Abstract
How one makes meaning of stressors in self-constructed, or co-constructed narratives with others, matters for the development of resources that foster wisdom. However, the social, cognitive, and emotional skills that support adaptive, growth-oriented meaning making also develop over time. As they do, they may contribute to new ways of understanding and gaining insights from memories of a past stressor. Those new insights may trigger changes in wisdom and, in turn, new levels of wisdom may feedback in to how one makes meaning of adversity. Hence, the co-evolution of wisdom and meaning-making. In this chapter I consider this co-evolution by first focusing on the idea that single-event meaning-making is nested in two types of interacting time (Fivush R, Booker JA, Graci ME, Imagin Cogn Pers 37:127–152, 2017); the time since an adverse experience occurred (processing time) and the developmental skills that the person has when making-meaning of that adverse experience (developmental time). To better understand the complex process by which adversity leads to wisdom we may need a better understanding of how single-event meaning making changes over time.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Adler, J. M. (2012). Living into the story: Agency and coherence in a longitudinal study of narrative identity development and mental health over the course of psychotherapy. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 102(2), 367–389. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0025289
Adler, J. M., Lodi-Smith, J., Philippe, F. L., & Houle, I. (2016). The incremental validity of narrative identity in predicting well-being. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 20(2), 142–175. https://doi.org/10.1177/1088868315585068
Aldwin, C. M., & Levenson, M. R. (2001). Stress, coping, and health at midlife: A developmental perspective. In M. E. Lachman (Ed.), Handbook of midlife development (pp. 188–214). Wiley.
Ardelt, M. (2003). Empirical assessment of a three-dimensional wisdom scale. Research on Aging, 25(3), 275–324.
Bangen, K. J., Meeks, T. W., & Jeste, D. V. (2013). Defining and assessing wisdom: A review of the literature. The American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 21(12), 1254–1266.
Bauer, J., & Bonanno, G. A. (2001). Doing and being well (for the most part): Adaptive patterns of narrative self-evaluation during bereavement. Journal of Personality, 69(3), 451–482. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-6494.00152
Blagov, P. S., & Singer, J. A. (2004). Four dimensions of self-defining memories (specificity, meaning, content, and affect) and their relationships to self-restraint, distress, and repressive defensiveness. Journal of Personality, 72(3), 481–511. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0022-3506.2004.00270.x
Bluck, S., & Glück, J. (2004). Making things better and learning a lesson: Experiencing wisdom across the lifespan. Journal of Personality, 72(3), 543–572.
Boals, A., Banks, J. B., Hathaway, L. M., & Schuettler, D. (2011). Coping with stressful events: Use of cognitive words in stressful narratives and the meaning-making process. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 30(4), 378–403. https://doi.org/10.1521/jscp.2011.30.4.378
Bonanno, G. A. (2013). Meaning making, adversity, and regulatory flexibility. Memory, 21(1), 150–156. https://doi.org/10.1080/09658211.2012.745572
Bruner, J. S. (1990). Acts of meaning. Harvard University Press.
Butner, J. E., Deits-Lebehn, C., Crenshaw, A. O., Wiltshire, T. J., Perry, N. S., Kent de Grey, R. G., et al. (2017). A multivariate dynamic systems model for psychotherapy with more than one client. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 64(6), 616–625. https://doi.org/10.1037/cou000023
Calhoun, L. G., & Tedeschi, R. G. (2006). The foundations of posttraumatic growth: an expanded framework. In L. G. Calhoun & R. G. Tedeschi (Eds.), Handbook of posttraumatic growth: Research & practice (pp. 3–23). Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Publishers.
Carstensen, L. L. (2006). The influence of a sense of time on human development. Science, 312(5782), 1913–1915. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1127488
Clayton, V. P., & Birren, J. E. (1980). The development of wisdom across the life-span: A re-examination of an ancient topic. In P. B. Baltes and O. G. Brim, Jr. (Eds.), Life-span development and behavior (pp. 103–135). New York: Academic Press
Dunlop, W. L., & Tracy, J. L. (2013). Sobering stories: Narratives of self-redemption predict behavioral change and improved health among recovering alcoholics. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 104(3), 576–590. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0031185
Erikson, E. H. (1963). Children and society. Norton.
Erikson, E. H., & Erikson, J. M. (1998). The life cycle completed. Norton.
Ferrari, M., Weststrate, N. M., & Petro, A. (2013). Stories of wisdom to live by: Developing wisdom in a narrative mode. In M. Ferrari & N. M. Weststrate (Eds.), The scientific study of personal wisdom: From contemplative traditions to neuroscience. Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-7986-0
Fivush, R. (2001). Owning experience: Developing subjective perspective in autobiographical narratives. In C. Moore & K. Lemmon (Eds.), The self in time: Developmental perspectives (pp. 35–52). Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Publishers.
