Skip to main content

Looking to the Sea: Economics and Ecology in the Pacific Northwest

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
  • 176 Accesses

Part of the book series: Studies in Human Ecology and Adaptation ((STHE,volume 13))

Abstract

The most basic and important resources in the Northwest Coast are aquatic, especially sea mammals, marine fish, and sea-running (anadromous) fish. The several species of salmon and sea-running trout are the most famous of these, defining the region in many views. Many less-known resources were highly important and are described here, since they tend to be neglected in much of the literature.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.

Buying options

Chapter
USD   29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD   84.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD   109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD   109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Learn about institutional subscriptions

References

  • Ackerman, L. A. (2005). Residential mobility among Indians of the Colville reservation. Journal of Northwest Anthropology, 39, 21–31.

    Google Scholar 

  • Anastasio, A. (1972). The southern plateau: an ecological analysis of intergroup relations. Northwest Anthropological Research Notes, 6, 109–229.

    Google Scholar 

  • Anderson, E. N. (1996). Ecologies of the heart. Oxford University Press.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Arnold, D. F. (2008). The Fisherman’s frontier: People and Salmon in Southeast Alaska. University of Washington Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Betts, M. W., Maschner, H. D. C., & Lech, V. (2011). A 4500-year time series of Otariid abundance on Sanak Island, Western Gulf of Alaska. In T. Braje & T. Rick (Eds.), Human impact on seals, sea lions and sea otters: Integrating archaeology and ecology in the Northeast Pacific. University of California Press. https://doi.org/10.1525/california/9780520267268.001.0001

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Beynon, W. (2000). Potlatch at Gitsegukla: William Beynon’s 1945 field notebooks. University of British Columbia Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bogoras, W. (1929). Elements of culture of the circumpolar zone. American Anthropologist, 31, 597–601.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Braje, T. J., & Rick, T. C. (Eds.). (2011). Human impacts on seals, sea lions, and sea otters: Integrating archaeology and ecology in the Northeast Pacific. University of California Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Busch, B. C. (1987). The war against the seals: A history of the north American seal fishery. McGill/Queens’ University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Butler, V. L., & Martin, M. A. (2013). Aboriginal fisheries of the lower Columbia River. In R. T. Boyd, K. M. Ames, & T. A. Johnson (Eds.), Chinookan peoples of the lower Columbia (pp. 80–105). University of Washington Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Carothers, C. (2012). Enduring ties: Salmon and the Alutiiq/Sugpiaq peoples of the Kodiak archipelago, Alaska. In B. J. Colombi & J. F. Brooks (Eds.), Keystone nations: Indigenous peoples and Salmon across the North Pacific (pp. 133–160). School of American Research Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Colombi, B. J., & Brooks, J. F. (Eds.). (2012). Keystone nations: Indigenous peoples and Salmon across the North Pacific. School of American Research Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Colson, E. (1953). The Makah Indians: A study of an Indian tribe in modern American society. University of Minnesota Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Coté, C. (2010). Spirits of our whaling ancestors: Revitalizing Makah and Nuu-chah-nulth traditions. University of Washington Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Crockford, S. J., & Frederick, G. (2011). Neoglacial Sea ice and life history flexibility in ringed and fur seals. In T. Braje & T. Rick (Eds.), Human impact on seals, sea lions and sea otters: Integrating archaeology and ecology in the Northeast Pacific. University of California Press. https://doi.org/10.1525/california/9780520267268.003.0004

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Croes, D. R. (2015). The undervalued black Katy chitons (Katharina tunicata) as a shellfish resource on the northwest coast of North America. Journal of Northwest Anthropology, 49, 13–26.

    Google Scholar 

  • Daly, R. (2005). Our box was full: An ethnography for the Delgamuukw plaintiffs. University of British Columbia Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • De Waal, F. (2009). The age of empathy: Nature’s lessons for a kinder society. Harmony Books.

    Google Scholar 

  • Drucker, P. (1951). The northern and central Nootkan tribes. Smithsonian Institution, Bureau of American Ethnology, Bulletin 144.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ellingson, T. (2001). The myth of the Noble savage. University of California Press.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Ellis, D. W., & Swan, L. (1981). Teachings of the tides: Uses of marine invertebrates by the manhusat peoples. Theytus Books.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fitzhugh, W. W., & Crowell, A. (1988). Crossroads of continents: Cultures of Siberia and Alaska. Smithsonian Institution Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gifford-Gonzalez, D. (2011). Holocene Monterey Bay fur seals. In T. Braje & T. Rick (Eds.), Human impact on seals, sea lions and sea otters: Integrating archaeology and ecology in the northeast Pacific. University of California Press. https://doi.org/10.1525/california/9780520267268.003.0010

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Glavin, T. (2000). The last Great Sea: A voyage through the human and natural history of the North Pacific Ocean. Douglas & McIntyre.

    Google Scholar 

  • Grabowski, S. (2015). Structure of a resource: Biology and ecology of Pacific Salmon in the Columbia River basin. In P. Yu (Ed.), Rivers, fish, and the people: Tradition, science, and historical ecology of fisheries in the American west (pp. 12–41). University of Utah Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Halffman, C., Potter, B. A., McKinney, H. J., Finney, B. P., Rodrigues, A. T., Yang, D., & Kemp, B. M. (2015). Early human use of anadromous Salmon in North America at 11,500 years ago. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 112, 12344–12348.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Halpin, M. (1978). William Beynon, ethnographer, Tsimshian, 1888-1958. In M. Liberty (Ed.), American Indian intellectuals (pp. 140–156). West Publishing Co.

    Google Scholar 

  • Harkin, M. E. (2007). Swallowing wealth: Northwest coast beliefs and ecological practices. In M. E. Harkin & D. R. Lewis (Eds.), Native Americans and the environment: Perspectives on the ecological Indian (pp. 211–232). University of Nebraska Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hart, J. L. (1973). Pacific fishes of Canada. Fisheries Research Board of Canada.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hildebrandt, W. R., & Jones, T. L. (2002). Depletion of prehistoric pinniped populations along the California and Oregon coasts: Were humans the cause? In C. Kay & R. T. Simmons (Eds.), Wilderness and political ecology: Aboriginal influences and the original state of nature (pp. 72–110). University of Utah Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Howe, N. (2019). Retelling trickster in Naapi’s Language. University Press of Colorado.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Hunn, E., & Selam, J. (1990). Nch’i-Wana, the big river. University of Washington Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ignace, M., Ignace, R., & Chief. (2017). Secwépemc people, land and Laws. McGill-Queen’s University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jacobs, M. (1945). Kalapuya texts (p. 11). University of Washington. Publications in Anthropology.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jacobs, M., Jr., & Jacobs, M., Sr. (1982). Southeast Alaska native foods. In A. Hope III (Ed.), Raven’s bones (pp. 112–130). Sitka Community Association.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jones, T. L., et al. (2011). Toward a prehistory of the Southern Sea otter (Enhydra lutris nereis). In T. Braje & T. Rick (Eds.), Human impact on seals, sea lions and sea otters: Integrating archaeology and ecology in the Northeast Pacific. University of California Press. https://doi.org/10.1525/j.ctt1pntkp.14

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Kay, C. E., & Simmons, R. T. (Eds.). (2002). Wilderness and political ecology: Aboriginal influences and the original state of nature. University of Utah Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Krech, S. (1999). The ecological Indian: Myth and reality. W. W. Norton.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kurlansky, M. (2021). Salmon: A fish, the earth, and the history of their common fate. Oneworld Publications.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lamb, A., & Hanby, B. P. (2005). Marine life of the Pacific northwest. Harbour Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Landeen, D., & Pinkham, A. (1999). Salmon and his people: Fish and fishing in Nez Perce culture. Confluence Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ling, J., Earle, T., & Kristiansen, K. (2018). Maritime mode of production: Raiding and trading in seafaring chiefdoms. Current Anthropology, 59, 488–524.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lyman, R. L. (2011). A history of paleoecological research on sea otters and pinnipeds of the eastern Pacific Rim. In T. Braje & T. Rick (Eds.), Human impact on seals, sea lions and sea otters: Integrating archaeology and ecology in the Northeast Pacific. University of California Press. https://doi.org/10.1525/california/9780520267268.003.0002

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Lyons, K. (2015). Recognizing the archaeological signatures of resident fisheries. In P.-L. Yu (Ed.), Rivers, fish, and the people: Tradition, science, and historical ecology of fisheries in the American west (pp. 96–126). University of Utah Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Martin, P. S. (2005). Twilight of the mammoths: Ice age extinctions and the rewilding of America. University of California Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • McKechnie, I., & Wigen, R. J. (2011). Toward a historical archaeology of pinniped and sea otter hunting traditions on the coast of southern British Columbia. In T. Braje & T. Rick (Eds.), Human impact on seals, sea lions and sea otters: Integrating archaeology and ecology in the Northeast Pacific. University of California Press. https://doi.org/10.1525/california/9780520267268.003.0007

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • McPhail, J. D. (2007). The freshwater fishes of British Columbia. University of Alberta Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Miller, J. (2012). Lamprey ‘eels’ in the greater northwest: A survey of tribal sources, experiences, and sciences. Journal of Norhwest Anthropology, 46, 65–84.

    Google Scholar 

  • Miller, J. (2014). Rescues, rants, and researches: A review of Jay Miller’s writings on northwest Indian cultures. Northwest Anthropology, Memoir 9.

    Google Scholar 

  • Moss, M., & Losev, R. J. (2011). Native American use of seals, sea lions and sea otters in estuaries of northern Oregon and southern Washington. In T. Braje & T. Rick (Eds.), Human impact on seals, sea lions and sea otters: Integrating archaeology and ecology in the Northeast Pacific. University of California Press. https://doi.org/10.1525/california/9780520267268.003.0008

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Ogden, L. E. (2019). Salmon-smeared notebooks reveal fisheries [sic] past bounty. Science, 365, 733.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pierotti, R. (2011). Indigenous knowledge, ecology, and evolutionary biology. Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Quinn, T. (2017). The behavior and ecology of Pacific Salmon and Trout (2nd ed.). University of Washington Press in association with American Fisheries Society.

    Google Scholar 

  • Reid, J. L. (2015). The sea is my country: The maritime world of the Makah. Yale University Press.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Rick, T. C., Braje, T., & DeLong, R. L. (2011). People, pinnipeds, and sea otters of the Northeast Pacific. In T. Braje & T. Rick (Eds.), Human impact on seals, sea lions and sea otters: Integrating archaeology and ecology in the Northeast Pacific. University of California Press. https://doi.org/10.1525/j.ctt1pntkp.4

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Ridington, R. (1988). Trail to heaven: Knowledge and narrative in a northern native community. University of Iowa Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ross, J. A. (2011). The Spokan Indians. Michael J. Ross.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sapir, E. (2004). The whaling Indians: West coast legends and stories, legendary hunters. Canadian Museum of Civilization.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schlesier, K. H. (1987). The wolves of heaven: Cheyenne shamanism, ceremonies, and prehistoric origins. University of Oklahoma Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sepez, J. (2008). Historical ecology of Makah subsistence foraging patterns. Journal of Ethnobiology, 28, 110–133.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Swanton, J. R. (1909). Tlingit myths and texts. Bureau of American Ethnology, Bulletin 39.

    Google Scholar 

  • Thompson, N. E., Anderson, E. C., Clemento, A. J., Campbell, M. A., Pearse, D. E., Hearsey, J. W., Kinziger, A. P., & Garza, J. G. (2020). A complex phenotype in Salmon controlled by a simple change in migratory timing. Science, 370, 609–613.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Turner, N. J. (2005). The Earth’s blanket. Douglas & McIntyre.

    Google Scholar 

  • Turner, N. J. (2014). Ancient pathways, ancestral knowledge: Ethnobotany and ecological wisdom of indigenous peoples of northwestern North America (p. 2). McGill-Queen’s University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Veronica, L., Betts, M. W., & Maschner, H. D. G. (2011). An analysis of seal, sea lion, and sea otter consumption patterns on Sanak Island, Alaska: An 1800-year record of aleut consumption behavior. In T. Braje & T. Rick (Eds.), Human impact on seals, sea lions and sea otters: Integrating archaeology and ecology in the Northeast Pacific. University of California Press. https://doi.org/10.1525/california/9780520267268.003.0007

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Walkus, S. (1982). Oowekeeno Oral traditions as told by the late Chief Simon Walkus Sr. National Museums of Canada, National Museum of Man, Mercury Series 84.

    Google Scholar 

  • Walsh, J., Pendray, J. E., Godwin, S. C., Artelle, K. A., Kindsvater, H. K., Field, R. D., Harding, J. N., Swain, N. R., & Reynolds, J. D. (2020). Relationships between Pacific Salmon and Aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems: Implications for ecosystem-based management. Ecology, 101(9), e3060. https://doi.org/10.1002/ecy3060

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Whitaker, A. R., & Hildebrandt, W. (2011). Why were northern fur seals spared in northern California? A cultural and archaeological explanation. In T. Braje & T. Rick (Eds.), Human impact on seals, sea lions and sea otters: Integrating archaeology and ecology in the Northeast Pacific. University of California Press. https://doi.org/10.1525/california/9780520267268.003.0013

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • White, R. (2000, June 24). Review of The Ecological Indian by Shepard Krech. New Republic.

    Google Scholar 

  • Willerslev, R. (2007). Soul Hunters: Hunting, animism, and personhood among the Siberian Yukaghirs. University of California Press.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Wydoski, R. S., & Whitney, R. R. (2003). Inland fishes of Washington (2nd ed.). University of Washington Press.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2022 The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Anderson, E.N., Pierotti, R. (2022). Looking to the Sea: Economics and Ecology in the Pacific Northwest. In: Respect and Responsibility in Pacific Coast Indigenous Nations. Studies in Human Ecology and Adaptation, vol 13. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-15586-4_2

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-15586-4_2

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-031-15585-7

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-031-15586-4

  • eBook Packages: Social SciencesSocial Sciences (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics