Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Gastric Motor Disorders

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Pediatric Neurogastroenterology

Abstract

Normal gastric motor function requires coordination of the autonomic nervous system, enteric nervous system, and enteric smooth muscles. Intrinsic and extrinsic stimuli constantly interact and impact stomach filling and emptying. Disturbances in these complex processes may result in alterations of gastric motility and symptoms of gastroparesis or dumping syndrome. Gastric motility disorders are common in children. This chapter focuses on the etiology of gastric motor disorders and provides a brief overview of diagnostic and therapeutic options. Gastroparesis is a motor and sensory disorder of the stomach with delayed gastric emptying in the absence of a mechanical obstruction. Gastroparesis and functional dyspepsia are considered a broad continuous spectrum of disorders with shared upper gastrointestinal symptoms. Idiopathic and post-infectious gastroparesis are among the most common causes of gastric dysmotility in children. Other etiologies of gastroparesis include intestinal inflammatory disease (e.g., cow’s milk protein allergy, inflammatory bowel disease, celiac disease), endocrinopathies, dysautonomia, constipation, malnutrition, medications, and toxins. Symptoms of gastroparesis may include severe pain, nausea, or anorexia and can be debilitating. Pyloric dysfunction has also been implicated. Four-hour scintigraphy remains the gold standard for diagnosis though other assessments like isotope breath tests, wireless motility capsule, and pyloric EndoFLIP are gaining recognition. Treatment includes dietary management and medications affecting gastric emptying and accommodation. Pyloric therapies, neuromodulation, and other behavioral and complementary therapies have been implicated. Rapid gastric emptying can result in dumping syndrome with severe upper gastrointestinal and vasomotor symptoms. Early dumping syndrome occurs due to rapid fluid shifts related to hyperosmolar load transfer to the small intestine. Late dumping syndrome symptoms are related to reactive hyperinsulinemic hypoglycemia.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 129.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 249.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  1. Febo-Rodriguez L, Chumpitazi BP, Shulman RJ. Childhood gastroparesis is a unique entity in need of further investigation. Neurogastroenterol Motil. 2020;32(3):e13699.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  2. Waseem S, Islam S, Kahn G, Moshiree B, Talley NJ. Spectrum of gastroparesis in children. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2012;55(2):166–72.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  3. Islam S. Gastroparesis in children. Curr Opin Pediatr. 2015;27(3):377–82.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. Lu PL, Moore-Clingenpeel M, Yacob D, Di Lorenzo C, Mousa HM. The rising cost of hospital care for children with gastroparesis: 2004–2013. Neurogastroenterol Motil. 2016;28(11):1698–704.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. Kovacic K, Elfar W, Rosen JM, Yacob D, Raynor J, Mostamand S, et al. Update on pediatric gastroparesis: a review of the published literature and recommendations for future research. Neurogastroenterol Motil. 2020;32(3):e13780.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. Wang YR, Fisher RS, Parkman HP. Gastroparesis-related hospitalizations in the United States: trends, characteristics, and outcomes, 1995–2004. Am J Gastroenterol. 2008;103(2):313–22.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Jericho H, Adams P, Zhang G, Rychlik K, Saps M. Nausea predicts delayed gastric emptying in children. J Pediatr. 2014;164(1):89–92.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. Chogle A, Saps M. Gastroparesis in children: the benefit of conducting 4-hour scintigraphic gastric-emptying studies. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2013;56(4):439–42.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. Wong GK, Shulman RJ, Chumpitazi BP. Gastric emptying scintigraphy results in children are affected by age, anthropometric factors, and study duration. Neurogastroenterol Motil. 2015;27(3):356–62.

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  10. Rodriguez L, Irani K, Jiang H, Goldstein AM. Clinical presentation, response to therapy, and outcome of gastroparesis in children. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2012;55(2):185–90.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. Kim BJ, Kuo B. Gastroparesis and functional dyspepsia: a blurring distinction of pathophysiology and treatment. J Neurogastroenterol Motil. 2019;25(1):27–35.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  12. Cangemi DJ, Lacy BE. Gastroparesis and functional dyspepsia: different diseases or different ends of the spectrum? Curr Opin Gastroenterol. 2020;36(6):509–17.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Kovacic K, Williams S, Li BU, Chelimsky G, Miranda A. High prevalence of nausea in children with pain-associated functional gastrointestinal disorders: are Rome criteria applicable? J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2013;57(3):311–5.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. Rosen JM, Cocjin JT, Schurman JV, Colombo JM, Friesen CA. Visceral hypersensitivity and electromechanical dysfunction as therapeutic targets in pediatric functional dyspepsia. World J Gastrointest Pharmacol Ther. 2014;5(3):122–38.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  15. Chitkara DK, Camilleri M, Zinsmeister AR, Burton D, El-Youssef M, Freese D, et al. Gastric sensory and motor dysfunction in adolescents with functional dyspepsia. J Pediatr. 2005;146:500–5.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Chitkara DK, Delgado-Aros S, Bredenoord AJ, Cremonini F, El-Youssef M, Freese D, et al. Functional dyspepsia, upper gastrointestinal symptoms, and transit in children. J Pediatr. 2003;143:609–13.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Soykan I, Sivri B, Sarosiek I, Kiernan B, McCallum RW. Demography, clinical characteristics, psychological and abuse profiles, treatment, and long-term follow-up of patients with gastroparesis. Dig Dis Sci. 1998;43:2398–404.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Ali T, Hasan M, Hamadani M, Harty RF. Gastroparesis. South Med J. 2007;100:281–6.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Sigurdsson L, Flores A, Putnam PE, Hyman PE, Di Lorenzo C. Postviral gastroparesis: presentation, treatment, and outcome. J Pediatr. 1997;131(5):751–4.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. Naftali T, Yishai R, Zangen T, Levine A. Post-infectious gastroparesis: clinical and electrogastrographic aspects. J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2007;22(9):1423–8.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. Huang S, Li JY, Wu J, Meng L, Shou CC. Mycoplasma infections and different human carcinomas. World J Gastroenterol. 2001;7(2):266–9.