Fivush, R., Booker, J. A., & Graci, M. E. (2017). Ongoing narrative meaning-making within events and across the life span. Imagination, Cognition and Personality, 37(2), 127–152. https://doi.org/10.1177/0276236617733824
Folkman, S., & Moskowitz, J. T. (2004). Coping: Pitfalls and promise. Annual Review of Psychology, 55, 745–774. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.psych.55.090902.141456
Glück, J., & Bluck, S. (2013). The MORE life experience model: A theory of the development of personal wisdom. In M. Ferrari & N. M. Weststrate (Eds.), The scientific study of personal wisdom: From contemplative traditions to neuroscience. Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-7986-0
Glück, J., Bluck, S., Baron, J., & McAdams, D. P. (2005). The wisdom of experience: Autobiographical narratives across adulthood. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 29(3), 197–208.
Grimm, S. R. (2015). Wisdom. Australasian Journal of Philosophy, 93, 139–154. https://doi.org/10.1080/00048402.2014.937449
Habermas, T., & Bluck, S. (2000). Getting a life: The emergence of the life story in adolescence. Psychological Bulletin, 126(5), 748–769.
Habermas, T., & de Silveira, C. (2008). The development of global coherence in life narratives across adolescence: Temporal, causal, and thematic aspects. Developmental Psychology, 44, 707–721. https://doi.org/10.1037/0012-1649.44.3.707
Harter, S. (1999). The construction of the self: A developmental perspective. Guilford Press.
Joseph, S., & Linley, P. A. (2005). Positive adjustment to threatening events: an organismic valuing theory of growth through adversity. Review of General Psychology, 9(3), 262–280.
Josselson, R. (2009). The present of the past: Dialogues with memory over time. Journal of Personality, 77(3), 647–668. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6494.2009.00560.x
Kunzmann, U., & Baltes, P. B. (2003). Wisdom-related knowledge: Affective, motivational, and interpersonal correlates. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 29(9), 1104–1119. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167203254506
Lilgendahl, J. P., & McAdams, D. P. (2011). Constructing stories of self-growth: How individual differences in patterns of autobiographical reasoning relate to well-being in midlife. Journal of Personality, 79(2), 391–428. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6494.2010.00688.x
Mansfield, C. D., & Diamond, L. M. (2017). Does stress-related growth really matter for adolescents’ day-to-day adaptive functioning? The Journal of Early Adolescence, 37(5), 677–695. https://doi.org/10.1177/0272431615620665
Mansfield, C. D., McLean, K. C., & Lilgendahl, J. P. (2010). Narrating traumas and transgressions: Links between narrative processing, wisdom, and well-being. Narrative Inquiry, 20(2), 246–273. https://doi.org/10.1075/ni.20.2.02man
Mansfield, C. D., Pasupathi, M., & McLean, K. C. (2015). Is narrating growth in stories of personal transgressions associated with increased well-being, self-compassion, and forgiveness of others? Journal of Research in Personality, 58, 69–83.
McAdams, D. P. (1996). Personality, modernity, and the storied self: A contemporary framework for studying persons. Psychological Inquiry, 7(4), 295–321. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327965pli0704_1
McAdams, D. P., & McLean, K. C. (2013). Narrative identity. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 22(3), 233–238.
McKee, P., & Barber, C. (1999). On defining wisdom. The International Journal of Aging & Human Development, 49(2), 149–164.
McLean, K. C., & Mansfield, C. D. (2011). To reason or not to reason: Is autobiographical reasoning always beneficial? New Directions For Child & Adolescent Development, 2011(131), 85–97. https://doi.org/10.1002/cd.291
McLean, K. C., Pasupathi, M., & Pals, J. L. (2007). Selves creating stories creating selves: A process model of self-development. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 11(3), 262–278. https://doi.org/10.1177/1088868307301034
Mickler, C., & Staudinger, U. M. (2008). Personal wisdom: Validation and age-related differences of a performance measure. Psychology and Aging, 23(4), 787–799.
Neff, K. D., & McGehee, P. (2010). Self-compassion and psychological resilience among adolescents and young adults. Self and Identity, 9(3), 225–240. https://doi.org/10.1080/15298860902979307
Nolen-Hoeksema, S., Wisco, B. E., & Lyubomirsky, S. (2008). Rethinking rumination. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 3(5), 400–424. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6924.2008.00088.x
Pals, J. L. (2006). Narrative identity processing of difficult life experiences: Pathways of personality development and positive self-transformation in adulthood. Journal of Personality, 74(4), 1079–1110.
Park, C. L. (2010). Making sense of the meaning literature: An integrative review of meaning making and its effects on adjustment to stressful life events. Psychological Bulletin, 136(2), 257–301. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0018301
Pasupathi, M., & Hoyt, T. (2009). The development of narrative identity in late adolescence and emergent adulthood: The continued importance of listeners. Developmental Psychology, 45(2), 558.
Pasupathi, M., & Hoyt, T. (2010). Silence and the shaping of memory: How distracted listeners affect speakers’ subsequent recall of a computer game experience. Memory, 18(2), 159–169. https://doi.org/10.1080/09658210902992917
Pasupathi, M., & Wainryb, C. (2010). Developing moral agency through narrative. Human Development, 53(2), 55–80. https://doi.org/10.1159/000288208
Pasupathi, M., Mansour, E., & Brubaker, J. R. (2007). Developing a life story: Constructing relations between self and experience in autobiographical narratives. Human Development, 50(2–3), 85–110. https://doi.org/10.1159/000100939
Pasupathi, M., Mansfield, C. D., & Weeks, T. L. (2014). Me and my stories. In T. M. Holtgraves (Ed.), The Oxford handbook of language and social psychology (pp. 265–279). Oxford University Press.
