Abstract
Dermatophyte infections, also known as tinea, are the most common type of fungal infections in the skin, nail, and hair. Dermatophytes are a group of fungi that require keratin in order for growth. Their spread can be through direct or indirect forms of contact from other people, animals, and habitats. In this chapter, we will address the aetiology and treatment of Tinea corporis, Tinea cruris, Tinea capitis, and Onychomycosis.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Further Reading
Banerjee M, Ghosh AK, Basak S, Das KD, Gangopadhyay DN. Comparative evaluation of effectivity and safety of topical amorolfine and clotrimazole in the treatment of tinea corporis. Indian J Dermatol. 2011;56(6):657.
Baran R, Feuilhade M, Datry A, et al. A randomized trial of amorolfine 5% solution nail lacquer combined with oral terbinafine compared with terbinafine alone in the treatment of dermatophyte toenail onychomycosis affecting the matrix region. Br J Dermatol. 2001;142:1177ā83.
Baran R, Tosti A. Chemical avulsion with urea nail lacquer. J Dermatol Treat. 2002;13(4):161ā4.
Baran R, Sigurgeirsson B, de Berker D, Kaufmann R, Lecha M, Faergemann J, Sidou F. A multicentre, randomized, controlled study of the efficacy, safety and cost-effectiveness of a combination therapy with amorolfine nail lacquer and oral terbinafine compared with oral terbinafine alone for the treatment of onychomycosis with matrix involvement. Br J Dermatol. 2007;157(1):149ā57.
Baran R, Tosti A, Hartmane I, Altmeyer P, Hercogova J, Koudelkova V, Mikazans I. An innovative water-soluble biopolymer improves efficacy of ciclopirox nail lacquer in the management of onychomycosis. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2009;23(7):773ā81.
Bell-Syer S, Khan S, Torgerson D. Oral treatments for fungal infections of the skin of the foot. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2012;10:CD003584.
Bennet ML, Fleischer AB, Loveless JW, et al. Oral griseofulvin remains the treatment of choice for tinea capitis in children. Pediatr Dermatol. 2000;17:304ā9.
Brautigam M, Nolting S, Schpf RE, et al. Randomized double blind comparison terbinafine itraconazole for treatment toenail tinea infection. Br Med J. 1995;311:919ā22.
Ceschin-Roques CG, Hanel H, Pruja-Bougaret SM, et al. Ciclopirox nail lacquer 8%: in vivo penetration into and through nails and in vitro effect on pig skin. Skin Pharmacol. 1991;4:89ā94.
Chang C-H, Young-Xu Y, Kurth T, Orav JE, Chan AK. The safety of oral antifungal treatments for superficial dermatophytosis and onychomycosis: a meta-analysis. Am J Med. 2007;120(9):791ā8. e793
Chauvin D, Feuilhade M, ViguiĆ©-Vallanet C, Kienzler JL, Larnier C. Novel, single-dose, topical treatment of tinea pedis using terbinafine: results of a dose-finding clinical trial. Mycoses. 2008;51(1):1ā6.
Chen C, Koch LH, Dice JE, Dempsey KK, Moskowitz AB, Barnes-Eley ML, Williams JV. A randomized, double-blind study comparing the efficacy of selenium sulfide shampoo 1% and Ciclopirox shampoo 1% as adjunctive treatments for tinea Capitis in children. Pediatr Dermatol. 2010;27(5):459ā62.
De Doncker P, Decroix J, Pierard GE, et al. Antifungals pulse therapy for onychomycosis. Arch Dermatol. 1996;132:34ā41.
Dominicus R, Weidner C, Tate H, Kroon HA. Open-label study of the efficacy and safety of topical treatment with TDT 067 (terbinafine in TransfersomeĀ®) in patients with onychomycosis. Br J Dermatol. 2012;166(6):1360ā2.
Elewski BE. Tina capitis: a current perspective. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2000;42:1ā20.
