Skip to main content

The Co-evolution of Meaning-Making and Wisdom in Processing and Developmental Time

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Post-Traumatic Growth to Psychological Well-Being

Part of the book series: Lifelong Learning Book Series ((LLLB,volume 30))

Abstract

How one makes meaning of stressors in self-constructed, or co-constructed narratives with others, matters for the development of resources that foster wisdom. However, the social, cognitive, and emotional skills that support adaptive, growth-oriented meaning making also develop over time. As they do, they may contribute to new ways of understanding and gaining insights from memories of a past stressor. Those new insights may trigger changes in wisdom and, in turn, new levels of wisdom may feedback in to how one makes meaning of adversity. Hence, the co-evolution of wisdom and meaning-making. In this chapter I consider this co-evolution by first focusing on the idea that single-event meaning-making is nested in two types of interacting time (Fivush R, Booker JA, Graci ME, Imagin Cogn Pers 37:127–152, 2017); the time since an adverse experience occurred (processing time) and the developmental skills that the person has when making-meaning of that adverse experience (developmental time). To better understand the complex process by which adversity leads to wisdom we may need a better understanding of how single-event meaning making changes over time.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 149.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 199.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 199.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Adler, J. M. (2012). Living into the story: Agency and coherence in a longitudinal study of narrative identity development and mental health over the course of psychotherapy. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 102(2), 367–389. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0025289

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Adler, J. M., Lodi-Smith, J., Philippe, F. L., & Houle, I. (2016). The incremental validity of narrative identity in predicting well-being. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 20(2), 142–175. https://doi.org/10.1177/1088868315585068

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Aldwin, C. M., & Levenson, M. R. (2001). Stress, coping, and health at midlife: A developmental perspective. In M. E. Lachman (Ed.), Handbook of midlife development (pp. 188–214). Wiley.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ardelt, M. (2003). Empirical assessment of a three-dimensional wisdom scale. Research on Aging, 25(3), 275–324.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bangen, K. J., Meeks, T. W., & Jeste, D. V. (2013). Defining and assessing wisdom: A review of the literature. The American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 21(12), 1254–1266.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bauer, J., & Bonanno, G. A. (2001). Doing and being well (for the most part): Adaptive patterns of narrative self-evaluation during bereavement. Journal of Personality, 69(3), 451–482. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-6494.00152

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Blagov, P. S., & Singer, J. A. (2004). Four dimensions of self-defining memories (specificity, meaning, content, and affect) and their relationships to self-restraint, distress, and repressive defensiveness. Journal of Personality, 72(3), 481–511. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0022-3506.2004.00270.x

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bluck, S., & Glück, J. (2004). Making things better and learning a lesson: Experiencing wisdom across the lifespan. Journal of Personality, 72(3), 543–572.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Boals, A., Banks, J. B., Hathaway, L. M., & Schuettler, D. (2011). Coping with stressful events: Use of cognitive words in stressful narratives and the meaning-making process. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 30(4), 378–403. https://doi.org/10.1521/jscp.2011.30.4.378

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bonanno, G. A. (2013). Meaning making, adversity, and regulatory flexibility. Memory, 21(1), 150–156. https://doi.org/10.1080/09658211.2012.745572

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bruner, J. S. (1990). Acts of meaning. Harvard University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Butner, J. E., Deits-Lebehn, C., Crenshaw, A. O., Wiltshire, T. J., Perry, N. S., Kent de Grey, R. G., et al. (2017). A multivariate dynamic systems model for psychotherapy with more than one client. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 64(6), 616–625. https://doi.org/10.1037/cou000023

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Calhoun, L. G., & Tedeschi, R. G. (2006). The foundations of posttraumatic growth: an expanded framework. In L. G. Calhoun & R. G. Tedeschi (Eds.), Handbook of posttraumatic growth: Research & practice (pp. 3–23). Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Publishers.