Pennebaker, J. W., & Graybeal, A. (2001). Patterns of natural language use: Disclosure, personality, and social integration. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 10(3), 90–93. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8721.00123
Pennebaker, J. W., Mehl, M. R., & Niederhoffer, K. G. (2003). Psychological aspects of natural language use: Our words, our selves. Annual Review of Psychology, 54, 547–577.
Saha, S., Chung, M. C., & Thorne, L. (2011). A narrative exploration of the sense of self of women recovering from childhood sexual abuse. Counselling Psychology Quarterly, 24(2), 101–113. https://doi.org/10.1080/09515070.2011.586414
Skowronski, J. J., Walker, W. R., Henderson, D. X., & Bond, G. D. (2014). The fading affect bias: Its history, its implications, and its future. In J. M. Olson & M. P. Zanna (Eds.), Advances in experimental social psychology, vol. 49 (Vol. 49, pp. 163–218). Elsevier Academic Press.
Smith, J., & Baltes, P. B. (1990). Wisdom-related knowledge: Age/cohort differences in response to life-planning problems. Developmental Psychology, 26(3), 494–505.
Staudinger, U. M. (2001). Life reflection: A social–cognitive analysis of life review. Review of General Psychology, 5(2), 148–160. https://doi.org/10.1037/1089-2680.5.2.148
Staudinger, U. M. (2013). The need to distinguish personal from general wisdom: A short history and empirical evidence. In The scientific study of personal wisdom: From contemplative traditions to neuroscience. Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-7986-0
Staudinger, U. M., & Glück, J. (2011). Psychological wisdom research: Commonalities and differences in a growing field. Annual Review of Psychology, 62, 215–241.
Sternberg, R. J. (1990). Wisdom: Its nature, origins, and development. Cambridge University Press.
Sternberg, R. J. (1998). A balance theory of wisdom. Review of General Psychology, 2(4), 347–365. https://doi.org/10.1037/1089-2680.2.4.347
Sternberg, R. J. (2013). Personal wisdom in the balance. In The scientific study of personal wisdom: From contemplative traditions to neuroscience. Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-7986-0
Thelen, E. (2005). Dynamic systems theory and the complexity of change. Psychoanalytic Dialogues, 15(2), 255–283. https://doi.org/10.1080/10481881509348831
Thorne, A., McLean, K. C., & Lawrence, A. M. (2004). When remembering is not enough: Reflecting on self-defining memories in late adolescence. Journal of Personality, 72(3), 513–541. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0022-3506.2004.00271.x
Turiel, E. (1983). The development of social knowledge: Morality and convention. Cambridge University Press.
van Geert, P., & Fischer, K. W. (2009). Dynamic systems and the quest for individual-based models of change and development. In J. P. Spencer, M. S. C. Thomas, & J. L. McLelland (Eds.), Toward a unified theory of development: Connectionism and dynamic systems theory reconsidered. Oxford University Press.
Wainryb, C. (2011). “And so they ordered me to kill a person”: Conceptualizing the impacts of child soldiering on the development of moral agency. Human Development, 54(5), 273–300. https://doi.org/10.1159/000331482
Wainryb, C., Brehl, B. A., & Matwin, S. (2005). Being hurt and hurting others: Children’s narrative accounts and moral judgments of their own interpersonal conflicts: VI. Moral conflicts, subjectivity, and development. Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development, 70(3), 72–84.
Webster, J. D. (2007). Measuring the character strength of wisdom. The International Journal of Aging & Human Development, 65(2), 163–183. https://doi.org/10.2190/AG.65.2.d
Webster, J. D., & Deng, X. C. (2015). Paths from trauma to intrapersonal strength: Worldview, posttraumatic growth, and wisdom. Journal of Loss and Trauma, 20(3), 253–266. https://doi.org/10.1080/15325024.2014.932207
Webster, J. D., Weststrate, N. M., Ferrari, M., Munroe, M., & Pierce, T. (2018). Wisdom and meaning in emerging adulthood. Emerging Adulthood, 6(2), 118–136.
Weststrate, N. M., & Glück, J. (2017). Hard-earned wisdom: Exploratory processing of difficult life experience is positively associated with wisdom. Developmental Psychology, 53(4), 800–814.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2022 Springer Nature Switzerland AG
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Mansfield, C.D. (2022). The Co-evolution of Meaning-Making and Wisdom in Processing and Developmental Time. In: Munroe, M., Ferrari, M. (eds) Post-Traumatic Growth to Psychological Well-Being . Lifelong Learning Book Series, vol 30. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-15290-0_10
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-15290-0_10
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-031-15289-4
Online ISBN: 978-3-031-15290-0
eBook Packages: EducationEducation (R0)