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Antimicrobials; Drug Resistance

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Green Nanomaterials as Potential Antimicrobials

Abstract

The introduction of antimicrobial medicines into widespread clinical use is a landmark point in the history of modern medicine. To avoid the establishment and spread of antibacterial resistance, it will be required to retain current antimicrobials by ensuring their correct use and to discover and develop new agents. Despite the need for innovative agents, a number of significant pharmaceutical companies have decided to withdraw from antimicrobial research, notably the creation of antimicrobial medications. Chemical compounds were the first antibacterial agents discovered. In 1909, Paul Ehrlich created arsphenamine, an arsenic analog that was efficient against Treponema pallidum, the causal cause of syphilis. Extended-spectrum antibacterial agents are those that are effective against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative pathogens. From a therapeutic viewpoint, ampicillin is best for treating patients with the most suited single antibiotic for the infecting organism. This method reduces the probability of superinfection, the emergence of resistant organisms, and toxicity. Antimicrobial resistance initially appeared in the late 1930s and early 1940s, soon after the release of the first antibacterial medications, sulfamides, and penicillin. Common bacteria such as Staphylococcus aureus strains gained resistance to many antibiotic families at an unprecedented pace. During the first quarter century after the release of the first antibiotics, hospitalized patients were largely affected by resistance. Diffusion through porins, diffusion over a bilayer, and self-uptake are all viable methods for drug transfer into a cell. Gram-negative bacteria's outer membrane (OM) has porin channels. Only porins let small hydrophilic molecules (ß-lactams and quinolones) to get through the outer membrane. The decrease in the number of porin channels decreased the amount of ß-lactam and FQ antibiotics that entered the cell, leading in resistance to these antibiotic families.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Muhammad Nawaz Shareef University of Agriculture, Multan, Pakistan

    Ali Haider

  2. Solar Cell Applications Research Lab, Department of Physics, Government College University, Lahore, Pakistan

    Muhammad Ikram

  3. Centre of Excellence in Solid State Physics, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan

    Asma Rafiq

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  1. Ali Haider
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Haider, A., Ikram, M., Rafiq, A. (2023). Antimicrobials; Drug Resistance. In: Green Nanomaterials as Potential Antimicrobials. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-18720-9_6

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