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  22. Bityutskiy LP, Soykan I, McCallum RW. Viral gastroparesis: a subgroup of idiopathic gastroparesis—clinical characteristics and long-term outcomes. Am J Gastroenterol. 1997;92(9):1501–4.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. Salicru M, Juarez D, Genta RM. Low prevalence of H. pylori infection in patients with gastroparesis. Dig Liver Dis. 2013;45(11):905–8.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. Shafi MA, Pasricha PJ. Post-surgical and obstructive gastroparesis. Curr Gastroenterol Rep. 2007;9(4):280–5.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. Azpiroz F, Malagelada JR. Gastric tone measured by an electronic barostat in health and postsurgical gastroparesis. Gastroenterology. 1987;92(4):934–43.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  26. Jung HK, Choung RS, Locke GR III, Schleck CD, Zinsmeister AR, Szarka LA, et al. The incidence, prevalence, and outcomes of patients with gastroparesis in Olmsted County, Minnesota, from 1996 to 2006. Gastroenterology. 2009;136(4):1225–33.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. Koch KL, Calles-Escandon J. Diabetic gastroparesis. Gastroenterol Clin N Am. 2015;44(1):39–57.

    Google Scholar 

  28. Grover M, Farrugia G, Lurken MS, Bernard CE, Faussone-Pellegrini MS, Smyrk TC, et al. Cellular changes in diabetic and idiopathic gastroparesis. Gastroenterology. 2011;140(5):1575–85.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  29. Mearin F, Camilleri M, Malagelada JR. Pyloric dysfunction in diabetics with recurrent nausea and vomiting. Gastroenterology. 1986;90(6):1919–25.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. James AN, Ryan JP, Crowell MD, Parkman HP. Regional gastric contractility alterations in a diabetic gastroparesis mouse model: effects of cholinergic and serotoninergic stimulation. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol. 2004;287(3):G612–9.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  31. Cucchiara S, Franzese A, Salvia G, Alfonsi L, Iula VD, Montisci A, et al. Gastric emptying delay and gastric electrical derangement in IDDM. Diabetes Care. 1998;21(3):438–43.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  32. Reid B, DiLorenzo C, Travis L, Flores AF, Grill BB, Hyman PE. Diabetic gastroparesis due to postprandial antral hypomotility in childhood. Pediatrics. 1992;90(1 Pt 1):43–6.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  33. Vazeou A, Papadopoulou A, Papadimitriou A, Kitsou E, Stathatos M, Bartsocas CS. Autonomic neuropathy and gastrointestinal motility disorders in children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes mellitus. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2004;38(1):61–5.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  34. Massin MM, Derkenne B, Tallsund M, Rocour-Brumioul D, Ernould C, Lebrethon MC, et al. Cardiac autonomic dysfunction in diabetic children. Diabetes Care. 1999;22(11):1845–50.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  35. Perano SJ, Rayner CK, Kritas S, Horowitz M, Donaghue K, Mpundu-Kaambwa C, et al. Gastric emptying is more rapid in adolescents with Type 1 diabetes and impacts on postprandial glycemia. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2015;100(6):2248–53.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  36. Freeman R. Autonomic peripheral neuropathy. Lancet. 2005;365(9466):1259–70.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  37. Dhamija R, Tan KM, Pittock SJ, Foxx-Orenstein A, Benarroch E, Lennon VA. Serologic profiles aiding the diagnosis of autoimmune gastrointestinal dysmotility. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2008;6(9):988–92.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  38. Klein CM, Vernino S, Lennon VA, Sandroni P, Fealey RD, Benrud-Larson L, et al. The spectrum of autoimmune autonomic neuropathies. Ann Neurol. 2003;53(6):752–8.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  39. Tursi A. Gastrointestinal motility disturbances in celiac disease. J Clin Gastroenterol. 2004;38(8):642–5.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  40. Bai JC, Maurino E, Martinez C, Vazquez H, Niveloni S, Soifer G, et al. Abnormal colonic transit time in untreated celiac sprue. Acta Gastroenterol Latinoam. 1995;25(5):277–84.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  41. Rocco A, Sarnelli G, Compare D, de Colibus P, Micheli P, Somma P, et al. Tissue ghrelin level and gastric emptying rate in adult patients with celiac disease. Neurogastroenterol Motil. 2008;20(8):884–90.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  42. Cucchiara S, Bassotti G, Castellucci G, Minella R, Betti C, Fusaro C, et al. Upper gastrointestinal motor abnormalities in children with active celiac disease. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 1995;21(4):435–42.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  43. Bassotti G, Villanacci V, Mazzocchi A, Mariano M, Incardona P, Clerici C, et al. Antroduodenojejunal motor activity in untreated and treated celiac disease patients. J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2008;23(7 Pt 2):e23–8.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  44. Tursi A, Giorgetti GM, Iani C, Arciprete F, Brandimarte G, Capria A, et al. Peripheral neurological disturbances, autonomic dysfunction, and antineuronal antibodies in adult celiac disease before and after a gluten-free diet. Dig Dis Sci. 2006;51(10):1869–74.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  45. Keller J, Binnewies U, Rosch M, Juul Holst J, Beglinger C, Andresen V, et al. Gastric emptying and disease activity in inflammatory bowel disease. Eur J Clin Investig. 2015;45:1234.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  46. Keller J, Beglinger C, Holst JJ, Andresen V, Layer P. Mechanisms of gastric emptying disturbances in chronic and acute inflammation of the distal gastrointestinal tract. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol. 2009;297(5):G861–8.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  47. Kristinsson JO, Hopman WP, Oyen WJ, Drenth JP. Gastroparesis in patients with inactive Crohn’s disease: a case series. BMC Gastroenterol. 2007;7:11.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  48. Nobrega AC, Ferreira BR, Oliveira GJ, Sales KM, Santos AA, Nobre ESMA, et al. Dyspeptic symptoms and delayed gastric emptying of solids in patients with inactive Crohn’s disease. BMC Gastroenterol. 2012;12:175.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  49. Alomari M, Hitawala A, Chadalavada P, Covut F, Al Momani L, Khazaaleh S, et al. Prevalence and predictors of gastrointestinal dysmotility in patients with hypermobile Ehlers-Danlos syndrome: a tertiary care center experience. Cureus. 2020;12(4):e7881.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  50. Brooks RS, Grady J, Lowder TW, Blitshteyn S. Prevalence of gastrointestinal, cardiovascular, autonomic, and allergic manifestations in hospitalized patients with Ehlers-Danlos syndrome: a case-control study. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2021;2021:keaa926.

