral education of children and young people in Great Britain 1865–1965 (London: University of London. 1968).
53.
See Gray, William. Fantasy, Myth and the Measure of Truth: Tales of Pullman, Lewis, Tolkien, MacDonald and Hoffmann (Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2009) and also Death and Fantasy: Essays on Philip Pullman, C.S. Lewis, George MacDonald and R.L. Stevenson (Newcastle: Cambridge Scholars, 2008).
54.
Munden, A. F. Burder, George (1752–1832), Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2004; online edn, May 2006 [http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/3958, accessed 21 April 2021].
55.
Ann, of course, is best remembered for her composition of ‘Twinkle, Twinkle Little Star’ first published in the collection of poems, Rhymes for the Nursery (1806).
56.
Taylor, Helen. Sabbath Bells: A Series of Simple Lays for Christian Children (Piccadilly; London: Edwards and Hughes; Hatchard and Son, 1845). As demonstrated in the sample below:Verse
Verse A wise man and a holy one, God’s blessed word should preach. But if by us His will be done, Some truth may children teach. And sinner thus from sinner learns, Something that God has taught. And by a lamp that feebly burns, A holier light is brought.
57.
Taylor, Ann and Jane. Hymns for Infant Minds: XV The Way to Cure Pride (London: Hodder & Stoughton, 1808). Whereas the extract below by her aunts in comparison, is far more basic in style and content:Verse
Verse Every morning must begin, With resolutions not to sin; And every evening recollect, How much you’ve failed in this respect
58.
Knight, Mark. and Mason, Emma. Nineteenth Century Religion and Literature (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2006). p. 40.
59.
Hylson-Smith, Kenneth. High Churchmanship in the Church of England: from the Sixteenth Century to the late Twentieth Century (Edinburgh: T&T Clark, 1993). p. 207.
60.
Russell, G.W.E. The Household of Faith, Portraits and Essays (London: Hodder & Stoughton, 1902. p. 314, cited in Pickering, W.S.F. Anglo-Catholicism: A Study in Religious Ambiguity (London: Routledge, 1989). p. 68.
61.
Pinsent, Pat. ‘Representations of Catholic Identity in British Children’s Books between Vatican I and Vatican II’, unpublished paper given at the CLISS Conference, Roehampton, 2007.
62.
Newman, John Henry. Loss and Gain (London: J. Burns, 1848).
63.
The Tablet: The International Catholic News Weekly, http://archive.thetablet.co.uk/article/1st-june-1907/14/papers-of-a-pariah, accessed 10 February 2021.
64.
Connor, Charles Patrick. Defenders of the Faith in Word and Deed (San Francisco: Ignatius Press, 2003). p. 151.
65.
New Advent: Catholic Truth Societies, http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/15077a.htm, accessed 16/11/21.
66.
Cited in Connor, 2003. p. 151.
67.
Figures listed in the New Advent: Catholic Truth Societies, http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/15077a.htm. No time scale was made public for these figures.
68.
Elliott-Binns, L. Religion in the Victorian Era (London: Lutterworth Press, 1936). p. 349. Cutt, 1979, p. 13.
69.
For the specific titles published with the various publishing houses please see Cutt, Margaret. Mrs. Sherwood and Her Books for Children: A Study (London: Oxford University Press, 1974). She also worked with the following publishers: William Lane of the Minerva Press, Samuel Hazard of Bath, William Whittemore of Paternoster Row, Thomas Melrose of Berwick-upon-Tweed, John Hatchard of Piccadilly (favoured by many of the Clapham Sect Evangelicals) and the Quaker firm of William Darton and Son. She also wrote for several others in Paternoster Row, including T. Hamilton, Thomas Nelson, Knight and Lacey, Thomas Ward (later Ward, Lock) and Longman, Rees, Orme, Brown and Green as well as J. Taylor of High Holborn, B. J. Holdsworth of St Paul’s Churchyard, London, the Sabbath School Union for Scotland, Dean and Munday of Threadneedle Street, R.B. Seeley and W. Burnside of Fleet Street, and R. Wrightson of Birmingham.
70.
For a comprehensive list of the catalogue please see Bird, William Osborne; McClure, Allen and Edmund Two Hundred Years: The History of the Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge 1698–1898 [microform] (London: Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge; New York: E. & J.B. Young, 1898). http://archive.org/details/twohundredyears00mcclgoog, accessed 1 April 2021.
71.
Altick (1957, p. 102).
72.
Green, Samuel G. The Story of the Religious Tract Society for One Hundred Years (London: Religious Tract Society, 1899). p. 4.
73.
Green, The Story of the Religious Tract Society for One Hundred Years. Collison was an educator associated with the Hackney Academy which became part of New College London, and the University of London. p. 5.
74.
Ibid., p. 6. Italics are as in original statement.
75.
Ibid., p. 6.
76.
Ibid., p. 6.
77.
Cutt (1979, p. 31).
78.
The Religious Tract Society, A Brief View of the Plan and Operation of the Religious Tract Society (The Religious Tract Society, 1828). pp. 4–9.
79.
Laqueur, Thomas. Religion and Respectability: Sunday Schools and Working Class Culture, 1780–1850 (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1977). p. 34.
80.
Cliff, Philip. The Rise and Development of the Sunday School Movement in England, 1780–1980 (Redhill Surrey: National Christian Education Council, 1986). p. 137.
81.
Ibid., p. 74.
82.
Watson, William Henry. The History of the Sunday School Union, 1853. p.13. https://archive.org/stream/historysundaysc00watsgoog#page/n10/mode/2up, accessed 1 April 2021.
83.
Cutt (1974, p. 124).
84.
Altick (1957, p. 106).
85.
Quinlan, Maurice. Victorian Prelude, a History of English Manners 1700–1830 (Hamden Conn.: Archon Books, 1965). p. 124.
86.
Elliott-Binns (1936, p. 348).
87.
Altick (1957, p. 101).
88.
Altick (1957, p. 101).
89.
Altick. 1957, p. 102.

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Smale, I.E. (2023). Defining Distinguishing and Disseminating Evangelical Children’s Literature 1780–1900. In: Women, Theology and Evangelical Children’s Literature, 1780-1900. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-19028-5_2

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