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Nanomaterials; Potential Antibacterial Agents

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Green Nanomaterials as Potential Antimicrobials

Abstract

Antibiotic-resistant microorganisms are among key reasons why antimicrobials are ineffective. Changes in the ability of microorganisms to withstand antibacterial treatments, either by making them inactive or diminishing their therapeutic efficacy, create bacterial resistance. Due to genetic changes, these resistances develop rapidly in microbes over time. The misuse and abuse of antibiotics considerably promote these alterations. Antibiotic resistance encompasses a variety of methods, such as enzymatic processes involving lactamases, acetyl transferases, and aminoglycoside-modifying enzymes. In addition to modifications in antibacterial targets (e.g., penicillin-binding proteins or mutations in DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV), altering membrane permeability to limit antimicrobial drug penetration is a common resistance mechanism. Nanoparticles are now regarded as a viable alternative to antibiotics and have the capacity to combat the emergence of multidrug-resistant bacteria. Nanomaterials exhibiting antimicrobial activity, enhancing microbicidal properties, or ensuring the safe administration of antibiotics are sometimes called “nanoantibiotics”. Nanoparticles of metals and metal oxides, such as gold, iron oxide, magnesium oxide, nickel, and nickel oxide, possess potent antibacterial properties. Several mechanisms, including physical/mechanical devastation, oxidative stress, ROS-dependent oxidative stress, membrane active antimicrobial peptides, and polymer and bacterial metabolism inhibition, have been discovered to explain the antibacterial activities of nanoparticles. Critical uses of nanoparticles are governed by their controlled size, shape, and surface content, which are achieved through capping. In order to successfully validate the capping phenomena of stabilizers, these procedures must be modified, and more repeatable tests must be undertaken to minimize discrepancies in achieving the pure and controlled action of the proper capping agents. In addition, precise interpretation of the role of capping agents at the nanoparticle-stabilizer interface requires enhanced characterization techniques. In addition, in vitro and in vivo toxicity studies should be conducted on decreased nanocomposites, since risk assessment of pharmacological and bioremediation activities must be systematically conducted in laboratory and clinical settings.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Muhammad Nawaz Shareef University of Agriculture, Multan, Pakistan

    Ali Haider

  2. Solar Cell Applications Research Lab, Department of Physics, Government College University, Lahore, Pakistan

    Muhammad Ikram

  3. Centre of Excellence in Solid State Physics, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan

    Asma Rafiq

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  3. Asma Rafiq
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Correspondence to Ali Haider .

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Haider, A., Ikram, M., Rafiq, A. (2023). Nanomaterials; Potential Antibacterial Agents. In: Green Nanomaterials as Potential Antimicrobials. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-18720-9_7

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