Elewski BE, Rich P, Pollak R, Pariser DM, Watanabe S, Senda H, Ramakrishna T. Efinaconazole 10% solution in the treatment of toenail onychomycosis: two phase III multicenter, randomized, double-blind studies. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2012;68:600.
Elewski B, Ghannoum M, Mayser P, Gupta A, Korting HC, Shouey R, Hugot S. Efficacy, safety and tolerability of topical terbinafine nail solution in patients with mild-to-moderate toenail onychomycosis: results from three randomized studies using double-blind vehicle-controlled and open-label active-controlled designs. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2011;27:287.
Faergemann J, Mƶrk N, Haglund A, ĆdegĆ rd T. A multicentre (double-blind) comparative study to assess the safety and efficacy of fluconazole and griseofulvin in the treatment of tinea corporis and tinea cruris. Br J Dermatol. 1997;136(4):575ā7.
Figueiredo Souza L, Souza S, Botelho A. Randomized controlled trial comparing photodynamic therapy based on methylene blue dye and fluconazole for toenail onychomycosis. Dermatol Ther. 2013;27:43.
Ginter-Hanselmayer G, Weger W, Ilkit M, Smolle J. Epidemiology of tinea capitis in Europe: current state and changing patterns. Mycoses. 2007;50(s2):6ā13.
GonzĆ”lez U, Seaton T, Bergus G, Jacobson J, MartĆnez-MonzĆ³n C. Systemic antifungal therapy for tinea capitis in children. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2007;(4):CD004685.
Grover C, Bansal S, Nanda S, Reddy B, Kumar V. Combination of surgical avulsion and topical therapy for single nail onychomycosis: a randomized controlled trial. Br J Dermatol. 2007;157(2):364ā8.
Gupta AK, Lynde CW, Konnikow N. Single-blind, randomized, prospective study of sequential itraconazole and terbinafine pulse compared with terbinafine pulse for the treatment of toe- nail onychomycosis. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2001;44:485ā891.
Gupta AK, Shear NH. A risk-benefit assessment of the newer oral antifungal agents used to treat onychomycosis. Drug Saf. 2000;22:33ā52.
Gupta AK, Drummond-Main C. Meta-analysis of randomized, controlled trials comparing particular doses of Griseofulvin and Terbinafine for the treatment of Tinea capitis. Pediatr Dermatol. 2013;30(1):1ā6.
Gupta AK, Drummond-Main C, Paquet M. Evidence-based optimal fluconazole dosing regimen for onychomycosis treatment. J Dermatolog Treat. 2013;24:75ā80.
Gupta A, Paquet M, Simpson F, Tavakkol A. Terbinafine in the treatment of dermatophyte toenail onychomycosis: a meta-analysis of efficacy for continuous and intermittent regimens. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2012;27:267.
Hafeez F, Hui X, Selner M, Rosenthal B, Maibach H. Ciclopirox delivery into the human nail plate using novel lipid diffusion enhancers. Drug Dev Ind Pharm. 2013;40:838ā44.
Hay RJ, Baran R. Onychomycosis: a proposed revision of the clinical classification. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2011;65(6):1219ā27.
Hochman LG. Laser treatment of onychomycosis using a novel 0.65-millisecond pulsed Nd: YAG 1064-nm laser. J Cosmet Laser Ther. 2011;13(1):2ā5.
Jerajani H, Janaki C, Kumar S, Phiske M. Comparative assessment of the efficacy and safety of sertaconazole (2%) cream versus terbinafine cream (1%) versus luliconazole (1%) cream in patients with dermatophytoses: a pilot study. Indian J Dermatol. 2013;58(1):34.
Katsambas A, Antoniou C, Frangouli E, et al. Itraconazole in the treatment of tinea corporis and tinea Curtis. Clin Exp Dermatol. 1993;18:322ā5.
Lecha M, Effendy I, Feuilhade de Chauvin M, Di Chiacchio N, Baran R. Treatment optionsādevelopment of consensus guidelines. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2005;19(s1):25ā33.
Montero JF. Fuconazole in the treatment of tinea capitis. Int J Dermatol. 1998;37:870ā3.
Nozickova M, Koudelkova V, Kulikova Z, Malina L, Urbanowski S, Silny W. A comparison of the efficacy of oral fluconazole, 150 mg/week versus 50 mg/day, in the treatment of tinea corporis, tinea cruris, tinea pedis, and cutaneous candidosis. Int J Dermatol. 1998;37(9):703ā5.
Piraccini BM, Sisti A, Tosti A. Long-term follow-up of toenail onychomycosis caused by dermatophytes after successful treatment with systemic antifungal agents. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2010;62(3):411ā4.
Rotta I, Ziegelmann PK, Otuki MF, Riveros BS, Bernardo NL, Correr CJ. Efficacy of topical antifungals in the treatment of dermatophytosis: a mixed-treatment comparison meta-analysis involving 14 treatments. JAMA Dermatol. 2013;149(3):341ā9.
Savin RS. Treatment of chronic tinea pedis (athleteās foot type) with topical terbinafine. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1990;23:786ā9.
Shemer A, Plotnik IB, Davidovici B, Grunwald MH, Magun R, Amichai B. Treatment of tinea capitisāgriseofulvin versus fluconazoleāa comparative study. J Dtsch Dermatol Ges. 2013;11:737.
Sigurgeirsson B, Olafsson J, Steinsson J, Kerrouche N, Sidou F. Efficacy of amorolfine nail lacquer for the prophylaxis of onychomycosis over 3 years. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2010;24(8):910ā5.
Sigurgeirsson B, van Rossem K, Malahias S, Raterink K. A phase II, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel group, dose-ranging study to investigate the efficacy and safety of 4 dose regimens of oral albaconazole in patients with distal subungual onychomycosis. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2013;69:416.
Singal A, Pandhi D, Agrawal S, Das S. Comparative efficacy of topical 1% butenafine and 1% clotrimazole in tinea cruris and tinea corporis: a randomized, double-blind trial. J Dermatol Treat. 2005;16(5-6):331ā5.
Svejgaard EL. Recalcitrant dermatophyte infection. Dermatol Ther. 1997;3:79ā83.
Tey HL, Tan ASL, Chan YC. Meta-analysis of randomized, controlled trials comparing griseofulvin and terbinafine in the treatment of tinea capitis. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2011;64(4):663ā70.
Tietz HJ, Hay R, Querner S, Delcker A, Kurka P, Merk HF. Efficacy of 4 weeks topical bifonazole treatment for onychomycosis after nail ablation with 40% urea: a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled multicenter study. Mycoses. 2013;56:414.
Tosti A, Piraccini BM, Stinchi C, et al. Relapses of onychomycosis after successful treatment with systemic antifungals: a three year follow-up. Dermatology. 1998;197:162ā6.
Tosti A, Piraccini BM, Stinchi C, et al. Treatment of dermatophyte nail infections: an open randomized study comparing intermittent terbinafine therapy with continuous terbinafine treatment and intermittent itraconazole therapy. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1996;34:595ā600.
Tosti A, Piraccini BM. Treatment of onychomycosis: a European experience. Dermatol Ther. 1997;3:79ā83.
Trivedi N, Shah P. A meta-analysis comparing efficacy of continuous terbinafine with intermittent itraconazole for toenail onychomycosis. Indian J Dermatol. 2010;55(2):198.
Yin Z, Xu J, Luo D. A meta-analysis comparing long-term recurrences of toenail onychomycosis after successful treatment with terbinafine versus itraconazole. J Dermatol Treat. 2012;23(6):449ā52.
Zaias N. Onychomycosis. Arch Dermatol. 1972;105:263ā74.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
Ā© 2023 Springer Nature Switzerland AG
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
QuiƱonez, R., Piraccini, B.M., Tosti, A. (2023). Dermatophyte Infections. In: Katsambas, A.D., Lotti, T.M., Dessinioti, C., D'Erme, A.M. (eds) European Handbook of Dermatological Treatments. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-15130-9_21
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-15130-9_21
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-031-15129-3
Online ISBN: 978-3-031-15130-9
eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)