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Biology of SARS-CoV-2 Coronavirus; Origin, Structure, and Variants

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Cardiovascular Complications of COVID-19

Part of the book series: Contemporary Cardiology ((CONCARD))

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Abstract

Emerging viral infections have been known as a significant threat of recent years. Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) was initially recognized in China and infected a large population through inhalation of droplets. Massive global deaths, multiple mutations, and the mysterious nature of the virus require serious actions. Transient mutations in this virus led to the production of different strains with various risks and severity of the disease, making the situation complex. Trigger of a cytokine storm after SARS-CoV-2 leads to the production of various inflammatory mediators including interleukin (IL)-6, IL-1β, tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), and interferon-γ (IFN-γ),. This ultimately leads to severe lung tissue damage which is the main cause of mortality associated with this virus. Several therapeutic approaches, including pharmacological agents with anti-inflammatory and anti-viral properties, are being used to manage these patients. This chapter explains the virus, its structure, and biology. Data were collected from different clinical and animal experiments published in English (2000-April 2021), selected from Google Scholar, Scopus, PubMed, and the Cochrane library.

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Abbreviations

+ssRNA:

Positive-sense single-stranded RNA

ACE2:

Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2

ADE:

Antibody-dependent enhancement

AKT:

Protein kinase B

APC:

Antigen-presenting cells

APN:

Aminopeptidase N

ARDS:

Acute respiratory distress syndrome

CBP:

Convalescent blood products

CEACAM1:

Carcino embryonic antigen-related cell adhesion molecule 1

CFDA:

China food and drug administration

CFR:

Case fatality ratio

COVID-19:

The Coronavirus disease-2019

CRISPR:

Clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats

CT:

Computerized tomography

DIC:

Disseminated intravascular coagulation

DMV:

Double-membrane vesicles

DPP4:

Dipeptidyl peptidase 4

DRF:

Damage response framework

dsRNA:

Double-stranded RNA

ERGIC:

Endoplasmic reticulum golgi intermediate compartment

FDA:

Food and drug administration

HCoV-229E:

Human coronavirus 229E

HCoV-HKU1:

Human coronavirus HKU1

HCoV-NL63:

Human coronavirus NL63

HCoV-OC43:

Human coronavirus OC43

HLA:

Human leukocyte antigen

IBV:

Infectious bronchitis virus

ICTV:

International committee on taxonomy of viruses

IFN-γ:

Interferon-gamma

IL:

Interleukin

JAK:

Janus kinase

kb:

Kilobases

mAb:

monoclonal antibodies

MERS:

Middle East respiratory syndrome

MERS-CoV:

Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus

MHC:

Major histocompatibility complex

MODS:

Multiple organ dysfunction syndromes

MOF:

Multiple organ failure

mTOR:

Mammalian target of rapamycin

NF-κB:

Nuclear Factor κ-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells

nsps:

Nonstructural proteins

ORF:

Open Reading Frame

PdCoV:

Porcine delta coronavirus

RAS:

Renin-angiotensin system

RBD:

Receptor-binding domain

RBM:

Receptor-binding motif

RER:

Rough endoplasmic reticulum\

RTC:

Replicase-transcriptase complex

RT-qPCR:

Real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction

SARS:

Severe acute respiratory syndrome

SARS-CoV:

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus

SARS-CoV-2:

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2

SARSCoV-2:

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2

ssRNA:

Single-stranded RNA

STAT3:

Signal transducer and activator of transcription 3

TLRs:

Toll-like receptors

TMPRSS2:

Transmembrane protease serine 2

TNF-α:

Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha

WHO:

World Health Organization

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Toxicology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran

    Naser-Aldin Lashgari, Nazanin Momeni Roudsari, Danial Khayatan & Amir Hossein Abdolghaffari

  2. GI Pharmacology Interest Group (GPIG), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran

    Maryam Shayan

  3. Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran

    Maryam Shayan

  4. Experimental Medicine Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran

    Saeideh Momtaz & Amir Hossein Abdolghaffari

  5. Medicinal Plants Research Center, Institute of Medicinal Plants, ACECR, Karaj, Iran

    Saeideh Momtaz & Amir Hossein Abdolghaffari

  6. Toxicology and Diseases Group (TDG), Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center (PSRC), The Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences (TIPS), and Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran

    Saeideh Momtaz & Amir Hossein Abdolghaffari

  7. Academic Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Hull York Medical School, University of Hull, Hull, UK

    Thozhukat Sathyapalan

  8. Biotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran

    Amirhossein Sahebkar

  9. Applied Biomedical Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran

    Amirhossein Sahebkar

  10. School of Medicine, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia

    Amirhossein Sahebkar

  11. Department of Biotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran

    Amirhossein Sahebkar

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  1. Naser-Aldin Lashgari
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  2. Maryam Shayan
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  3. Nazanin Momeni Roudsari
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  5. Saeideh Momtaz
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  7. Thozhukat Sathyapalan
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  8. Amirhossein Sahebkar
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Correspondence to Saeideh Momtaz .

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  1. Department of Preventive Cardiology and Lipidology, Medical University of Lodz, Łódź, Poland

    Maciej Banach

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Lashgari, NA. et al. (2022). Biology of SARS-CoV-2 Coronavirus; Origin, Structure, and Variants. In: Banach, M. (eds) Cardiovascular Complications of COVID-19. Contemporary Cardiology. Humana, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-15478-2_1

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-15478-2_1

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