Climate Change and Human Rights in Africa: A New Factor in African Union Policymaking?

Addaney, Michael

doi:10.1007/978-3-031-15397-6_22

Michael Addaney⁴

194 Accesses

Abstract

This chapter examines how human rights’ principles and norms can be useful mechanisms in informing policy and legal development to address adaptation to climate change in African Union Member States. It discusses the substance of a human rights-based approach to climate change adaptation action in Africa. The chapter argues that human rights-based approach to climate change adaptation action could contribute to a comprehensive and novel understanding of the protection and full enjoyment of internationally guaranteed human rights in the context of climate change and responses to climate change adaptation. It also situates the human rights-based approach to adaptation in the overall ongoing scholarly and policy debates on the development of a human rights-based normative framework for climate action.

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Notes

1.
Benoit Mayer, The International Law on Climate Change (Cambridge University Law Press, 2018), 1; Lavanya Rajamani, ‘Integrating Human Rights in the Paris Climate Architecture: Contest, Context, and Consequence’ (2019) 9 Climate Law 180–201.
2.
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). 2021: Summary for Policymakers. In: Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [V. Masson-Delmotte, P. Zhai, A. Pirani, S.L. Connors, C. Péan, S. Berger, N. Caud, Y. Chen, L. Goldfarb, M.I. Gomis, M. Huang, K. Leitzell, E. Lonnoy, J.B.R. Matthews, T.K. Maycock, T. Waterfield, O. Yelekçi, R. Yu, and B. Zhou (eds)]. In Press.
3.
Ibid.
4.
Ibid. See also UN Human Rights Council (HRC), Res. 29/15 ‘Human Rights and Climate Change’ (30 June 2015) UN Doc A/HRC/29/L.21, para 1.
5.
UNEP, Climate Change and Human Rights (December 2015). See also Rajamani (n 1), 2.
6.
Tom Obokata, ‘Analysis of Climate Change from a Human Rights Perspective’, in Stephen Farrall, Tawhida Ahmed and Duncan French (eds) Criminology and Legal Consequences of Climate Change (Hart Publishing, 2012), 113.
7.
On human rights and climate governance, see for example, Michael Addaney, Elsabe Boshoff, and Bamisaye Olutola. The Climate Change and Human Rights Nexus in Africa (2017) 9 Amsterdam Law Forum 5; Sanita Van Wyk. ‘Climate-Change-Induced Movement of Persons in Africa: Human Rights Responses to Aspects of Human Security’, in Oliver C. Ruppel and Sanita Van Wyk (eds) Climate Change: International Law and Global Governance (Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft, 2013); Patrick Brandful Cobbinah and Michael Addaney (eds) The Geography of Climate Change Adaptation in Urban Africa (Palgrave Macmillan, 2019).
8.
Ian Christoplos and Colleen McGinn, ‘Climate Change Adaptation from a Human Rights Perspective: Civil Society Experiences in Cambodia’ (2016) 43 Forum for Development Studies 437–461.
9.
Marcos A. Orellana, The Human Rights-Based Approach: A Field of Action for Human Rights Education (Cifedhop, 2012), 53–63.
10.
See for examples, IPCC, n 2 above.
11.
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), Climate Change 2014: Synthesis Report (Summary for Policymakers), 2. https://www.ipcc.ch/pdf/assessment-report/ar5/syr/AR5_SYR_FINAL_SPM.pdf (accessed 8 September 2018).
12.
World Meteorological Organization, Statement on the State of the Global Climate in 2016 (WMO, 17) 2.
13.
LV Alexander et al., ‘Summary for Policymakers’, in T.F. Stocker and others (eds) Climate Change 2013: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (Cambridge University Press, 2013), 3, 20.
14.
Mayer (n 1), 161.
15.
Ian Burton, ‘Climate Change and the Adaptation Deficit’ (2004) 3 Occasional Chapter, Ontario Adaptation and Impacts Research Division of the Meteorological Service of Canada, 25.
16.
Sumudu Atapattu, Human Rights Approaches to Climate Change: Challenges and Opportunities (Routledge, 2016), 125.
17.
Paul Collier, Gordon Conway, and Tony Venables, ‘Climate Change and Africa’ (2008) 24 Oxford Review of Economic Policy 337.
18.
Ibid.
19.
IPCC, ‘Climate Change 2007: Working Group II: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability’, Glossary, online: https://www.ipcc.ch/pdf/assessment-report/ar4/wg2/ar4_wg2_full_report.pdf.
20.
Ibid.
21.
ML Parry, et al. (eds) Climate Change 2007: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability; Contribution of Working Group II to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (Cambridge University Press, 2007), 19.
22.
African Development Bank (AfDB), Cooperative Actions to Support NDC Implementation in Africa. The Africa NDC Hub (2018). https://www.afdb.org/fileadmin/uploads/afdb/Documents/GenericDocuments/The_Africa_NDC_Hub.pdf.
23.
United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), Responding to Climate Change, Regional Initiatives (UNEP, 2019). https://www.unenvironment.org/regions/africa/regional-initiatives/respondingclimate-change.
24.
World Food Program (WFP), Tackling Southern Africa’s Climate Driven Food Crisis Update #3, 14 January 2020 [Online]. https://reliefweb.int/report/zimbabwe/tackling-southern-africa-s-climate-drivenfood-crisis-update-3-14-january-2020.
25.
Government of Seychelles. Seychelles’ National Climate Change Policy, ‘Making Seychelles Climate Resilient’, Ministry of Environment, Energy and Climate Change (GoS, 2020). http://www.meecc.gov.sc/wpcontent/uploads/2019/10/seychelles-national-climate-change-policy-may2020.pdf.
26.
IPCC (n 18), 443.
27.
Ibid., 444; IPCC Fifth Assessment Working Group II Report (2014). See also Michael Addaney and Patrick Brandful Cobbinah, ‘Climate Change, Urban Planning and Sustainable Development in Africa: The Difference Worth Appreciating’, in Patrick Brandful Cobbinah and Michael Addaney (eds) Geography of Climate Change Adaptation in Urban Africa (Palgrave MacMillan, 2019), 3–26.
28.
Agenda 2063 is an ambitious and people-centred continental vision with a carefully crafted action plan that aims to position Africa for sustainable economic and social growth over the next 50 years. DeGhetto and colleagues assert that as both a continental vision and action plan, the Agenda strongly calls for positive socioeconomic transformation in Africa. See generally Michael Addaney, ‘The African Union’s Agenda 2063: Education and Its Realisation’, in Azubike C. Onuora-Oguno, Wahab O. Egbewole and Thomas E. Kleven (eds) Education Law, Strategic Policy and Sustainable Development in Africa: Agenda 2063 (Palgrave Macmillan, 2018).
29.
IPCC (n 18), 36.
30.
Ibid.
31.
Werner Scholtz ‘The Promotion of Regional Environmental Security and Africa’s Common Position on Climate Change’ (2010) 10 African Human Rights Law Journal 2.
32.
Naomi Roht-Arriaza, ‘First, Do No Harm: Human Rights and Efforts to Combat Climate Change’ (2010) 38 Georgia Journal of International and Comparative Law 593; Sébastien Jodoin, Forest Preservation in a Changing Climate: REDD+ and Indigenous and Community Rights in Indonesia and Tanzania (Cambridge University Press, 2017), 1, 2.
33.
Rod Keenan, ‘Adapting to Climate Change: More Questions Than Answers!’ The Conversation (28 June 2012). https://theconversation.com/adapting-to-climate-change-more-questions-than-answers-7898 (accessed 19 September 2017).
34.
Addaney, Boshoff, and Olutola (n 7).
35.
Jan Mcdonald, ‘The Role of Law in Adapting to Climate Change’ (2011) 2 WIREs Climate Change 283–295.
36.
Addaney, Boshoff, and Olutola (n 7).
37.
Ibid.
38.
Daniel Bodansky, ‘Climate Change and Human Rights: Unpacking the Issues’ (2010) 38 Georgia Journal of International and Comparative Law 511–524; 680; Benoit Mayer, The Concept of Climate Migration: Advocacy and Its Prospects (Edward Elgar Publishing, 2016).
39.
See example UN Special Rapporteur on Human Rights and the Environment, ‘Mapping Human Rights Obligations Relating to the Enjoyment of a Safe, Clean, Healthy and Sustainable Environment: Focus Report on Human Rights ad Climate Change’ June 2014; UN Special Rapporteur on Human Rights and the Environment, ‘Report of the Special Rapporteur on the Issue of Human Rights Obligations Relating to the Enjoyment of a Safe, Clean, Healthy and Sustainable Environment,’ 1 February 2016, UN Doc. A/HRC/31/52; UN Special Rapporteur for the Climate Vulnerable Forum, ‘The Effects of Climate Change on the Full Enjoyment of Human Rights’ (2015).
40.
HRC (n 38) 1.
41.
Lavanya Rajamani (n 1), 2.
42.
The Cancun Agreements: outcome of the work of the Ad Hoc Working Group on Long-Term Cooperative Action under the Convention (December 10–11, 2010), Decision 1/CP.16, para 1.
43.
Paris Agreement, 12 December 2015, in the annex of decision 1/CP.21, at preambular recital 11.
44.
The Paris Agreement recognises several vulnerable groups in the preambular paragraph on human rights, namely Indigenous Peoples, migrants, children, persons with disabilities, people in vulnerable situations, and women.
45.
Mayer (n 37) 363.
46.
IPCC (n 18), 2.
47.
The vision of the African strategy is to provide the AU as a whole, the RECs, Member States and other stakeholders with a reliable source of strategic guidance to enable them effectively address climate change challenges. See, African Union, Draft Africa Climate Change Strategy 2020–2030 (African Union Commission, 2020). See, https://archive.uneca.org/sites/default/files/uploaded-documents/ACPC/2020/africa_climate_change_strategy_-_revised_draft_16.10.2020.pdf.
48.
Addaney, Boshoff, and Olutola (n 7).
49.
Atapattu (n 16), 141.
50.
Malcolm Araos, James Ford, Lea Berrang-Ford, Robbert Biesbroek and Sarah Moser, ‘Climate Change Adaptation Planning for Global South Megacities: The Case of Dhaka’ (2016) 19 Journal of Environmental Policy and Planning 682–696.
51.
Paris Agreement (adopted 12 December 2015, entered into force 4 November 2016) 55 ILM 740, Preamble.
52.
Duyck, Jodoin and Johl (n 87) 1.
53.
See for example Statement of the CEDAW Committee on Gender and Climate Change (adopted at 44th Session held in New York, USA, from 20 July to 7 August 2009); African Commission on Human and Peoples’ Rights ‘Climate Change and the Need to Study Its Impacts on Africa’ (ACHPR/ Res153/XLVI/09, adopted at the 46th Ordinary Session 25 November 2009); Inter-American Commission for Human Rights, ‘IACHR Concludes Its 141st Regular Session’, Press Release No. 28/11 (1 April 2011), http://www.cidh.oas.org/Comunicados/English/2011/28-11eng.htm (accessed 13 September 2018); Sara C. Aminzadeh ‘A Moral Imperative: The Human Rights Implications of Climate Change’ (2006) 30 Hastings International and Comparative Law Review 231.
54.
UNFCCC Decision 1/CP.16 (UN Doc FCCC/CP/2010/7/Add.1) (adopted 10 December 2010) preambular para 7 and chapter I, para 8. See generally Lavanya Rajamani, ‘The Increasing Currency and Relevance of Rights-Based Perspectives in the International Negotiations on Climate Change’ (2010) 22 Journal of Environmental Law 391.
55.
See Catalina Devandas Aguilar, The United Nations Special Rapporteurs on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities; John H Knox, The Issue of Human Rights Obligations relating to the Enjoyment of a Safe, Clean, Healthy, and Sustainable Environment; Philip Alston, Extreme Poverty and Human Rights; Léo Heller, The Human Right to Safe Drinking Water and Sanitation; and Virginia Bonoan-Dandan, the Independent Expert on Human Rights and International Solidarity; The Effects of Climate Change on the Full Enjoyment of Human Rights (30 April 2015). http://www4.unfccc.int/Submissions/Lists/OSPSubmissionUpload/202_109_130758775867568762-CVF%20submission%20Annex%201_Human%20Rights.pdf (accessed 25 October 2018).
56.
Small Island Conference, Malé, Maldives, 13–14 November 20,007, Malé Declaration on the Human Dimension of Global Climate Change (14 November 2007), para 2.
57.
Human Rights Council res. 7/23 (28 March 2008); Alejandro Artucio, Report of The Human Rights Council on Its Seventh Session, A/HRC/7/78 (14 July 2008) preambular para 1.
58.
Ibid.
59.
Report of the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights on the Relationship between Climate Change and Human Rights, UN Doc A/HRC/10/61 (15 January 2009). See also Ron Dudai, ‘Climate Change and Human Rights Practice: Observations on and around the Report of the Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights on the Relationship between Climate Change and Human Rights’ (2009) 1 Journal of Human Rights Practice 294.
60.
Ibid., at paras 20–41.
61.
Ibid., para 88.
62.
Ibid., paras 27, 33, 41, 74.
63.
Ibid., para 99.
64.
Ibid., para 96.
65.
Ibid., para 70.
66.
Atapattu (n 16), 73.
67.
Ibid.
68.
Margaretha Wewerinke-Singh, ‘State Responsibility for Human Rights Violations associated with Climate Change’, in Sébastien Duyck, Sébastien Jodoin, and Alyssa Johl (eds) Routledge Handbook of Human Rights and Climate Governance (Routledge, 2018), 75.
69.
See example, the Urgendra case.
70.
Wewerinke-Singh (n 68), 75.
71.
Benoit Mayer, ‘Human Rights in the Paris Agreement’ (2016) 6 Climate Law 112.
72.
Duyck, Jodoin and Johl (n 86), 1.
73.
Bodansky (n 56) 515. See also Margaretha Wewerinke-Singh ^‘Remedies for Human Rights Violations Caused by Climate Change’ (2019) 9 Climate Law 224–243; Hurst Hannum, ‘Reinvigorating Human Rights for the Twenty-First Century’ (2016) 16 Human Rights Law Review 409–451.
74.
See Borysiewicz v. Poland, ECrtHRs, Application no. 71146/01, Judgment (1 July 2008), para. 53.
75.
See Concluding Observation by Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights to Australia Suggesting That the State Review Its Coal Extraction and Export Policies Considering Their Climate Implications, UN Doc. E/C.12/AUS/CO/5 (11 July 2017), para. 12.
76.
Climate change-related protest slogans have marked green campaigns since ‘Give Earth a Chance’ banners flew at the first Earth Day march in 1970. See, ‘Climate Crisis Slogans with Punch’ DW 29 November 2019, https://www.dw.com/en/climate-crisis-slogans-with-punch/g-49373576 (accessed 20 March 2020).
77.
Susan Biniaz, ‘Comma But Differentiated Responsibilities: Punctuation and 30 Other Ways Negotiators Have Resolved Issues in the International Climate Change Regime’ (2016) 6 Michigan Journal of Environmental and Administrative Law 37.
78.
UN General Assembly Transforming Our World: The 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, A/RES/70/1 (21 October 2015).
79.
United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction (UNISDR), Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction 2015–2030 (2015), in UNGA Resolution 69/283 (3 June 2015) Annex II; United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Addis Ababa Action Agenda of the Third International Conference on Financing for Development (2015). http://www.un.org/esa/ffd/wp-content/uploads/2015/08/AAAA_Outcome.pdf (accessed 25 October 2019); UN General Assembly, New York Declaration for Refugees and Migrants, UN GA Res. 71/1 (3 October 2016).
80.
African Union Commission, Agenda 2063: The Africa We Want, Draft Document 6 (2014). http://www.nepad.org/system/files/Agenda%202063%20%20English.pdf (accessed 5 October 2018).
81.
See, generally, Sumudu Atapattu, Human Rights Approaches to Climate Change: Challenges and Opportunities (Routledge, 2016), 143; Ian Burton ‘Climate Change and the Adaptation Deficit’, in Lisa E.F. Schipper and Ian Burton (eds) The Earthscan Reader on Adaptation to Climate Change (Earthscan, 2009), 90.
82.
UNEP Climate Change and Human Rights (UNEP 2015); Eriksen H Siri, Andrea J Nightingale and Hallie Eakin, ‘Reframing Adaptation: The Political Nature of Climate Change Adaptation’ (2015) 35 Global Environmental Change 523; Olanrewaju Fagbohun, ‘Cultural Legitimacy of Mitigation and Adaptation to Climate Change: An Analytical Framework’ (2011) 6 Carbon and Climate Law Review 308.
83.
John Ashton and Xueman Wang, ‘Equity and Climate: In Principle and Practice’, in Joseph E. Aldy et al. (eds) Beyond Kyoto: Advancing the International Effort against Climate Change (Pew Centre on Global Climate Change, 2003), 71.
84.
See Christiana Voigt, ‘State Responsibility for Climate Change Damages’ (2008) 77 Nordic Journal of International Law 2; René Lefeber, ‘Climate Change and State Responsibility’, in Rosemary Rayfuse and Shirley V. Scott (eds) International Law in the Era of Climate Change (Edward Elgar Publishing, 2012).
85.
See Brigit Toebes ‘The Right to Health’, in Brigit Toebes, Milan M. Markovic, Rhonda Ferguson, and Obiajulu Nnamuchi (eds) The Right to Health: A Multi-Country Study of Law, Policy and Practice (ASSER Press, 2014), 169.
86.
Sébastien Duyck, Sébastien Jodoin, and Alyssa Johl, ‘Integrating Human Rights in Global Climate Governance: An Introduction’, in Sébastien Duyck, Sébastien Jodoin, and Alyssa Johl (eds) Routledge Handbook of Human Rights and Climate Governance (Routledge, 2018), 1.
87.
Ibid.
88.
Rebecca M. Bratspies, ‘The Intersection of International Human Rights and Domestic Environmental Regulation’ (2010) 38 Georgia Journal of International and Comparative Law 649.
89.
OHCHR’s submission, Understanding Human Rights and Climate Change, to the 21st Conference of Parties to the UNFCCC (27 November 2015), http://www.ohchr.org/Documents/Issues/ClimateChange/COP21.pdf; UNHRC, res 10/4 (25 March 2009); UNHRC res. 7/23 (28 March 2008).
90.
OHCHR (n 14).
91.
UNHRC (n 89).
92.
Lavanya Rajamani, ‘The Increasing Currency and Relevance of Rights-Based Perspectives in the International Negotiations on Climate Change’ (2010) 22 Journal of Environmental Law 391–429.
93.
Mariya Gromilova, ‘Revisiting Planned Relocation as a Climate Change Adaptation Strategy: The Added Value of a Human Rights-Based Approach’ (2014) 10 Utrecht Law Review 76–95.
94.
UNHRC, Report of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights on the Outcome of the Seminar Addressing the Adverse Impacts of Climate Change on the Full Enjoyment of Human Rights, Doc A/HRC/20/7 (10 April 2012).
95.
Ibid.
96.
The Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties defines treaties as ‘international agreement(s) concluded between States in written form and governed by international law,’ which, under the terms of Article 26, are ‘binding upon the Parties’ to them and ‘must be performed by them in good faith.’ See, Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties (adopted 23 May 1969, entered into force 27 January 1980) 1155 UNTS 331, article 2, para 1(a).
97.
Charter of the United Nations, 26 June 1945, 1 UNTS XVL.
98.
Universal Declaration of Human Rights’ 10 December 1948, Res 217/A.
99.
International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, 16 December 1966, 999 UNTS 171.
100.
International Covenant of Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, 16 December 1966, 993 UNTS 3.
101.
Declaration on the Right to Development, 4 December 1986, Res 41/128.
102.
Transforming Our World: The 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, 25 September 2015, Res 70/1.
103.
African Charter on Human and Peoples’ Rights (adopted 27 June 1981 entered into force 21 October 1986) 21 ILM 58.
104.
Protocol to the African Charter on Human and Peoples’ Rights on the Rights of Women in Africa (Maputo Protocol) 11 July 2003, 7783 Treaty 0027.
105.
African Charter on the Rights and Welfare of the Child, OAU Doc. CAB/LEG/24.9/4 (1990), 11 July 1990.
106.
Convention for the Protection and Assistance of Internally Displaced Persons in Africa (Kampala Convention), 23 October 2009, 7796 AU Treaty 0039.
107.
Convention Governing the Specific Aspects of Refugee Problems in Africa (adopted 10 September 1969, entered into force 20 June 1974), 1001 UNTS 45.
108.
African Commission on Human and Peoples’ Rights (ACHPR) ACHPR/Res.153 November 2009).
109.
ACHPR, ACHPR/Res 342 (20 April 2016).
110.
AU Human Rights Strategy for Africa (adopted on 28 April 2011).
111.
AU Common African Position (CAP) on the Post 2015 Development Agenda (March 2014).
112.
African Union, Agenda 2063 -The Africa We Want (April 2015).
113.
‘Ratification Table: African Charter on Human and Peoples’ Rights’, see, http://www.achpr.org/instruments/achpr/ratification/.
114.
African Charter (n 145), art 16.
115.
African Charter (n 145), art 24.
116.
African Charter (n 145), art 20.
117.
African Charter (n 145), art 21.
118.
African Charter (n 145), art 23.
119.
African Charter (n 145) art 1; African Charter (n 145), art 26.
120.
African Charter (n 145), arts 60 and 61.
121.
Frans Viljoen, International Human Rights Law in Africa (Oxford University Press, 2012), 327–329.

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Department of Planning and Sustainability, University of Energy and Natural Resources, Sunyani, Ghana
Michael Addaney

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Kumasi, Ghana
Maame Efua Addadzi-Koom
Sunyani, Ghana
Michael Addaney
Kumasi, Ghana
Lydia A. Nkansah

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Addaney, M. (2022). Climate Change and Human Rights in Africa: A New Factor in African Union Policymaking?. In: Addadzi-Koom, M.E., Addaney, M., Nkansah, L.A. (eds) Democratic Governance, Law, and Development in Africa. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-15397-6_22

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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-15397-6_22
Published: 11 December 2022
Publisher Name: Palgrave Macmillan, Cham
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Online ISBN: 978-3-031-15397-6
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