Abstract
The talk of the existence of ‘Big Brother’ in the lives of ordinary people is something that is often discussed in mainstream literature as a distant occurrence. It is often associated with “the state and its agencies exspressing their overreach tendencies through intelligence and policies strategies” (Lyon & Murakami Wood, 2020). It is also presented in very abstract terms in its manifestation and material consequences. It is framed as if it only targsets terrorists or in lay man’s terms ‘the enemies of the state’. This ‘watching over’ of individuals and collectives is meant to control, discipline and sort information and behaviours. It is synonymous with the tracking and monitoring of the activities of what some loosely call ‘problematic elements’ in society. Such a stereotypical representation of surveillance is problematic on many fronts. It simplifies a very complex societal phenomenon with disproportionate consequences on individual and collective rights. It obfuscates the invasive and intrusive nature of surveillance in contemporary societies. It ignores the ‘everydayness’ of this unprecedented and pervasive ‘watching over’. It normalizes surveillance activities of the state and corporate entities in an environment where the infrastructure for monitoring and tracking actors and actants in everyday life has become pervasive and relatively cheaper to acquire and deploy. In most cases, the idea of the Fourth Industrial Revolution (4IR) is sold to many of us in colourful and enticing ways. Unfortunately, what is obfuscated from this technological solutionistic narrative is that automation, datafication of society and robotization of social processes unintentionally promote invasive surveillance practices and cultures. These surveillance practices impact negatively on the enjoyment of the right to privacy as enshrined in national constitutional, regional instruments and international model laws.
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Notes
- 1.
The 4IR is characterized by a range of new technologies that are fusing the physical, digital and biological worlds, impacting all disciplines, economies and industries, and even challenging ideas about what it means to be human (Schwab, 2016).
- 2.
- 3.
Surveillance refers to “any collection and processing of personal data, whether identifiable or not, for the purpose of influencing or managing those whose data have been garnered” (Lyon, 2001a, p. 1). At the core of this definition is the acknowledgement that surveillance involves power. It involves the collection of information for the purposes of “influencing or managing” some individual or group. Another important aspect is that surveillance is relational, involving a power dynamic likely to unfold in complicated ways.
- 4.
It refers to those assets (online or offline), networks, systems, processes, information and functions that are vital for the maintenance of vital societal functions, health, safety, security, economic or social well-being of people, and the disruption or destruction of which would have serious consequences.
- 5.
This refers to “the use of technical means to extract or create personal data” (Marx, 2002, p. 12).
- 6.
This refers to colonial practices and cultures in the digital space, where Big Tech corporations from the global North exploit resources from the Global South in ways that mimic traditional colonialism.
- 7.
AI is a set of theories, approaches, methods and applications—such as machine learning, deep learning and neural networks—increasingly used in many aspects of computing and everyday life.
- 8.
To consider surveillance as social sorting is to focus on the social and economic categories and the computer codes by which personal data is organized with a view to influencing and managing people and populations.
- 9.
Metadata can include the length of phone calls, the phone numbers of the caller and the recipient, the serial numbers of the devices used and sometimes the locations of those who made the call. It consists of information about who phone users call, when they call and for how long.
- 10.
Resistance can take many forms. It incorporates varying notions of action, interaction, opposition, awareness and power. It has four consistent properties: its interactional nature, the central role of power, how the concept of resistance is socially constructed and the complex nature of resistance.
- 11.
Sousveillance is ‘watching from below,’ a form of inverse surveillance in which people monitor the surveillors. It includes citizen video, watchdog web sites or the monitoring of authorities (corporations, military and government). It also embraces the idea of transparency as an antidote to concentrated power in the hands of surveillers.
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Munoriyarwa, A., Mare, A. (2022). Introduction: Twists and Turns? From Analogue to Digital Surveillance. In: Digital Surveillance in Southern Africa. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16636-5_1
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