Skip to main content

Russian LGBT Movement and Protest Activity

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
The Emergence and Development of LGBT Protest Activity in Russia
  • 169 Accesses

Abstract

Chapter 1 offers introduction to the book outlining the trajectory of Russian LGBT—lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender—protest activity. It identifies and discusses definitions of ‘protest’ and ‘social movement’ since they are central in the manuscript. While the Russian LGBT movement engages in a range of tactics and strategies, this book investigates LGBT protests organized in publicly accessible locations since Russian LGBT activists choose organization of and participation in such public events as one of the main tactics to achieve their goals. The chapter also discusses methodology employed for the study.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

eBook
USD 16.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 139.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 139.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Notes

  1. 1.

    It is necessary to address the abbreviation ‘LGBT’ I use in the book. Scholars (Blackwood & Wieringa, 1999; Chan, 2011; Jenkins, 2008) continuously debate the definitions that would properly reflect the complexity of the diverse spectrum of sexual orientation and gender identity. There are various umbrella terms such as ‘LGBT’, ‘LGBTQ’, ‘LGBTQ+’, ‘sexual minority’, and ‘queer’ employed by scholars and activists (Eliason, 2014; McInroy & Craig, 2012; O’Dwyer, 2018). I employ the abbreviation ‘LGBT’ in this manuscript because most Russian LGBT activists prefer this term. I use the term ‘LGBT activists’ as an umbrella term meaning lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender activists as well as heterosexual activists supporting LGBT rights.

  2. 2.

    The researcher’s positionality is a concept introduced by feminist scholars (McCorkel & Myers, 2003; Wolf, 1996) that refers to the researcher’s social location (e.g., race, gender, class) in relation to the sociopolitical context of the study and, in this case, between the interviewer and interviewee that might affect the interview dynamics.

References

  • Andrews, K. T. (2001). Social Movements and Policy Implementation: The Mississippi Civil Rights Movement and the War of Poverty, 1965 to 1971. American Sociological Review, 66(1), 71–95.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Armstrong, E. A. (2002). Forging Gay Identities: Organizing Sexuality in San Francisco, 1950–1994. University of Chicago Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ayoub, P. M. (2013). Cooperative Transnationalism in Contemporary Europe: Europeanization and Political Opportunities for LGBT Mobilization in the European Union. European Political Science Review, 5(2), 279–310.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bernstein, M. (1997). Celebration and Suppression: The Strategic Use of Identity by the Lesbian and Gay Movement. The American Journal of Sociology, 103(3), 531–565.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bernstein, M. (2002). Identities and Politics: Toward a Historical Understanding of the Lesbian and Gay Movement. Social Science History, 26(3), 531–581.

    Google Scholar 

  • Blackwood, E., & Wieringa, S. E. (1999). Female Desires: Same-Sex Relations and Transgender Practices across Cultures. Columbia University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Blumer. (1969). Collective Behaviour. In A. M. Lee (Ed.), Principles of Sociology (pp. 67–121). Barnes and Noble.

    Google Scholar 

  • Boulding, K. E. (2017). Towards a Theory of Protest: A Review of General Semantics. Et Cetera, 74(1), 215–221.

