Abstract
Gender affects how people are socialized, how they see and treat themselves, and how they interact with other people. By using the identity negotiation framework, this chapter examines how assumptions about gender roles and expectations learned by Thai migrant women are called into question upon arrival in Hong Kong and how, during their journey of transnational migration, these Thai migrant women reinvent their womanhood in the labor market and family life in Hong Kong. This study reveals interesting contradictions between, on the one hand, the seemingly homogeneous stereotype of traditional Thai womanhood and, on the other hand, the fluidity and intersectionality of actual Thai womanhood practices in real-life migration contexts. By emphasizing the engendering journey of Thai women in the labor market and family life in Hong Kong, this chapter highlights the intersectionality of ethnicity, class, and gender in the social construction of womanhood in the context of transnational migration.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Acker, J. (2006). Class Questions: Feminist Answers. Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefield.
Adler, P. A., and Adler, P. (1987). Membership Roles in Field Research. Boulder, CO: University of Colorado.
Atkinson, P. (2007). Ethnography: Principles in practice. Routledge.
Bao, JM. (2005). Marital Acts: Gender, Sexuality, and Identity Among the Chinese Thai Diaspora. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press.
Boyd, M., and Grieco, E. (2014). Women and Migration: Incorporating Gender into International Migration Theory. Migration Information Source. Migration Policy Institute, Washington, DC.
Brand HK. (2020). Hong Kong Asia’s world city. Website. https://www.brandhk.gov.hk/html/en/.
Census and Statistics Department. (2017). 2016 Population Census: Thematic Report: Ethnic Minorities. Hong Kong: Census and Statistics Department. Retrieved from https://statistics.gov.hk/pub/B11201002016XXXXB0100.pdf.
Chanwan, P. (2007). ‘Working Women’ in Modern Thai Society. Srinakharinwirot University Journal of History, 2550, 36–52.
Cheung, H. (2020). Identity Negotiation of Thai Female Migrants in Hong Kong: Under the Gaze of Buddhism. The Journal of the Siam Society, 108 (1), 141–154.
Constable, N. (2003). Romance on a Global Stage: Pen Pals, Virtual Ethnography, and “Mail Order” Marriages. Berkeley: University of California Press.
Fresnoza-Flot, A. (2021). ‘Men are butterflies, women are hindlimbs of an elephant’: Thai women’s gendered being in transnational spaces. Gender, Place & Culture, 28(5), 680–701.
Hewison, K. (2004). Thai Migrant Workers in Hong Kong. Journal of Contemporary Asia, 34 (3), 318–335.
King, V. T., and Wilder, W. D. (2020). The Modern Anthropology of South-East Asia: An Introduction. Abingdon and New York, NY: Routledge Curzon.
Kitiarsa, P. (2008). Thai Migrants in Singapore: State, Intimacy and Desire. Gender, Place & Culture, 15 (6), 595–610.
Knodel, J., VaLandingham, M., Saengtienchai, C., and Pramualratana, A. (1996). Thai Views of Sexuality and Sexual Behavior. Health Transition Review, 6, 179–201.
Lamanna, M. A., Riedmann, A., and Stewart, S. D. (2020). Marriages, Families, and Relationships: Making Choices in a Diverse Society. Australia: Cengage Learning.
Lapanun, P. (2012). It’s Not Just About Money: Transnational Marriages of Isan Women. Journal of Mekong Societies, 8 (3), 1–28.
Markus, H., Crane, M., Bernstein, S., and Siladi, M. (1982). Self-schemas and gender. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 42(1), 38–50.
Nakavachara, V. (2010). Superior Female Education: Explaining the Gender Earnings Gap Trend in Thailand. Journal of Asian Economics, 21(2), 198–218.
Ng, I., and Cheung, H. (2021). Navigating the ethnic boundary: From ‘in-between’ to plural ethnicities among Thai middle-class migrant women in Hong Kong. Journal of Sociology, 58(1), 59–75.
Bjerrum Nielsen, H., and Rudberg, M. (1993). Whatever happened to gender? Female subjectivity and change in a generational context. In Daughtering and Mothering. Female Subjectivity Reanalysed, edited by Janneke van Mens-Verhulst, Karlein Schreurs, and Liesbeth Woertman, pp. 44–52. London and New York: Routledge.
Oishi, N. (2005). Women in Motion: Globalization, State Policies, and Labor Migration in Asia. CA: Stanford University Press.
Orloff, A. S. (1993). Gender and the Social Rights of Citizenship: The Comparative Analysis of Gender Relations and Welfare States. American Sociological Review, 58, 303–328.
Parreñas, R. S. (2015). Servants of Globalization: Women, Migration and Domestic Work. CA: Stanford University Press.
Piper, N., and Lee, S. (2016). Marriage migration, migrant precarity, and social reproduction in Asia: an overview. Critical Asian Studies, 48(4), 473–493.
Prieto, Y. (1993). Cuban Women in New Jersey: Gender Relations and Change. In Seeking Common Ground: Multidisciplinary Studies of Immigrant Women in the United States, edited by D. Gabaccia, pp. 185–202. Westport, CT: Praeger.
RTHK (Radio Television Hong Kong). (2016). Hong Kong My Home: Thai Beauty. Video file. https://podcast.rthk.hk/podcast/item.php?pid=1219&eid=90907&year=2017&lang=en-US.
Seri, P., and Hewison, K. (2001). Village Life: Culture and Transition in Thailand’s Northeast. Bangkok: White Lotus Books.
Squires, J. (2008). Intersecting Inequalities: Reflecting on the Subjects and Objects of Equality. The Political Quarterly, 79 (1), 53–61.
Sutton, C. R. (1992). Some Thoughts on Gendering and Internationalizing our Thinking about Transnational Migrations. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 645 (1), 241–249.
Tantiwiramanond, D. (2007). The Growth and Challenges of Women’s Studies in Thailand. Interventions, 9 (2), 194–208.
Thaweesit, S. (2004). The Fluidity of Thai Women’s Gendered and Sexual Subjectivities. Culture, Health & Sexuality, 6 (3), 205–219.
UNDP (United Nations Development Programme). (2020). Human Development Reports: Gender Inequality Index. http://hdr.undp.org/en/content/gender-inequality-index-gii.
Vichit-Vadakan, J. (1994). Women and the Family in Thailand in the Midst of Social Change. Law and Society Review, 28 (3), 515–524.
West, C., and Zimmerman, D. H. (1987). Doing Gender. Gender & Society, 1(2), 125–151.
Wilson, A. (2004). The Intimate Economies of Bangkok: Tomboys, Tycoons, and Avon Ladies in the Global City. University of California Press.
Yeoh, B. S., Leng, C. H., Dung, V. T. K., and Yi’En, C. (2013). Between two families: the social meaning of remittances for Vietnamese marriage migrants in Singapore. Global Networks, 13(4), 441–458.
Yeoh, Brenda S. A., and Huang, S. (2000). ‘Home’ and ‘Away’: Foreign Domestic Workers and Negotiations of Diasporic Identity in Singapore. Women’s Studies International Forum, 23 (4), 413–429.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2022 The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Cheung, H. (2022). Reinventing Transnational Womanhood: In the Journeys of Migrant Women. In: Engendering Migration Journey. Migration, Diasporas and Citizenship. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-15975-6_6
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-15975-6_6
Published:
Publisher Name: Palgrave Macmillan, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-031-15974-9
Online ISBN: 978-3-031-15975-6
eBook Packages: Social SciencesSocial Sciences (R0)