Abstract
This chapter discusses theoretical models for immersive learning and immersive teaching. The subjective and objective factors used in these models are distinguished by levels: micro, meso, and macro. We discuss the terms immersive teaching and immersive learning and possible strategies for implementing learning experiences in the everyday classroom.
Keywords
- Augmented reality
- Classroom integration
- Constructive alignment
- Immersive learning
- Immersive Media in Schools
- Immersive teaching
- Virtual reality
This is a preview of subscription content, access via your institution.
Buying options



References
Allcoat, D., & von Mühlenen, A. (2018). Learning in virtual reality: Effects on performance, emotion and engagement. Research in Learning Technology, 26. https://doi.org/10.25304/rlt.v26.2140
Biggs, J. (1996). Enhancing teaching through constructive alignment. Higher Education, 32, 347–364. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00138871
Billingsley, G., Smith, S., Smith, S., & Meritt, J. (2019). A systematic literature review of using immersive virtual reality technology in teacher education. Journal of Interactive Learning Research, 30(1), 65–90. https://www.learntechlib.org/primary/p/176261
Biocca, F. (1997). The cyborg's dilemma: Progressive embodiment in virtual environments [1]. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, 3(2), 113–144. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1083-6101.1997.tb00070.x
Bressler, D. M., Bodzin, A. M., & Tutwiler, M. S. (2019). Engaging middle school students in scientific practice with a collaborative mobile game. Journal of Computer Assisted Learning, 35(2), 197–207. https://doi.org/10.1111/jcal.12008
Buchner, J. (2021). Generative learning strategies do not diminish primary students’ attitudes towards augmented reality. Education and Information Technologies, 27, 701–717. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10639-021-10445-y
Buchner, J., & Aretz, D. (2020). Lernen mit immersiver virtual reality: didaktisches design und lessonslLearned [Learning with immersive virtual reality: Instructional design and lessons learned]. MedienPädagogik: Zeitschrift für Theorie und Praxis der Medienbildung, 17, 195–216. https://doi.org/10.21240/mpaed/jb17/2020.05.01.X
Challenor, J., & Ma, M. (2019). A review of augmented reality applications for history education and heritage visualisation. Multimodal Technologies and Interaction, 3(2), 39. https://doi.org/10.3390/mti3020039
Dalgarno, B., & Lee, M. J. W. (2010). What are the learning affordances of 3-D virtual environments? British Journal of Educational Technology, 41(1), 10–32. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8535.2009.01038.x
De Freitas, S., Rebolledo-Mendez, G., Liarokapis, F., Magoulas, G., & Poulovassilis, A. (2010). Learning as immersive experiences: Using the four-dimensional framework for designing and evaluating immersive learning experiences in a virtual world. British Journal of Educational Technology, 41(1), 69–85. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8535.2009.01024.x
Dengel, A., & Mägdefrau, J. (2018). Immersive learning explored: Subjective and objective factors influencing learning outcomes in immersive educational virtual environments. In M. J. W. Lee (Ed.), Proceedings of 2018 IEEE international conference on teaching, assessment, and learning for engineering (TALE) (pp. 608–615). IEEE). https://doi.org/10.1109/TALE.2018.8615281
Dengel, A., & Mägdefrau, J. (2020). Immersive learning predicted: Presence, prior knowledge, and school performance influence learning outcomes in immersive educational virtual environments. In D. Economou, A. Klippel, H. Dodds, A. Peña-Rios, M. J. W. Lee, D. Beck, J. Pirker, A. Dengel, T. M. Peres, & J. Richter (Eds.), 6th international conference of the immersive learning research network (iLRN) (pp. 163–170). IEEE. https://doi.org/10.23919/iLRN47897.2020.9155084
Dengel, A., Buchner, J., Mulders, M., & Pirker, J. (2021). Beyond the horizon: Integrating immersive learning environments in the everyday classroom. In D. Economou, A. Peña-Rios, A. Dengel, H. Dodds, M. Mentzelopoulos, A. Klippel, K. Erenli, M. J. W. Lee, & J. Richter (Eds.), Proceedings of 2021 7th international conference of the immersive learning research network (iLRN) (pp. 1–5). IEEE. https://doi.org/10.23919/iLRN52045.2021.9459368
Emihovich, B., Xu, X., & Arrington, T. L. (2021). S.P.E.C.I.A.L. – A conceptual framework to support learning in immersive environments. International Journal of Smart Technology and Learning, 2(2–3), 182–197. https://doi.org/10.1504/IJSMARTTL.2020.112149
Fowler, C. (2015). Virtual reality and learning: Where is the pedagogy? British Journal of Educational Technology, 46(2), 412–422. https://doi.org/10.1111/bjet.12135
Freina, L., & Ott, M. (2015, April). A literature review on immersive virtual reality in education: State of the art and perspectives [Conference session]. Elearning and Software for Education, Bucharest, Romania. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/280566372_A_Literature_Review_on_Immersive_Virtual_Reality_in_Education_State_Of_The_Art_and_Perspectives
Kavanagh, S., Luxton-Reilly, A., Wuensche, B., & Plimmer, B. (2017). A systematic review of virtual reality in education. Themes in Science and Technology Education, 10(2), 85–119. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compedu.2019.103778
Kempe, C., Eriksson-Gustavsson, A. L., & Samuelsson, S. (2011). Are there any Matthew effects in literacy and cognitive development? Scandinavian Journal of Educational Research, 55(2), 181–196. https://doi.org/10.1080/00313831.2011.554699
Krokos, E., Plaisant, C., & Varshney, A. (2019). Correction to: Virtual memory palaces: Immersion aids recall. Virtual Reality, 23(1), 17–17. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10055-018-0360-5
Le, Q. T., Pedro, A., & Park, C. S. (2015). A social virtual reality-based construction safety education system for experiential learning. Journal of Intelligent & Robotic Systems, 79(3), 487–506. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10846-014-0112-z
Lombard, M., & Ditton, T. (1997). At the heart of it all: The concept of presence. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, 3(2). https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1083-6101.1997.tb00072.x
Makransky, G., & Petersen, G. B. (2021). The cognitive affective model of immersive learning (CAMIL): A theoretical research-based model of learning in immersive virtual reality. Educational Psychology Review, 33, 937–958. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10648-020-09586-2
Mayer, R. E. (2005). Cognitive theory of multimedia learning. In R. E. Mayer (Ed.), The Cambridge handbook of multimedia learning (pp. 31–48). Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511816819.004
Mei, H. H., & Sheng, L. S. (2011). Applying situated learning in a virtual reality system to enhance learning motivation. International Journal of Information and Education Technology, 1(4), 298–302. https://doi.org/10.7763/IJIET.2011.V1.48
Mulders, M., Buchner, J., & Kerres, M. (2020). A framework for the use of immersive virtual reality in learning environments. International Journal of Emerging Technologies in Learning (iJET), 15(24), 208–224. https://doi.org/10.3991/ijet.v15i24.16615
Parong, J., & Mayer, R. E. (2018). Learning science in immersive virtual reality. Journal of Educational Psychology, 110(6), 785–797. https://doi.org/10.1037/edu0000241
Peixoto, B., Pinto, R., Melo, M., Cabral, L., & Bessa, M. (2021). Immersive virtual reality for foreign language education: A PRISMA systematic review. IEEE Access, 9, 48952–48962. https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2021.3068858
Pellas, N., Dengel, A., & Christopoulos, A. (2020). A scoping review of immersive virtual reality in STEM education. IEEE Transactions on Learning Technologies, 13(4), 748–761. https://doi.org/10.1080/17439884.2018.1504788
Pirker, J., Dengel, A., Holly, M., & Safikhani, S. (2020). Virtual reality in computer science education: A systematic review. In R. J. Teather, C. Joslin, W. Stuerzlinger, P. Figueroa, Y. Hu, A. U. Batmaz, W. Lee, & F. Ortega (Eds.), Proceedings of the 26th ACM symposium on virtual reality software and technology (pp. 1–8). Association for Computing Machinery). https://doi.org/10.1145/3385956.3418947
Popescu, M., Arnab, S., Berta, R., Earp, J., de Freitas, S., Romero, M., Stanescu, I., & Usart, M. (2011, October 20–21). Serious games in formal education: Discussing some critical aspects [Conference session]. 5th European conference on games based learning, Athens, Greece. https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00985810
Quintana, M., & Fernández, S. M. (2015). A pedagogical model to develop teaching skills. The collaborative learning experience in the immersive virtual world TYMMI. Computers in Human Behavior, 51, 594–603. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2015.03.016
Southgate, E., Smith, S. P., Cividino, C., Saxby, S., Kilham, J., Eather, G., Scevak, J., Summerville, D., Buchanan, R., & Bergin, C. (2019). Embedding immersive virtual reality in classrooms: Ethical, organisational and educational lessons in bridging research and practice. International Journal of Child-Computer Interaction, 19, 19–29. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijcci.2018.10.002
Spiliotopoulos, D., Margaris, D., Vassilakis, C., Petukhova, V., & Kotis, K. (2019). A mixed-reality interaction-driven game-based learning framework. In Proceedings of the 11th international conference on Management of Digital EcoSystems, ser. MEDES ‘19 (pp. 229–236). Association for Computing Machinery. https://doi.org/10.1145/3297662.3365802.
Tulodziecki, G., Grafe, S., & Herzig, B. (2019). Medienbildung in Schule und Unterricht: Grundlagen und Beispiele. UTB GmbH. https://doi.org/10.17877/DE290R-5976.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2022 The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Dengel, A., Buchner, J., Mulders, M., Pirker, J. (2022). Levels of Immersive Teaching and Learning: Influences of Challenges in the Everyday Classroom. In: MacDowell, P., Lock, J. (eds) Immersive Education. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-18138-2_7
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-18138-2_7
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-031-18137-5
Online ISBN: 978-3-031-18138-2
eBook Packages: EducationEducation (R0)