    Google Scholar 

  51. Mu W, Muriello M, Clemens JL, Wang Y, Smith CH, Tran PT, et al. Factors affecting quality of life in children and adolescents with hypermobile Ehlers-Danlos syndrome/hypermobility spectrum disorders. Am J Med Genet A. 2019;179(4):561–9.

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  52. Ravelli AM, Milla PJ. Vomiting and gastroesophageal motor activity in children with disorders of the central nervous system. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 1998;26(1):56–63.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  53. Werlin SL. Antroduodenal motility in neurologically handicapped children with feeding intolerance. BMC Gastroenterol. 2004;4:19.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  54. Zangen T, Ciarla C, Zangen S, Di Lorenzo C, Flores AF, Cocjin J, et al. Gastrointestinal motility and sensory abnormalities may contribute to food refusal in medically fragile toddlers. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2003;37(3):287–93.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  55. Gillis LA, Sokol RJ. Gastrointestinal manifestations of mitochondrial disease. Gastroenterol Clin N Am. 2003;32(3):789–817, v.

    Google Scholar 

  56. Bhardwaj J, Wan DQ, Koenig MK, Liu Y, Hashmi SS, Rhoads JM. Impaired gastric emptying and small bowel transit in children with mitochondrial disorders. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2012;55(2):194–9.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  57. Fujii A, Yoneda M, Ohtani M, Nakagawa H, Kumano T, Hayashi K, et al. Gastric dysmotility associated with accumulation of mitochondrial A3243G mutation in the stomach. Intern Med. 2004;43(12):1126–30.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  58. Chitkara DK, Nurko S, Shoffner JM, Buie T, Flores A. Abnormalities in gastrointestinal motility are associated with diseases of oxidative phosphorylation in children. Am J Gastroenterol. 2003;98(4):871–7.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  59. Staiano A, Corazziari E, Andreotti MR, Clouse RE. Esophageal motility in children with Hirschsprung’s disease. Am J Dis Child. 1991;145(3):310–3.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  60. Faure C, Ategbo S, Ferreira GC, Cargill G, Bellaiche M, Boige N, et al. Duodenal and esophageal manometry in total colonic aganglionosis. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 1994;18(2):193–9.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  61. Miele E, Tozzi A, Staiano A, Toraldo C, Esposito C, Clouse RE. Persistence of abnormal gastrointestinal motility after operation for Hirschsprung’s disease. Am J Gastroenterol. 2000;95(5):1226–30.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  62. Ravelli AM, Tobanelli P, Volpi S, Ugazio AG. Vomiting and gastric motility in infants with cow’s milk allergy. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2001;32(1):59–64.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  63. Schappi MG, Borrelli O, Knafelz D, Williams S, Smith VV, Milla PJ, et al. Mast cell-nerve interactions in children with functional dyspepsia. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2008;47(4):472–80.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  64. Friesen CA, Lin Z, Singh M, Singh V, Schurman JV, Burchell N, et al. Antral inflammatory cells, gastric emptying, and electrogastrography in pediatric functional dyspepsia. Dig Dis Sci. 2008;53(10):2634–40.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  65. Friesen CA, Schurman JV, Colombo JM, Abdel-Rahman SM. Eosinophils and mast cells as therapeutic targets in pediatric functional dyspepsia. World J Gastrointest Pharmacol Ther. 2013;4(4):86–96.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  66. Kovacic K, Miranda A, Chelimsky G, Williams S, Simpson P, Li BU. Chronic idiopathic nausea of childhood. J Pediatr. 2014;164(5):1104–9.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  67. Boccia G, Buonavolonta R, Coccorullo P, Manguso F, Fuiano L, Staiano A. Dyspeptic symptoms in children: the result of a constipation-induced cologastric brake? Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2008;6(5):556–60.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  68. Youle MS, Read NW. Effect of painless rectal distension on gastrointestinal transit of solid meal. Dig Dis Sci. 1984;29(10):902–6.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  69. Coremans G, Geypens B, Vos R, Tack J, Margaritis V, Ghoos Y, et al. Influence of continuous isobaric rectal distension on gastric emptying and small bowel transit in young healthy women. Neurogastroenterol Motil. 2004;16(1):107–11.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  70. Tjeerdsma HC, Smout AJ, Akkermans LM. Voluntary suppression of defecation delays gastric emptying. Dig Dis Sci. 1993;38(5):832–6.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  71. Nowak TV, Ionasescu V, Anuras S. Gastrointestinal manifestations of the muscular dystrophies. Gastroenterology. 1982;82(4):800–10.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  72. Tieleman AA, van Vliet J, Jansen JB, van der Kooi AJ, Borm GF, van Engelen BG. Gastrointestinal involvement is frequent in Myotonic Dystrophy type 2. Neuromuscul Disord. 2008;18(8):646–9.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  73. Fruhwald S, Kainz J. Effect of ICU interventions on gastrointestinal motility. Curr Opin Crit Care. 2010;16(2):159–64.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  74. Luttikhold J, de Ruijter FM, van Norren K, Diamant M, Witkamp RF, van Leeuwen PA, et al. Review article: The role of gastrointestinal hormones in the treatment of delayed gastric emptying in critically ill patients. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2013;38(6):573–83.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  75. Maes BD, Ghoos YF, Geypens BJ, Hiele MI, Rutgeerts PJ. Influence of octreotide on the gastric emptying of solids and liquids in normal healthy subjects. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 1995;9(1):11–8.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  76. Marano AR, Caride VJ, Prokop EK, Troncale FJ, McCallum RW. Effect of sucralfate and an aluminum hydroxide gel on gastric emptying of solids and liquids. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 1985;37(6):629–32.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  77. Tougas G, Earnest DL, Chen Y, Vanderkoy C, Rojavin M. Omeprazole delays gastric emptying in healthy volunteers: an effect prevented by tegaserod. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2005;22(1):59–65.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  78. Boesmans W, Ameloot K, van den Abbeel V, Tack J, Vanden BP. Cannabinoid receptor 1 signalling dampens activity and mitochondrial transport in networks of enteric neurones. Neurogastroenterol Motil. 2009;21(9):958–e77.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  79. Galligan JJ. Cannabinoid signalling in the enteric nervous system. Neurogastroenterol Motil. 2009;21(9):899–902.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  80. McCallum RW, Soykan I, Sridhar KR, Ricci DA, Lange RC, Plankey MW. Delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol delays the gastric emptying of solid food in humans: a double-blind, randomized study. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 1999;13(1):77–80.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  81. Rana SV, Kochhar R, Pal R, Nagi B, Singh K. Orocecal transit time in patients in the chronic phase of corrosive injury. Dig Dis Sci. 2008;53(7):1797–800.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  82. Mittal BR, Kochhar R, Shankar R, Bhattacharya A, Solanki K, Nagi B. Delayed gastric emptying in patients with caustic ingestion. Nucl Med Commun. 2008;29(9):782–5.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  83. Yin J, Levanon D, Chen JD. Inhibitory effects of stress on postprandial gastric myoelectrical activity and vagal tone in healthy subjects. Neurogastroenterol Motil. 2004;16(6):737–44.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  84. De Giorgi F, Sarnelli G, Cirillo C, Savino IG, Turco F, Nardone G, et al. Increased severity of dyspeptic symptoms related to mental stress is associated with sympathetic hyperactivity and enhanced endocrine response in patients with postprandial distress syndrome. Neurogastroenterol Motil. 2013;25(1):31–8.e2–3.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  85. Lee HS, An YS, Kang J, Yoo JH, Lee KJ. Effect of acute auditory stress on gastric motor responses to a meal in healthy volunteers. J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2013;28(11):1699–704.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  86. Beglinger C, Degen L. Role of thyrotrophin releasing hormone and corticotrophin releasing factor in stress related alterations of gastrointestinal motor function. Gut. 2002;51(Suppl 1):i45–9.

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  87. Abell TL, Malagelada JR, Lucas AR, Brown ML, Camilleri M, Go VL, et al. Gastric electromechanical and neurohormonal function in anorexia nervosa. Gastroenterology. 1987;93(5):958–65.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  88. Benini L, Todesco T, Dalle Grave R, Deiorio F, Salandini L, Vantini I. Gastric emptying in patients with restricting and binge/purging subtypes of anorexia nervosa. Am J Gastroenterol. 2004;99(8):1448–54.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  89. Rigaud D, Bedig G, Merrouche M, Vulpillat M, Bonfils S, Apfelbaum M. Delayed gastric emptying in anorexia nervosa is improved by completion of a renutrition program. Dig Dis Sci. 1988;33(8):919–25.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  90. Soykan I, Chen J, Kendall BJ, McCallum RW. The rumination syndrome: clinical and manometric profile, therapy, and long-term outcome. Dig Dis Sci. 1997;42(9):1866–72.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  91. Hejazi RA, McCallum RW. Rumination syndrome: a review of current concepts and treatments. Am J Med Sci. 2014;348(4):324–9.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  92. Riezzo G, Indrio F, Raimondi F, Montagna O, Salvia G, Massimo B, et al. Maturation of gastric electrical activity, gastric emptying and intestinal permeability in preterm newborns during the first month of life. Ital J Pediatr. 2009;35(1):6.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  93. Cucchiara S, Salvia G, Scarcella A, Rapagiolo S, Borrelli O, Boccia G, et al. Gestational maturation of electrical activity of the stomach. Dig Dis Sci. 1999;44(10):2008–13.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  94. Owens L, Burrin DG, Berseth CL. Minimal enteral feeding induces maturation of intestinal motor function but not mucosal growth in neonatal dogs. J Nutr. 2002;132(9):2717–22.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  95. Cheng W, Tam PK. Gastric electrical activity normalises in the first decade of life. Eur J Pediatr Surg. 2000;10(5):295–9.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  96. Nguyen L, Wilson LA, Miriel L, Pasricha PJ, Kuo B, Hasler WL, et al. NIDDK Gastroparesis Clinical Research Consortium (GpCRC). Autonomic function in gastroparesis and chronic unexplained nausea and vomiting: relationship with etiology, gastric emptying, and symptom severity. Neurogastroenterol Motil. 2020;32(8):e13810.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  97. Pasricha TS, Pasricha PJ. Botulinum toxin injection for treatment of gastroparesis. Gastrointest Endosc Clin N Am. 2019;29(1):97–106.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  98. Gourcerol G, Tissier F, Melchior C, Touchais JY, Huet E, Prevost G, et al. Impaired fasting pyloric compliance in gastroparesis and the therapeutic response to pyloric dilatation. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2015;41(4):360–7.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  99. Malik Z, Sankineni A, Parkman HP. Assessing pyloric sphincter pathophysiology using EndoFLIP in patients with gastroparesis. Neurogastroenterol Motil. 2015;27:524–31.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  100. Snape WJ, Lin MS, Agarwal N, Shaw RE. Evaluation of the pylorus with concurrent intraluminal pressure and EndoFLIP in patients with nausea and vomiting. Neurogastroenterol Motil. 2016;28:758–64.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  101. Fisher RS. Gastroduodenal motility disturbances in man. Scand J Gastroenterol Suppl. 1985;109:59–68.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  102. Ishida S, Miyagawa T, O’Grady G, Cheng LK, Imai Y. Quantification of gastric emptying caused by impaired coordination of pyloric closure with antral contraction: a simulation study. J R Soc Interface. 2019;16(157):20190266.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  103. Tougas G, Chen Y, Coates G, Paterson W, Dallaire C, Pare P, et al. Standardization of a simplified scintigraphic methodology for the assessment of gastric emptying in a multicenter setting. Am J Gastroenterol. 2000;95(1):78–86.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  104. Bonner JJ, Vajjah P, Abduljalil K, Jamei M, Rostami-Hodjegan A, Tucker GT, et al. Does age affect gastric emptying time? A model-based meta-analysis of data from premature neonates through to adults. Biopharm Drug Dispos. 2015;36(4):245–57.