    Google Scholar 

  • Carstensen, L. L. (2006). The influence of a sense of time on human development. Science, 312(5782), 1913–1915. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1127488

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Clayton, V. P., & Birren, J. E. (1980). The development of wisdom across the life-span: A re-examination of an ancient topic. In P. B. Baltes and O. G. Brim, Jr. (Eds.), Life-span development and behavior (pp. 103–135). New York: Academic Press

    Google Scholar 

  • Dunlop, W. L., & Tracy, J. L. (2013). Sobering stories: Narratives of self-redemption predict behavioral change and improved health among recovering alcoholics. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 104(3), 576–590. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0031185

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Erikson, E. H. (1963). Children and society. Norton.

    Google Scholar 

  • Erikson, E. H., & Erikson, J. M. (1998). The life cycle completed. Norton.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ferrari, M., Weststrate, N. M., & Petro, A. (2013). Stories of wisdom to live by: Developing wisdom in a narrative mode. In M. Ferrari & N. M. Weststrate (Eds.), The scientific study of personal wisdom: From contemplative traditions to neuroscience. Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-7986-0

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Fivush, R. (2001). Owning experience: Developing subjective perspective in autobiographical narratives. In C. Moore & K. Lemmon (Eds.), The self in time: Developmental perspectives (pp. 35–52). Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Publishers.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fivush, R., Booker, J. A., & Graci, M. E. (2017). Ongoing narrative meaning-making within events and across the life span. Imagination, Cognition and Personality, 37(2), 127–152. https://doi.org/10.1177/0276236617733824

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Folkman, S., & Moskowitz, J. T. (2004). Coping: Pitfalls and promise. Annual Review of Psychology, 55, 745–774. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.psych.55.090902.141456

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Glück, J., & Bluck, S. (2013). The MORE life experience model: A theory of the development of personal wisdom. In M. Ferrari & N. M. Weststrate (Eds.), The scientific study of personal wisdom: From contemplative traditions to neuroscience. Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-7986-0

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Glück, J., Bluck, S., Baron, J., & McAdams, D. P. (2005). The wisdom of experience: Autobiographical narratives across adulthood. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 29(3), 197–208.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Grimm, S. R. (2015). Wisdom. Australasian Journal of Philosophy, 93, 139–154. https://doi.org/10.1080/00048402.2014.937449

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Habermas, T., & Bluck, S. (2000). Getting a life: The emergence of the life story in adolescence. Psychological Bulletin, 126(5), 748–769.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Habermas, T., & de Silveira, C. (2008). The development of global coherence in life narratives across adolescence: Temporal, causal, and thematic aspects. Developmental Psychology, 44, 707–721. https://doi.org/10.1037/0012-1649.44.3.707

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Harter, S. (1999). The construction of the self: A developmental perspective. Guilford Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Joseph, S., & Linley, P. A. (2005). Positive adjustment to threatening events: an organismic valuing theory of growth through adversity. Review of General Psychology, 9(3), 262–280.

    Google Scholar 

  • Josselson, R. (2009). The present of the past: Dialogues with memory over time. Journal of Personality, 77(3), 647–668. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6494.2009.00560.x

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kunzmann, U., & Baltes, P. B. (2003). Wisdom-related knowledge: Affective, motivational, and interpersonal correlates. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 29(9), 1104–1119. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167203254506

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lilgendahl, J. P., & McAdams, D. P. (2011). Constructing stories of self-growth: How individual differences in patterns of autobiographical reasoning relate to well-being in midlife. Journal of Personality, 79(2), 391–428. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6494.2010.00688.x

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mansfield, C. D., & Diamond, L. M. (2017). Does stress-related growth really matter for adolescents’ day-to-day adaptive functioning? The Journal of Early Adolescence, 37(5), 677–695. https://doi.org/10.1177/0272431615620665

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mansfield, C. D., McLean, K. C., & Lilgendahl, J. P. (2010). Narrating traumas and transgressions: Links between narrative processing, wisdom, and well-being. Narrative Inquiry, 20(2), 246–273. https://doi.org/10.1075/ni.20.2.02man

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mansfield, C. D., Pasupathi, M., & McLean, K. C. (2015). Is narrating growth in stories of personal transgressions associated with increased well-being, self-compassion, and forgiveness of others? Journal of Research in Personality, 58, 69–83.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • McAdams, D. P. (1996). Personality, modernity, and the storied self: A contemporary framework for studying persons. Psychological Inquiry, 7(4), 295–321. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327965pli0704_1

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • McAdams, D. P., & McLean, K. C. (2013). Narrative identity. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 22(3), 233–238.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • McKee, P., & Barber, C. (1999). On defining wisdom. The International Journal of Aging & Human Development, 49(2), 149–164.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • McLean, K. C., & Mansfield, C. D. (2011). To reason or not to reason: Is autobiographical reasoning always beneficial? New Directions For Child & Adolescent Development, 2011(131), 85–97. https://doi.org/10.1002/cd.291

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • McLean, K. C., Pasupathi, M., & Pals, J. L. (2007). Selves creating stories creating selves: A process model of self-development. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 11(3), 262–278. https://doi.org/10.1177/1088868307301034

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mickler, C., & Staudinger, U. M. (2008). Personal wisdom: Validation and age-related differences of a performance measure. Psychology and Aging, 23(4), 787–799.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Neff, K. D., & McGehee, P. (2010). Self-compassion and psychological resilience among adolescents and young adults. Self and Identity, 9(3), 225–240. https://doi.org/10.1080/15298860902979307

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Nolen-Hoeksema, S., Wisco, B. E., & Lyubomirsky, S. (2008). Rethinking rumination. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 3(5), 400–424. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6924.2008.00088.x

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pals, J. L. (2006). Narrative identity processing of difficult life experiences: Pathways of personality development and positive self-transformation in adulthood. Journal of Personality, 74(4), 1079–1110.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Park, C. L. (2010). Making sense of the meaning literature: An integrative review of meaning making and its effects on adjustment to stressful life events. Psychological Bulletin, 136(2), 257–301. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0018301

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pasupathi, M., & Hoyt, T. (2009). The development of narrative identity in late adolescence and emergent adulthood: The continued importance of listeners. Developmental Psychology, 45(2), 558.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pasupathi, M., & Hoyt, T. (2010). Silence and the shaping of memory: How distracted listeners affect speakers’ subsequent recall of a computer game experience. Memory, 18(2), 159–169. https://doi.org/10.1080/09658210902992917

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pasupathi, M., & Wainryb, C. (2010). Developing moral agency through narrative. Human Development, 53(2), 55–80. https://doi.org/10.1159/000288208

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pasupathi, M., Mansour, E., & Brubaker, J. R. (2007). Developing a life story: Constructing relations between self and experience in autobiographical narratives. Human Development, 50(2–3), 85–110. https://doi.org/10.1159/000100939

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pasupathi, M., Mansfield, C. D., & Weeks, T. L. (2014). Me and my stories. In T. M. Holtgraves (Ed.), The Oxford handbook of language and social psychology (pp. 265–279). Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pennebaker, J. W., & Graybeal, A. (2001). Patterns of natural language use: Disclosure, personality, and social integration. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 10(3), 90–93. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8721.00123

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pennebaker, J. W., Mehl, M. R., & Niederhoffer, K. G. (2003). Psychological aspects of natural language use: Our words, our selves. Annual Review of Psychology, 54, 547–577.

    Google Scholar 

  • Saha, S., Chung, M. C., & Thorne, L. (2011). A narrative exploration of the sense of self of women recovering from childhood sexual abuse. Counselling Psychology Quarterly, 24(2), 101–113. https://doi.org/10.1080/09515070.2011.586414

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Skowronski, J. J., Walker, W. R., Henderson, D. X., & Bond, G. D. (2014). The fading affect bias: Its history, its implications, and its future. In J. M. Olson & M. P. Zanna (Eds.), Advances in experimental social psychology, vol. 49 (Vol. 49, pp. 163–218). Elsevier Academic Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Smith, J., & Baltes, P. B. (1990). Wisdom-related knowledge: Age/cohort differences in response to life-planning problems. Developmental Psychology, 26(3), 494–505.

    Google Scholar 

  • Staudinger, U. M. (2001). Life reflection: A social–cognitive analysis of life review. Review of General Psychology, 5(2), 148–160. https://doi.org/10.1037/1089-2680.5.2.148

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Staudinger, U. M. (2013). The need to distinguish personal from general wisdom: A short history and empirical evidence. In The scientific study of personal wisdom: From contemplative traditions to neuroscience. Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-7986-0

  • Staudinger, U. M., & Glück, J. (2011). Psychological wisdom research: Commonalities and differences in a growing field. Annual Review of Psychology, 62, 215–241.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sternberg, R. J. (1990). Wisdom: Its nature, origins, and development. Cambridge University Press.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Sternberg, R. J. (1998). A balance theory of wisdom. Review of General Psychology, 2(4), 347–365. https://doi.org/10.1037/1089-2680.2.4.347

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sternberg, R. J. (2013). Personal wisdom in the balance. In The scientific study of personal wisdom: From contemplative traditions to neuroscience. Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-7986-0

  • Thelen, E. (2005). Dynamic systems theory and the complexity of change. Psychoanalytic Dialogues, 15(2), 255–283. https://doi.org/10.1080/10481881509348831

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Thorne, A., McLean, K. C., & Lawrence, A. M. (2004). When remembering is not enough: Reflecting on self-defining memories in late adolescence. Journal of Personality, 72(3), 513–541. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0022-3506.2004.00271.x

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Turiel, E. (1983). The development of social knowledge: Morality and convention. Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • van Geert, P., & Fischer, K. W. (2009). Dynamic systems and the quest for individual-based models of change and development. In J. P. Spencer, M. S. C. Thomas, & J. L. McLelland (Eds.), Toward a unified theory of development: Connectionism and dynamic systems theory reconsidered. Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wainryb, C. (2011). “And so they ordered me to kill a person”: Conceptualizing the impacts of child soldiering on the development of moral agency. Human Development, 54(5), 273–300. https://doi.org/10.1159/000331482

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wainryb, C., Brehl, B. A., & Matwin, S. (2005). Being hurt and hurting others: Children’s narrative accounts and moral judgments of their own interpersonal conflicts: VI. Moral conflicts, subjectivity, and development. Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development, 70(3), 72–84.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Webster, J. D. (2007). Measuring the character strength of wisdom. The International Journal of Aging & Human Development, 65(2), 163–183. https://doi.org/10.2190/AG.65.2.d

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Webster, J. D., & Deng, X. C. (2015). Paths from trauma to intrapersonal strength: Worldview, posttraumatic growth, and wisdom. Journal of Loss and Trauma, 20(3), 253–266. https://doi.org/10.1080/15325024.2014.932207

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Webster, J. D., Weststrate, N. M., Ferrari, M., Munroe, M., & Pierce, T. (2018). Wisdom and meaning in emerging adulthood. Emerging Adulthood, 6(2), 118–136.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Weststrate, N. M., & Glück, J. (2017). Hard-earned wisdom: Exploratory processing of difficult life experience is positively associated with wisdom. Developmental Psychology, 53(4), 800–814.

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Cade D. Mansfield .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2022 Springer Nature Switzerland AG

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Mansfield, C.D. (2022). The Co-evolution of Meaning-Making and Wisdom in Processing and Developmental Time. In: Munroe, M., Ferrari, M. (eds) Post-Traumatic Growth to Psychological Well-Being . Lifelong Learning Book Series, vol 30. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-15290-0_10

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-15290-0_10

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-031-15289-4

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-031-15290-0

  • eBook Packages: EducationEducation (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics