Abstract
Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a chronic disease in which normal glycemic control is lost and imposes a significant burden on providers, patients, and the overall health system. The incidence of DM has increased greatly in the USA, and screening for DM should be considered in high-risk patients. Diagnosis of DM may be made either with plasma glucose measurement or A1C. Lifestyle modification remains important in all patients with DM, although pharmacological therapy is ultimately needed in most diabetic patients. Microvascular complications can be reduced with strict glycemic control, and mitigation of macrovascular complications can be accomplished with newer glycemic agents as well as addressing other cardiovascular risk factors including hypertension, hyperlipidemia, smoking status, and obesity. Joint decision-making between provider and patient regarding goals of therapy is an important component of successful treatment of DM. Insulin is required for all patients with type 1 diabetes, but there are also a wide variety of non-insulin agents for use in patients with type 2 diabetes.
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Abbreviations
- A1C:
-
Hemoglobin A1C
- AGIs:
-
Alpha-glucosidase inhibitors
- DM:
-
Diabetes mellitus
- DPP-4:
-
Dipeptidyl peptidase 4
- GLP-1:
-
Glucagon-like peptide-1
- SGLT-2:
-
Sodium-glucose cotransporter-2
- T1D:
-
Type 1 Diabetes
- T2D:
-
Type 2 Diabetes
- TZD:
-
Thiazolidinediones
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Geliebter, A. (2022). Diabetes. In: Sydney, E., Weinstein, E., Rucker, L.M. (eds) Handbook of Outpatient Medicine. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-15353-2_7
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-15353-2_7
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