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  105. Pathikonda M, Sachdeva P, Malhotra N, Fisher RS, Maurer AH, Parkman HP. Gastric emptying scintigraphy: is four hours necessary? J Clin Gastroenterol. 2012;46(3):209–15.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  106. Sachdeva P, Kantor S, Knight LC, Maurer AH, Fisher RS, Parkman HP. Use of a high caloric liquid meal as an alternative to a solid meal for gastric emptying scintigraphy. Dig Dis Sci. 2013;58(7):2001–6.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  107. Hauser B, Roelants M, De Schepper J, Veereman G, Caveliers V, Devreker T, et al. Gastric emptying of liquids in children. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2016;62(3):403–8.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  108. Szarka LA, Camilleri M, Vella A, Burton D, Baxter K, Simonson J, et al. A stable isotope breath test with a standard meal for abnormal gastric emptying of solids in the clinic and in research. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2008;6(6):635–643.e1.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  109. Bharucha AE, Camilleri M, Veil E, Burton D, Zinsmeister AR. Comprehensive assessment of gastric emptying with a stable isotope breath test. Neurogastroenterol Motil. 2013;25(1):e60–9.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  110. Braden B, Peterknecht A, Piepho T, Schneider A, Caspary WF, Hamscho N, et al. Measuring gastric emptying of semisolids in children using the 13C-acetate breath test: a validation study. Dig Liver Dis. 2004;36(4):260–4.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  111. Kovacic K, Zhang L, Nugent Liegl M, Pawela L, Simpson P, Sood MR. Gastric emptying in healthy children using the Spirulina breath test: the impact of gender, body size, and pubertal development. Neurogastroenterol Motil. 2021;33(6):e14063.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  112. Orsagh-Yentis DK, Bai S, Bobbey A, Hayes C, Pusateri A, Williams K. Spirulina breath test indicates differences in gastric emptying based on age, gender, and BMI. Neurogastroenterol Motil. 2021;33(6):e14079.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  113. Rao SS, Mysore K, Attaluri A, Valestin J. Diagnostic utility of wireless motility capsule in gastrointestinal dysmotility. J Clin Gastroenterol. 2011;45(8):684–90.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  114. Camilleri M, Bharucha AE, di Lorenzo C, Hasler WL, Prather CM, Rao SS, et al. American Neurogastroenterology and Motility Society consensus statement on intraluminal measurement of gastrointestinal and colonic motility in clinical practice. Neurogastroenterol Motil. 2008;20(12):1269–82.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  115. Cassilly D, Kantor S, Knight LC, Maurer AH, Fisher RS, Semler J, et al. Gastric emptying of a non-digestible solid: assessment with simultaneous SmartPill pH and pressure capsule, antroduodenal manometry, gastric emptying scintigraphy. Neurogastroenterol Motil. 2008;20(4):311–9.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  116. Devanarayana NM, Rajindrajith S, Bandara C, Shashiprabha G, Benninga MA. Ultrasonographic assessment of liquid gastric emptying and antral motility according to the subtypes of irritable bowel syndrome in children. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2013;56(4):443–8.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  117. Devanarayana NM, Rajindrajith S, Perera MS, Nishanthanie SW, Benninga MA. Gastric emptying and antral motility parameters in children with functional dyspepsia: association with symptom severity. J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2013;28(7):1161–6.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  118. Wong GK, Shulman RJ, Chiou EH, Chumpitazi BP. Decreased relative diagnostic yield of esophagogastroduodenoscopy in children with gastroparesis. J Clin Gastroenterol. 2014;48(3):231–5.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  119. Desprez C, Chambaz M, Melchior C, Basile P, Prevost G, Jacques J, et al. Assessment of pyloric sphincter distensibility and pressure in patients with diabetic gastroparesis. Neurogastroenterol Motil. 2020;14:e14064.