    Google Scholar 

  • Buyantueva, R. (2018). LGBT Rights Activism and Homophobia in Russia. Journal of Homosexuality, 65(4), 456–483.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Buyantueva, R. (2020). Resource Mobilisation and LGBT Activism in Russia. East European Politics, 36(3), 417–444.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Buyantueva, R. (2021). LGBT Russians and Political Environment for Activism. Communist and Post-Communist Studies, 54(3), 119–136.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Buyantueva, R. (2022). What Motivates LGBT Activists to Protest? The Case of Russia. Problems of Post-Communism, 69(3), 242–255.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chan, P. C. W. (Ed.). (2011). Protection of Sexual Minorities Since Stonewall: Progress and Stalemate in Developed and Developing Countries. Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Coomber, R. (1997). Using the Internet for Survey Research. Sociological Research Online, 2(2), 49–58.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cress, D. M., & Snow, D. A. (2000). The Outcomes of Homeless Mobilization: The Influence of Organization, Disruption, Political Mediation, and Framing. American Journal of Sociology, 105(4), 1063–1104.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • della Porta, D., Reiter, H., & Marx, G. T. (1998). Policing Protest: The Control of Mass Demonstrations in Western Democracies. University of Minnesota Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Earl, J., Martin, A., McCarthy, J., & Soule, S. (2004). The Use of Newspaper Data in the Study of Collective Action. Annual Review of Sociology, 30, 65–80.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Eisinger, P. (1973). The Condition of Protest in American Cities. American Political Science Review, 67(1), 11–28.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Eliason, M. (2014). An Exploration of Terminology Related to Sexuality and Gender: Arguments for Standardizing the Language. Social Work in Public Health, 29(2), 162–175.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Engel, S. M. (2001). The Unfinished Revolution: Social Movement Theory and the Gay and Lesbian Movement. Cambridge University Press.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Engel, S. M. (2007). Organizational Identity as a Constraint on Strategic Action: A Comparative Analysis of Gay and Lesbian Interest Groups. Studies in American Development, 21(1), 66–91.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Essig, L. (1999). Queer in Russia: A Story of Self, Sex, and the Other. Duke University Press.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Feyh, K. E. (2015). LGBTQ Oppression and Activism in Russia: An Interview with Igor Iasine. QED: A Journal in GLBTQ Worldmaking, 2(1), 100–108.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gel’man, V. (2015). Authoritarian Russia: Analyzing Post-Soviet Regime Changes. University of Pittsburg Press.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Gel’man, V. (2016). The Politics of Fear: How Russia’s Rulers Counter Their Rivals. Russian Politics, 1(1), 27–45.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Goldstone, J. A. (2003). Bridging Institutionalized and Noninstitutionalized Politics. In J. A. Goldstone (Ed.), States, Parties, and Social Movements (pp. 1–24). Cambridge University Press.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Goodwin, J., & Jasper, J. (Eds.). (2003). Rethinking Social Movements: Structure, Meaning and Emotion. Rowman and Littlefield Publishers.

    Google Scholar 

  • Healey, D. (2017). Russian Homophobia from Stalin to Sochi. Bloomsbury Academic.

    Google Scholar 

  • Huntington, S. P. (2006). Political Order in Changing Societies. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jasper, J. M. (2014). Protest: A Cultural Introduction to Social Movements. Polity Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jenkins, J. (1981). Sociopolitical Movements. In S. L. Long (Ed.), The Handbook of Political Behavior (Vol. 4, pp. 81–153). Plenum Press.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Jenkins, R. (2008). Social Identity. Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jenkins, J. C., & Klandermans, B. (1995). The Politics of Social Protest: Comparative Perspectives on States and Social Movements. UCL Press.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Kirey-Sitnikova, Y. (2016). The Emergence of Transfeminism in Russia: Opposition from Cisnormative Feminists and Trans* People. TSQ: Transgender Studies Quarterly., 3(1-2), 165–174.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kon, I. (1997). Seksual’naia Kul’tura v Rossii. Klubnichka na Berezke [Sexual Culture in Russia: Strawberry on a Birch]. Institut Etnologii I Antropologii RAN.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kondakov, A. (2013). Resisting the Silence: The Use of Tolerance and Equality Arguments by Gay and Lesbian Activist Groups in Russia. Canadian Journal of Law and Society, 28(3), 403–424.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kondakov, A. (2014). The Silenced Citizens of Russia: Exclusion of Non-heterosexual Subjects from Rights-Based Citizenship. Social and Legal Studies, 23(20, 151–174.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kondakov, A. (2019). The Influence of the ‘Gay Propaganda’ Law on Violence against LGBTQ People in Russia: Evidence from Criminal Court Rulings. European Journal of Criminology, 18(6), 940–959.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Koopmans, R. (1993). The Dynamics of Protest Waves: West Germany, 1965 to 1989. American Sociological Review, 58(5), 637–658.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lanskoy, M., & Suthers, E. (2013). Putin Versus Civil Society: Outlawing Opposition. Journal of Democracy, 24(3), 75–87.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lapina, V. (2014). Netvorking Rossiiskikh LGBT-organizatsii v usloviiakh politicheskogo geterosek- sizma: Printsipy kategorizatsii aktivistov [Networking of Russian LGBT Organizations under Political Heterosexism: Principles of categorizing activists]. In A. A. Kondakov (Ed.), Na pereput’e: metodologiia, teoriia i praktika LGBT i kvir-issledovanii (pp. 166–182). Centr Nezavisimikh Sotsiologicheskikh Issledovanii.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lewis, D. (2020). Russia’s New Authoritarianism: Putin and the Politics of Order. Edinburgh University Press.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Mann, C., & Stewart, F. (2003). Internet Interviewing. In J. F. Gubrium & J. A. Holstein (Eds.), Postmodern Interviewing (pp. 81–105). SAGE Publications.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • McCarthy, J. D., & Zald, M. N. (1977). Resource Mobilization and Social Movements: A Partial Theory. American Journal of Sociology, 82(6), 1212–1241.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • McInroy, L., & Craig, S. (2012). Articulating Identities: Language and Practice with Multiethnic Sexual Minority Youth. Counseling Psychology Quarterly, 25(2), 137–149.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • McLean, I., & McMillan, A. (2009). The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Politics (3rd ed.). Oxford University Press.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Meyer, D. S., & Tarrow, S. (1998). A Movement Society: Contentious Politics for a New Century. In D. S. Meyer & S. Tarrow (Eds.), The Social Movement Society: Contentious Politics for a New Century (pp. 1–28). Rowman and Little Field.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mundy, D. (2015). Shifting, Broadening, and Diversifying: How Gay Pride Organizations Are Reshaping Their Mission to Build Crucial Relationships in a Complex 21st Century Stakeholder Network. Public Relations Inquiry, 4(1), 41–59.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Nartova, N. (2007). ‘Russian Love’, or What of Lesbian Studies in Russia? Journal of Lesbian Studies, 11(3-4), 313–320.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Nemtsev, M. (2008). How Did a Sexual Minorities Movement Emerge in Post-Soviet Russia? An Essay. VDM, Verlag Dr. Müller.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nynäs, P., & Lassander, M. T. (2015). LGBT Activism and Reflexive Religion: A Case Study from Finland in the Light of Social Movements Theory. Journal of Contemporary Religion, 30(3), 453–471.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • O’Dwyer, C. (2018). Coming Out of Communism: The Emergence of LGBT Activism in Eastern Europe. New York University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pain, E. (2011). The Political Regime in Russia in the 2000s. Russian Social Science Review, 52(6), 48–69.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pakhnyuk, L. (2019). Foreign Agents and Gay Propaganda: Russian LGBT Rights Activism Under Pressure. Demokratizatsiya: The Journal of Post-Soviet Democratization, 27(4), 479–496.

    Google Scholar 

  • Paternotte, D. (2016). The NGOization of LGBT Activism: ILGA-Europe and the Treaty of Amsterdam. Social Movement Studies, 15(4), 388–402.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pereira, B., Carlos, L., Maravall, H. M., & Przeworski, A. (1993). Economic Reforms in New Democracies: A Social-Democratic Approach. Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Phelan, S. (1994). Getting Specific: Postmodern Lesbian Politics. University of Minnesota Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rimmerman, C. A. (2002). From Identity to Politics: The Lesbian and Gay Movements in the United States. Temple University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Robertson, D. (2004). The Routledge Dictionary of Politics (3rd ed.). Taylor and Francis.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Robertson, G. (2011). The Politics of Protest in Hybrid Regimes: Managing Dissent in Post-Communist Russia. Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Roldugina, I. (2019). ‘Why We Are the People We Are?’ Early Soviet Homosexuality from the First-Person Perspective. In R. C. M. Mole (Ed.), Soviet and Post-Soviet Sexualities (pp. 16–31). Routledge.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Rootes, C. (2004). Is There a European Environmental Movement? In B. Baxter, J. Barry, & R. Dunphy (Eds.), Globalization and the Challenge of Sustainability (pp. 47–72). Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rose, R., & Shin, D. C. (2001). Democratization Backwards: The Problem of Third-Wave Democracies. British Journal of Political Science, 31(2), 331–354.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rucht, D. (2004). Movement Allies, Adversaries, and Third Parties. In D. A. Snow, S. A. Soule, & H. Kriesi (Eds.), The Blackwell Companion to Social Movements (pp. 197–212). Blackwell.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schlesinger, J. A. (1985). The New American Political Party. American Political Science Review, 79(4), 1152–1169.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Schluter, D. P. (2002). Gay Life in the Former USSR: Fraternity without Community. Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Semykina, K. (2019). The Media’s Constructions of LGBT Pride Parades in Russia. The Journal of Social Policy Studies, 17(2), 281–292.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Stella, F. (2012). The Politics of In/Visibility: Carving Out Queer Space in Ul’yanovsk. Europe-Asia Studies, 64(1), 1822–1846.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Stella, F. (2013). Queer Space, Pride, and Shame in Moscow. Slavic Review, 72(3), 458–480.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Stella, F. (2015). Lesbian Lives in Soviet and Post-Soviet Russia: Post Socialism and Gendered Sexualities. Palgrave Macmillan.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Suchland, J. (2018). The LGBT Specter in Russia: Refusing Queerness, Claiming ‘Whiteness’. Gender, Place and Culture, 25(7), 1073–1088.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Swiebel, J. (2009). Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender Human Rights: The Search for an International Strategy. Contemporary Politics, 15(1), 19–35.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tarrow, S. (1998). Power in Movement. Cambridge University Press.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Taylor, C. L., & Hudson, M. C. (1972). World Handbook of Political and Social Indicators (2nd ed.). Yale University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tiidenberg, K., & Allaste, A.-A. (2020). LGBT Activism in Estonia: Identities, Enactment and Perceptions of LGBT People. Sexualities, 23(3), 307–324.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tilly, C. (1975). Food Supply and Public Order in Modern Europe. In C. Tilly (Ed.), The Formation of National States in Western Europe (pp. 380–455). Princeton University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tilly, C., & Tarrow, S. (2007). Contentious Politics. Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tudor, D. (1993). Finding Answers: The Essential Guide to Gathering Information in Canada. McClelland and Stewart.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tuller, D. (1996). Cracks in the Iron Closet: Travels in Gay and Lesbian Russia. Faber and Faber.

    Google Scholar 

  • van der Vet, F. (2018). “When They Come for You”: Legal Mobilization in New Authoritarian Russia. Law and Society Review, 52(2), 301–336.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Van Dyke, N., & Cress, R. (2006). Political Opportunities and Collective Identity in Ohio’s Gay and Lesbian Movement, 1970 to 2000. Sociological Perspectives, 49(4), 503–526.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wald, K. D. (2000). The Context of Gay Politics. In G. Rimmerman, K. D. Wald, & C. Wilcox (Eds.), The Politics of Gay Rights (pp. 1–30). University of Chicago Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Weston, K. (2004). Fieldwork in Lesbian and Gay Communities. In A. N. Hesse-Biber & M. L. Yaiser (Eds.), Feminist Perceptions on Social Research (pp. 198–205). Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • White, D. (2013). Taking it to the Streets: Raising the Costs of Electoral Authoritarianism in Russia. Perspectives on European Politics and Society, 14(4), 582–598.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Williams, R. H. (2006). Collective Action, Everyday Protest, and Lived Religion. Social Movement Studies, 5(1), 83–89.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wolf, D. L. (1996). Situating Feminist Dilemmas in Fieldwork. In D. L. Wolf (Ed.), Feminist Dilemmas in Fieldwork (pp. 1–55). Westview Press.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2022 The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Buyantueva, R. (2022). Russian LGBT Movement and Protest Activity. In: The Emergence and Development of LGBT Protest Activity in Russia. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-14891-0_1

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-14891-0_1

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Palgrave Macmillan, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-031-14890-3

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-031-14891-0

  • eBook Packages: Social SciencesSocial Sciences (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics