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A Social History of Administrative Science in Italy

Part of the book series: Italian and Italian American Studies ((IIAS))

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Abstract

Fifteen years after the birth of the Italian State (1875), the Minister of Public Education, Ruggiero Bonghi, issued a university regulation that included Administrative Science (hereafter AS)—associated with Public Hygiene—as an optional subject in the Faculty of Law programme. A few years later, Italy’s principal legal encyclopaedia—the Digesto italiano—added an entry for AS, outlining the object, boundaries and purposes of an independent discipline and marking its recognition at a scientific level. Thus, Guido Capitani wrote:

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Notes

  1. 1.

    Regio Decreto n. 2742, 11 October 1875.

  2. 2.

    Guido Capitani, “Scienza dell’amministrazione”, in Il Digesto italiano. Enciclopedia metodica e alfabetica di Legislazione, Dottrina e Giurisprudenza, vol. XXI, Parte Prima (Torino: Unione Tipografico Editrice, 1891), 795.

  3. 3.

    On the link between police science and AS: Gianfranco Miglio, “Le origini della scienza dell’amministrazione”, in Id., Le regolarità della politica (Milano: Giuffrè, 1988), 255–324; David F. Lindenfeld, The Practical Imagination: The German Sciences of State in the Nineteenth Century (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1997), 200–201; Paolo Napoli, Naissance de la police moderne. Pouvoir, normes, sociétée (Paris: La Découverte, 2012).

  4. 4.

    Lorenz Von Stein, Gegenwart und Zukunft der Rechts und Staaswissenschaften Deutschlands (Stuttgart: Cotta, 1876), 215.

  5. 5.

    Guido Capitani, “Scienza dell’amministrazione”, 796, 797.

  6. 6.

    Regio Decreto n. 2044, 28 November 1935.

  7. 7.

    Ugo Forti, “Amministrazione (Scienza dell’)”, in eds. Mariano D’Amelio and Antonio Azara, Il Nuovo Digesto Italiano, I (Torino: Utet, 1937), 403–404.

  8. 8.

    “La Scienza dell’amministrazione”, in Enciclopedia Treccani http://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/scienza-dell-amministrazione/ (last accessed 12/05/2021).

  9. 9.

    Authors with differing sensibilities include: Massimo Severo Giannini, “Profili storici della scienza del diritto amministrativo”, Quaderni fiorentini per la storia del pensiero giuridico moderno, no. 2 (1973) (1940): 179–274; Sabino Cassese, “Lo smarrimento di Oreste e la furia delle Eumenidi: la vicenda intellettuale della scienza dell’amministrazione”, Il Foro Italiano, no. 2 (1992): 1–14; Luca Mannori and Bernardo Sordi, Storia del diritto amministrativo (Roma-Bari: Laterza, 2001); Bernardo Sordi, “Dall’attività sociale ai pubblici servizi: alle radici ottocentesche dello Stato sociale”, Quaderni fiorentini per la storia del pensiero giuridico moderno, no. 46 (2017): 175–198.

  10. 10.

    Joan Heilbron, “A Regime of Disciplines. Toward a Historical Sociology of Disciplinary Knowledge”, in eds. Charles Camic and Hans Joas, The Dialogical Turn: Roles for Sociology in the Post Disciplinary Age, (Lanham [MD]: Rowman and Littlefield, 2003), 23–42; Immanuel Wallerstein, “Anthropology, Sociology, and Other Dubious Disciplines”, Current Anthropology, 44, no. 4 (August/October 2003): 453–465; Jean Boutier, Jean-Claude Passeron, Jacques Revel, eds., Qu’est-ce qu’une discipline? (Paris, Éditions de l’École des hautes études en sciences sociales, 2006); Christian Topalov, “Une histoire sociale des savoirs et des savants”, in Christian Topalov, Histoires d’enquêtes. Londres, Paris, Chicago (1880–1930), (Paris: Garnier, 2015), 11–47.

  11. 11.

    On Italy: Sabino Cassese, Governare gli italiani. Storia dello Stato (Bologna: Il Mulino, 2014).

  12. 12.

    Ernst H. Kantorowicz, The King’s Two Bodies: A Study in Medieval Political Theology (Princeton: Princeton University, 2016).

  13. 13.

    Maria Malatesta, Professional Men, Professional Women. The European Professions from the 19th Century until Today (New York: SAGE, 2011), 10–39; Christophe Charle and Jacques Verger, Histoire des universités: XIIIe-XXIe siècle (Paris: PUF, 2012).

  14. 14.

    Marco Meriggi, “Il parlamento dei giuristi. A proposito di «Governo e governati in Italia»”, in Università e professioni giuridiche in Europa nell’età liberale, eds. Aldo Mazzacane and Cristina Vano, (Napoli: Jovene, 1994), 313–331; Fulvio Cammarano, Maria Serena Piretti, “I professionisti in Parlamento (1861–1958)”, in Storia d’Italia. Annali. 10. I professionisti, ed. Maria Malatesta, (Torino: Einaudi, 1996), 523–589; Guido Melis, ed., Le élites nella storia dell’Italia unita (Napoli: CUEN, 2004).

  15. 15.

    Pierre Bourdieu, “La force du droit”, Actes de la recherche en sciences sociales, no. 64 (1986): 3–19; Pietro Costa, Lo Stato immaginario. Metafore e paradigmi nella cultura giuridica italiana fra Ottocento e Novecento (Milano: Giuffré, 1986).

  16. 16.

    Andrew Abbott, The System of Professions: An Essay on The Division of Expert Labor (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1988), 405–416.

  17. 17.

    Cesare Salvi, “La giusprivatistica tra codice e scienza”, in Stato e cultura giuridica in Italia dall’Unità alla Repubblica, ed. Aldo Schiavone, (Roma-Bari: Laterza, 1990), 235. On the domination of civil law in France during the same period: Guillaume Sacriste, La Republique des constitutionnalistes. Professeurs de droit et légitimation de l’État en France (1870–1914) (Paris: SciencesPo/Les Presses, 2011), 37–46.

  18. 18.

    The Pandects—the Digest in Latin—is the name given to the compilation of work by Roman jurists in the Classical era (from the first to the fourth centuries) commissioned by Emperor Justinian to be adapted to his time. The nineteenth-century Pandectists re-proposed the Roman law of the Pandects as a reference point for the scientific study of law.

  19. 19.

    Aldo Schiavone, “Un’identità perduta: la parabola del diritto romano in Italia”, in Stato e cultura giuridica in Italia dall’unità alla Repubblica, ed. Schiavone, 275–302; Paolo Grossi, Scienza giuridica italiana. Un profilo storico 1860–1950 (Milano: Giuffrè, 2000) 8–12.

  20. 20.

    Pierre Bourdieu, Olivier Christin and Pierre-Etienne Will, “Sur la science de l’État”, Actes de la recherche en sciences sociales, 133 (2000): 3–11.

  21. 21.

    Michel Foucault, “La gouvernementalité”, in Dits et écrits, t. III (Paris: Gallimard, 1994), 635–657; The Birth of Biopolitics. Lectures at the Collège de France, 1978–1979 (London : Palgrave Macmillan, 2008); Security, Territory, Population. Lectures at the College De France, 1977/78 (London: Palgrave Macmillan, 2009).

  22. 22.

    For a general framework: Pierre Bourdieu, Classification Struggles. General Sociology, Vol. 1 (1981–1982) (Cambridge: Polity, 2019); Habitus and Field. General Sociology, Vol. 2 (1982–1983) (Cambridge: Polity, 2020); Forms of Capital. General Sociology, Vol. 3 (1983–84) (Cambridge: Polity, 2021).

  23. 23.

    An area of micro-history remains a point of reference for intersecting cultural and social history: Simona Cerutti, “Histoire pragmatique, ou de la rencontre entre histoire sociale et histoire culturelle”, Tracés. Revue de Sciences humaines, no. 15 (2008), (last accessed18/02/2021). URL: http://journals.openedition.org/traces/733. On the legitimacy of experimentally using different research traditions whose points of convergence are removed from their mutual oppositions and self-representations, attributable to the conflicts and positions of their time, see: Andrea Rapini, “Intervista a Christian Topalov”, Italia contemporanea, no. 299 (2022): 125–144. See also the experience of Les Annales where, as well as a marked micro-history presence, Foucault and Bourdieu are the most cited authors in the last 20 years: “Actualité d’un sous-titre: histoire, sciences sociales, Autoportrait d’une revue”, Les Annales. Histoire, Sciences sociales, no. 3–4 (2020): 401–424.

  24. 24.

    Networks have been processed by Elena Pavan, University of Trento.

  25. 25.

    Jacques Revel, ed., Jeux d’échelles. La micro-analyse à l’expérience (Paris: Seuil, 1996).

  26. 26.

    Naomi Rosenthal et al., “Social Movements and Network Analysis: A Case Study of Nineteenth Century Women’s Reform in New York State”, American Journal of Sociology, 90, no. 5 (1985): 1022–1054; Charles Wetherell, “Historical Social Network Analysis ”, International Review of Social History, 43, no. S6 (December 1998): 125–144; Claire Lemercier, “Analyse de réseaux et histoire”, Revue d’histoire moderne et contemporaine, 52, no. 2 (2005): 88–112; Christian Topalov, “”Power and Charity in New York City during the Progressive Era: A Network Analysis”, Journal of Interdisciplinary History, no. 3 (Winter 2020): 383–425.

  27. 27.

    Bernard Lepetit, ed., Les formes de l’expèrience. Une autre histoire sociale (Paris: Albin Michel, 1995).

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    Andrea Rapini

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Rapini, A. (2022). Introduction. In: A Social History of Administrative Science in Italy. Italian and Italian American Studies. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-17047-8_1

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