    Google Scholar 

  120. Parkman HP. Idiopathic gastroparesis. Gastroenterol Clin N Am. 2015;44(1):59–68.

    Google Scholar 

  121. Camilleri M, Parkman HP, Shafi MA, Abell TL, Gerson L. American College of Gastroenterology. Clinical guideline: Management of gastroparesis. Am J Gastroenterol. 2013;108(1):18–38.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  122. Meyer R, Foong RX, Thapar N, Kritas S, Shah N. Systematic review of the impact of feed protein type and degree of hydrolysis on gastric emptying in children. BMC Gastroenterol. 2015;15:137.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  123. Staelens S, Van den Driessche M, Barclay D, Carrié-Faessler AL, Haschke F, Verbeke K, et al. Gastric emptying in healthy newborns fed an intact protein formula, a partially and an extensively hydrolysed formula. Clin Nutr. 2008;27(2):264–8.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  124. Garzi A, Messina M, Frati F, Carfagna L, Zagordo L, Belcastro M, et al. An extensively hydrolysed cow’s milk formula improves clinical symptoms of gastroesophageal reflux and reduces the gastric emptying time in infants. Allergol Immunopathol (Madr). 2002;30(1):36–41.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  125. Braden B, Enghofer M, Schaub M, Usadel KH, Caspary WF, Lembcke B. Long-term cisapride treatment improves diabetic gastroparesis but not glycemic control. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2002;16(7):1341–6.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  126. Stephens DP, Thomas JH, Collins SJ, Goldrick PB, Fowler S. A clinical audit of the efficacy of tegaserod as a prokinetic agent in the intensive care unit. Crit Care Resusc. 2007;9(2):148–50.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  127. Tillman EM, Smetana KS, Bantu L, Buckley MG. Pharmacologic treatment for pediatric gastroparesis: a review of the literature. J Pediatr Pharmacol Ther. 2016;21(2):120–32.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  128. Tack J, Corsetti M. Prucalopride: evaluation of the pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, efficacy, and safety in the treatment of chronic constipation. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol. 2012;8(10):1327.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  129. Kessing BF, Smout AJ, Bennink RJ, Kraaijpoel N, Oors JM, Bredenoord AJ. Prucalopride decreases esophageal acid exposure and accelerates gastric emptying in healthy subjects. Neurogastroenterol Motil. 2014;26(8):1079–86.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  130. Bouras EP, Camiller IM, Burton DD, Thomforde G, McKinzie S, Zinsmeister AR. Prucalopride accelerates gastrointestinal and colonic transit in patients with constipation without a rectal evacuation disorder. Gastroenterology. 2001;120:354–60.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  131. Carbone F, Van den Houte K, Clevers E, Andrews CN, Papathanasopoulos A, Holvoet L, et al. Prucalopride in gastroparesis: a randomized placebo-controlled crossover study. Am J Gastroenterol. 2019;114(8):1265–74.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  132. Malagelada JR, Rees WD, Mazzotta LJ, Go VL. Gastric motor abnormalities in diabetic and post-vagotomy gastroparesis: effect of metoclopramide and bethanechol. Gastroenterology. 1980;78(2):286–93.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  133. Cucchiara S, Minella R, Scoppa A, Emiliano M, Calabrese F, Az-Zeqeh N, et al. Antroduodenal motor effects of intravenous erythromycin in children with abnormalities of gastrointestinal motility. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 1997;24(4):411–8.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  134. Di Lorenzo C, Lucanto C, Flores AF, Idries S, Hyman PE. Effect of sequential erythromycin and octreotide on antroduodenal manometry. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 1999;29(3):293–6.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  135. Potter TG, Snider KR. Azithromycin for the treatment of gastroparesis. Ann Pharmacother. 2013;47(3):411–5.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  136. Gomez R, Fernandez S, Aspirot A, Punati J, Skaggs B, Mousa H, et al. Effect of amoxicillin/clavulanate on gastrointestinal motility in children. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2012;54(6):780–4.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  137. McCallum RW, Cynshi O, Investigative T. Clinical trial: effect of mitemcinal (a motilin agonist) on gastric emptying in patients with gastroparesis—a randomized, multicentre, placebo-controlled study. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2007;26(8):1121–30.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  138. Camilleri M, Acosta A. Emerging treatments in neurogastroenterology: relamorelin: a novel gastrocolokinetic synthetic ghrelin agonist. Neurogastroenterol Motil. 2015;27(3):324–32.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  139. Acosta A, Camilleri M. Prokinetics in gastroparesis. Gastroenterol Clin N Am. 2015;44(1):97–111.

    Google Scholar 

  140. Rodriguez L, Diaz J, Nurko S. Safety and efficacy of cyproheptadine for treating dyspeptic symptoms in children. J Pediatr. 2013;163(1):261–7.

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  141. Pae C. Low-dose mirtazapine may be successful treatment option for severe nausea and vomiting. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry. 2006;30:1143–5.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  142. Thompson A, Lummis CRS. The 5-HT3 receptor as a therapeutic target. Expert Opin Ther Targets. 2007;11:527–40.

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  143. Malamood M, Roberts A, Kataria R, Parkman HP, Schey R. Mirtazapine for symptom control in refractory gastroparesis. Drug Des Dev Ther. 2017;11:1035–41.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  144. Tack J, Ly HG, Carbone F, Vanheel H, Vanuytsel T, Holvoet L, et al. Efficacy of mirtazapine in patients with functional dyspepsia and weight loss. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2016;14(3):385–392.e4.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  145. Jiang S, Jia L, Jing L, et al. Beneficial effects of antidepressant mirtazapine in functional dyspepsia patients. World J Gastroenterol. 2016;22:5260–6.

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  146. Iglesias-Escabi I, McDaniel L, Reuther E, Kleesattel D, LeBlanc C, Hyman PE, Santucci NR. Effect of mirtazapine in children with functional nausea and functional dyspepsia postprandial distress syndrome. Pediatr Drugs. 2002;24(2):155–61.

    Google Scholar 

  147. Patel P, Robinson PD, Thackray J, et al. Guideline for the prevention of acute chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting in pediatric cancer patients: a focused update. Pediatr Blood Cancer. 2017;64:e26542.

    Google Scholar 

  148. Sanger GJ. Neurokinin NK1 and NK3 receptors as targets for drugs to treat gastrointestinal motility disorders and pain. Br J Pharmacol. 2004;141:1303–12.

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  149. Jacob D, Busciglio I, Burton D, Halawi H, Oduyebo I, Rhoten D, et al. Effects of NK1 receptors on gastric motor functions and satiation in healthy humans: results from a controlled trial with the NK1 antagonist aprepitant. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol. 2017;313(5):G505–10.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  150. Pasricha PJ, Yates KP, Sarosiek I, McCallum RW, Abell TL, Koch KL, et al. NIDDK Gastroparesis Clinical Research Consortium (GpCRC). Aprepitant has mixed effects on nausea and reduces other symptoms in patients with gastroparesis and related disorders. Gastroenterology. 2018;154(1):65–76.e11.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  151. Cristofori F, Thapar N, Saliakellis E, Kumaraguru N, Elawad M, Kiparissi F, et al. Efficacy of the neurokinin-1 receptor antagonist aprepitant in children with cyclical vomiting syndrome. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2014;40(3):309–17.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  152. Tack J, Camilleri M. New developments in the treatment of gastroparesis and functional dyspepsia. Curr Opin Pharmacol. 2018;43:111–7.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  153. Rodriguez L, Rosen R, Manfredi M, Nurko S. Endoscopic intrapyloric injection of botulinum toxin A in the treatment of children with gastroparesis: a retrospective, open-label study. Gastrointest Endosc. 2012;75(2):302–9.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  154. Hirsch S, Nurko S, Mitchell P, Rosen R. Botulinum toxin as a treatment for feeding difficulties in young children. J Pediatr. 2020;226:228–35.

