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Notes
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Traditionally slave force was used there (people from Africa brought by the Spaniards when they conquered the Inca Empire), but by the middle of the XIX century the slave trade was being forbidden in the world and when finally, in 1854 slavery was forbidden in Peru, the scarcity of labor became a big problem.
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In Central America, Nicaragua and Panama boast significant Chinese populations. The presence of Chinese nationals in Nicaragua can be traced back to 1920 when a census recorded approximately 400 Cantonese immigrants living along the Atlantic regions. Many went on to found small businesses and eventually became leaders in Nicaragua’s textile, transportation, agricultural, industrial and hospitality industries. In Panama, Chinese immigrants arrived to work on the construction of the Canal. Their descendants echo previous patterns of integration and industrial achievement by intermixing with the local population and economy. In recent years, Panama hosted the Chinese Association of Central America at the Panama Convention, a supranational support network for the Chinese diaspora.
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Source: UNCTAD, “the online Handbook of Statistics”.
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The only exception is Equatorial Guinea, a very small country, with an average annual growth rate of 18.17% during 1980–2008. GDP is measured based on the constant 2010 US dollar. Source: World Development Indicators, https://data.worldbank.org/.
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Calculation based on ITC data.
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Teixeira, A.G., Cheng, W., Jiang, Z. (2023). China-LAC Trade: Competition or Complementarity?. In: Schneider, A., Teixeira, A.G. (eds) China, Latin America, and the Global Economy. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-18026-2_7
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