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  155. Wellington J, Scott B, Kundu S, Stuart P, Koch KL. Effect of endoscopic pyloric therapies for patients with nausea and vomiting and functional obstructive gastroparesis. Auton Neurosci. 2017;202:56–61.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  156. Santucci NR, Kemme S, El-Chammas K, Chidambaram M, Mathur M, Castillo D, et al. Outcomes of combined pyloric botulinum toxin injection and balloon dilation in dyspepsia with and without delayed gastric emptying. Saudi J Gastroenterol. 2022;28(4):268–75.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  157. Desprez C, Melchior C, Wuestenberghs F, Zalar A, Jacques J, Leroi AM, et al. Pyloric distensibility measurement predicts symptomatic response to intrapyloric botulinum toxin injection. Gastrointest Endosc. 2019;90(5):754–760.e1.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  158. Saadi M, Yu D, Malik Z, Parkman HP, Schey R. Pyloric sphincter characteristics using EndoFLIP® in gastroparesis. Rev Gastroenterol Mex (Engl Ed). 2018;83(4):375–84.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  159. Park J, Chung ME. Botulinum toxin for central neuropathic pain. Toxins (Basel). 2018;10(6):224.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  160. Shlomovitz E, Pescarus R, Cassera MA, Sharata AM, Reavis KM, Dunst CM, et al. Early human experience with per-oral endoscopic pyloromyotomy (POP). Surg Endosc. 2015;29:543–51.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  161. Mekaroonkamol P, Shah R, Cai Q. Outcomes of per oral endoscopic pyloromyotomy in gastroparesis worldwide. World J Gastroenterol. 2019;25(8):909–22.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  162. Jawaid W, Abdalwahab A, Blair G, Skarsgard E, Webber E. Outcomes of pyloroplasty and pyloric dilatation in children diagnosed with nonobstructive delayed gastric emptying. J Pediatr Surg. 2006;41(12):2059–61.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  163. Teich S, Mousa HM, Punati J, Di Lorenzo C. Efficacy of permanent gastric electrical stimulation for the treatment of gastroparesis and functional dyspepsia in children and adolescents. J Pediatr Surg. 2013;48(1):178–83.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  164. Wo JM, Nowak TV, Waseem S, Ward MP. Gastric electrical stimulation for gastroparesis and chronic unexplained nausea and vomiting. Curr Treat Options Gastroenterol. 2016;14:386–400.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  165. Islam S, McLaughlin J, Pierson J, Jolley C, Kedar A, Abell T. Long-term outcomes of gastric electrical stimulation in children with gastroparesis. J Pediatr Surg. 2016;51:67–71.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  166. Islam S, Vick LR, Runnels MJ, Gosche JR, Abell T. Gastric electrical stimulation for children with intractable nausea and gastroparesis. J Pediatr Surg. 2008;43:437–42.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  167. Lu PL, Teich S, Di Lorenzo C, Skaggs B, Alhajj M, Mousa HM. Improvement of quality of life and symptoms after gastric electrical stimulation in children with functional dyspepsia. Neurogastroenterol Motil. 2013;25:567–e456.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  168. McCallum RW, Chen JD, Lin Z, Schirmer BD, Williams RD, Ross RA. Gastric pacing improves emptying and symptoms in patients with gastroparesis. Gastroenterology. 1998;114(3):456–61.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  169. Lin Z, Forster J, Sarosiek I, McCallum RW. Effect of high-frequency gastric electrical stimulation on gastric myoelectric activity in gastroparetic patients. Neurogastroenterol Motil. 2004;16(2):205–12.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  170. Gourcerol G, Ouelaa W, Huet E, Leroi AM, Ducrotte P. Gastric electrical stimulation increases the discomfort threshold to gastric distension. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2013;25(2):213–7.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  171. Kovacic K, Hainsworth K, Sood M, Chelimsky G, Unteutsch R, Nugent M, et al. Neurostimulation for abdominal pain-related functional gastrointestinal disorders in adolescents: a randomised, double-blind, sham-controlled trial. Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2017;2(10):727–37.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  172. Babygirija R, Sood M, Kannampalli P, Sengupta JN, Miranda A. Percutaneous electrical nerve field stimulation modulates central pain pathways and attenuates post-inflammatory visceral and somatic hyperalgesia in rats. Neuroscience. 2017;356:11–21, 26.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  173. Santucci NR, King C, El-Chammas K, Wongteerasut A, Damrongmanee A, Graham K, et al. Effect of percutaneous electrical nerve field stimulation (PENFS) on mechanosensitivity, sleep, and psychological comorbidities in adolescents with functional abdominal pain disorders. Neurogastroenterol Motil. 2022;34(8):e14358.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  174. Rashed H, Cutts T, Abell T, Cowings P, Toscano W, El-Gammal A, et al. Predictors of response to a behavioral treatment in patients with chronic gastric motility disorders. Dig Dis Sci. 2002;47(5):1020–6.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  175. Cheong KB, Zhang JP, Huang Y. The effectiveness of acupuncture in postoperative gastroparesis syndrome—a systematic review and meta-analysis. Complement Ther Med. 2014;22(4):767–86.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  176. Li G, Huang C, Zhang X, Xie H, Cheng H, Tang Y, et al. The short-term effects of acupuncture on patients with diabetic gastroparesis: a randomised crossover study. Acupunct Med. 2015;33(3):204–9.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  177. Doi H, Sakakibara R, Sato M, Hirai S, Masaka T, Kishi M, et al. Dietary herb extract rikkunshi-to ameliorates gastroparesis in Parkinson’s disease: a pilot study. Eur Neurol. 2014;71(3–4):193–5.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  178. Guo Y, Wei W, Chen JD. Effects and mechanisms of acupuncture and electroacupuncture for functional dyspepsia: a systematic review. World J Gastroenterol. 2020;26(19):2440–57.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  179. Ma G, Hu P, Zhang B, Yin J, Yang X, Lin L, et al. Transcutaneous electrical acustimulation synchronized with inspiration improves gastric accommodation impaired by cold stress in healthy subjects. Neurogastroenterol Motil. 2019;31:e13491.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  180. Wu KL, Rayner CK, Chuah SK, Changchien CS, Lu SN, Chiu YC, et al. Effects of ginger on gastric emptying and motility in healthy humans. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2008;20(5):436–40.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  181. Hu ML, Rayner CK, Wu KL, Chuah SK, Tai WC, Chou YP, et al. Effect of ginger on gastric motility and symptoms of functional dyspepsia. World J Gastroenterol. 2011;17(1):105–10.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  182. Inamori M, Akiyama T, Akimoto K, Fujita K, Takahashi H, Yoneda M, et al. Early effects of peppermint oil on gastric emptying: a crossover study using a continuous real-time 13C breath test (BreathID system). J Gastroenterol. 2007;42(7):539–42.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  183. Vlieger AM, Rutten JM, Govers AM, Frankenhuis C, Benninga MA. Long-term follow-up of gut-directed hypnotherapy vs. standard care in children with functional abdominal pain or irritable bowel syndrome. Am J Gastroenterol. 2012;107(4):627–31.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  184. Kuttner L, Chambers CT, Hardial J, Israel DM, Jacobson K, Evans K. A randomized trial of yoga for adolescents with irritable bowel syndrome. Pain Res Manag. 2006;11(4):217–23.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  185. Schurman JV, Wu YP, Grayson P, Friesen CA. A pilot study to assess the efficacy of biofeedback-assisted relaxation training as an adjunct treatment for pediatric functional dyspepsia associated with duodenal eosinophilia. J Pediatr Psychol. 2010;35(8):837–47.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  186. Samuk I, Afriat R, Horne T, Bistritzer T, Barr J, Vinograd I. Dumping syndrome following Nissen fundoplication, diagnosis, and treatment. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 1996;23(3):235–40.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  187. Hejazi RA, Patil H, McCallum RW. Dumping syndrome: establishing criteria for diagnosis and identifying new etiologies. Dig Dis Sci. 2010;55(1):117–23.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  188. Tack J, Arts J, Caenepeel P, De Wulf D, Bisschops R. Pathophysiology, diagnosis and management of postoperative dumping syndrome. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2009;6(10):583–90.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  189. Sigstad H. A clinical diagnostic index in the diagnosis of the dumping syndrome. Changes in plasma volume and blood sugar after a test meal. Acta Med Scand. 1970;188(6):479–86.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  190. van der Kleij FG, Vecht J, Lamers CB, Masclee AA. Diagnostic value of dumping provocation in patients after gastric surgery. Scand J Gastroenterol. 1996;31(12):1162–6.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  191. Borovoy J, Furuta L, Nurko S. Benefit of uncooked cornstarch in the management of children with dumping syndrome fed exclusively by gastrostomy. Am J Gastroenterol. 1998;93(5):814–8.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  192. Khoshoo V, Roberts PL, Loe WA, Golladay ES, Pencharz PB. Nutritional management of dumping syndrome associated with antireflux surgery. J Pediatr Surg. 1994;29(11):1452–4.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  193. Harju E, Makela J. Reduction in symptoms after proximal selective vagotomy through increased dietary viscosity. Am J Gastroenterol. 1984;79(11):861–3.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  194. Lyons TJ, McLoughlin JC, Shaw C, Buchanan KD. Effect of acarbose on biochemical responses and clinical symptoms in dumping syndrome. Digestion. 1985;31(2–3):89–96.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  195. Hasegawa T, Yoneda M, Nakamura K, Ohnishi K, Harada H, Kyouda T, et al. Long-term effect of alpha-glucosidase inhibitor on late dumping syndrome. J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 1998;13(12):1201–6.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  196. Ng DD, Ferry RJ Jr, Kelly A, Weinzimer SA, Stanley CA, Katz LE. Acarbose treatment of postprandial hypoglycemia in children after Nissen fundoplication. J Pediatr. 2001;139(6):877–9.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  197. De Cunto A, Barbi E, Minen F, Ventura A. Safety and efficacy of high-dose acarbose treatment for dumping syndrome. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2011;53(1):113–4.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  198. Li-Ling J, Irving M. Therapeutic value of octreotide for patients with severe dumping syndrome—a review of randomised controlled trials. Postgrad Med J. 2001;77(909):441–2.

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  199. Penning C, Vecht J, Masclee AA. Efficacy of depot long-acting release octreotide therapy in severe dumping syndrome. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2005;22(10):963–9.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  200. Arts J, Caenepeel P, Bisschops R, Dewulf D, Holvoet L, Piessevaux H, et al. Efficacy of the long-acting repeatable formulation of the somatostatin analogue octreotide in postoperative dumping. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2009;7(4):432–7.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgments

The authors acknowledge Ashish Chogle, MD, John Rosen, MD, and Miguel Saps, MD, for contributions to the previous editions of this chapter.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA

    Neha R. Santucci & Ajay Kaul

  2. Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA

    Neha R. Santucci & Ajay Kaul

Authors
  1. Neha R. Santucci
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Ajay Kaul
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Neha R. Santucci .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Pediatrics, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte-Justine, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada

    Christophe Faure

  2. Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Liver Transplant, Queensland Children’s Hospital School of Medicine University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia

    Nikhil Thapar

  3. Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA

    Carlo Di Lorenzo

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2022 The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Santucci, N.R., Kaul, A. (2022). Gastric Motor Disorders. In: Faure, C., Thapar, N., Di Lorenzo, C. (eds) Pediatric Neurogastroenterology. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-15229-0_24

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-15229-0_24

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-031-15228-3

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-031-15229-0

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation