Abstract
The chapter presents the theoretical lens used to study the challenges faced by migrant women when looking for jobs. It critically approaches the notions employed in the literature to refer to migrant women with tertiary education, especially that of skilled migrants as it has significant implications in terms of gender, class and racialisation. The chapter also reviews the theories that aim at explaining why migrant women tend to be confined to jobs with low social recognition. It stresses that there is a need to further develop research on essentialism, as the concept makes it possible to put into light how racialisation interacts with gender and class to limit migrant women’s employment opportunities. The chapter defines the notion of essentialism from an intersectional perspective and reviews how the concept has been used in the literature. It is based on the gaps in the literature that the research questions are built and presented at the end of the chapter.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Abrantes, M. (2014). ‘I know it sounds nasty and stereotyped’: Searching for the competent domestic worker. Gender, Work and Organization, 21(5), 427–442.
Alberti, G., & Iannuzzi, F. E. (2020). Embodied intersectionality and the intersectional management of hotel labour: The everyday experiences of social differentiation in customer-oriented work. Gender, Work and Organization, 27(6), 1165–1180.
Almeida, S., & Fernando, M. (2017). Making the cut: Occupation-specific factors influencing employers in their recruitment and selection of immigrant professionals in the information technology and accounting occupations in regional Australia. The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 28(6), 880–912.
Arulampalam, W., Booth, A. L., & Bryan, M. L. (2007). Is there a glass ceiling over Europe? Exploring the gender pay gap across the wage distribution. ILR Review, 60(2), 163–186.
Balbo, L. (1978). La doppia presenza. Inc, 32(8), 3–11.
Bolzani, D., Crivellaro, F., & Grimaldi, R. (2021). Highly skilled, yet invisible. The potential of migrant women with a STEMM background in Italy between intersectional barriers and resources. Gender, Work and Organization, 28(6), 2132–2157.
Bonilla Silva, E. (2014). Racism without racists. Rowman & Littlefield.
Boucher, A. K. (2020). How ‘skill’ definition affects the diversity of skilled immigration policies. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 46(12), 2533–2550.
Bourdieu, P. (1993). Esprits d’Etat. Genèse et structure du champ bureaucratique. Actes de la recherche en sciences sociales, 96(1), 49–62.
Brandi, M. C. (2010). Le migrazioni qualificate dall’Europa dell’Est verso l’Italia. Studi Emigrazione, XLVII, 179.
Browne, I., & Misra, J. (2003). The intersection of gender and race in the labor markets. Annual Review of Sociology, 29, 487–513.
Bussola, M., & Pelliccia, A. (2012). Le parole nel racconto dei migranti polacchi altamente qualificati. Territori Sociologici, 11.
Castles, S., & Miller, M. J. (2009). The age of migration: International population movements in the modern world. Palgrave Macmillan.
Chiswick, B. R., & Miller, P. W. (2009). The international transferability of immigrants’ human capital. Economics of Education Review, 28(2), 162–169.
Coccia, B., & Pittau, F. (Eds.). (2016). Le migrazione qualificate in Italia. Ricerche, statistiche, prospettive. Centro Studi e Ricerche IDOS.
Cossée, C., Miranda, A., Ouali, N., & Séhili, D. (Eds.). (2012). Le genre au cœur des migrations. Petra.
Crenshaw, K. (1989). Demarginalizing the intersection of race and sex: A black feminist critique of antidiscrimination doctrine, feminist theory and antiracist politics. University of Chicago Legal Forum, 140, 139–167.
Cuban, S. (2013). Deskilling migrant women in the global care industry. Palgrave Macmillan.
Daadouch, C. (2007). Des discriminations plus légitimes que d’autres? Les emplois fermés aux étrangers. Journal du droit des jeunes, 266(6), 35–36.
Dean, D. (2008). No human resource is an island: Gendered, racialized access to work as a performer. Gender, Work and Organization, 15(2), 161–181.
Dumitru, S. (2019). Travailleuses domestiques et autres stéréotypes sur les femmes migrantes. L’Economie politique, 4, 59–71.
Dyer, S., McDowell, L., & Batnitzky, A. (2010). The impact of migration on the gendering of service work: The case of a West London hotel. Gender, Work and Organization, 17, 635–657.
European Council. (2009). EU Council Directive 2009/50/EC of 25 May 2009 on the conditions of entry and residence of third-country nationals for the purposes of highly qualified employment. Available at: https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=celex%3A32009L0050
Fassin, D., & Fassin, E. (2006). De la question sociale à la question raciale? Représenter la société française. La Découverte.
Findlay, A., McCollum, D., Shubin, S., Apsite, E., & Krisjane, Z. (2013). The role of recruitment agencies in imagining and producing the ‘good’ migrant. Social & Cultural Geography, 14(2), 145-167.
Fresnoza-Flot, A., & Shinozaki, K. (2017). Transnational perspectives on intersecting experiences: Gender, social class and generation among southeast Asian migrants and their families. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 43(6), 867–884.
Goffman, E. (1990). Stigma. Notes on the management of spoiled identity. Penguin.
Grigoleit, G. (2010). Making a career? The integration of highly skilled female migrants into the German job market. APPAM International Conference Migration, Netherlands, February 18–20.
Grigoleit-Richter, G. (2017). Highly skilled and highly mobile? Examining gendered and ethnicised labour market conditions for migrant women in STEM-professions in Germany. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 43(16), 2738–2755.
Groot, W., & Maassen Van Den Brink, H. (2000). Overeducation in the labor market: A meta-analysis. Economics of Education Review, 19(2), 149–158.
Gropas, R., & Bartolini, L. (2016). Southern European highly skilled female migrants in male-dominated sectors in times of crisis: A look into the it and engineering sectors In High-skill migration and recession (pp. 160–192). Palgrave Macmillan.
Grosfoguel, R., Oso, L., & Christou, A. (2015). ‘Racism’, intersectionality and migration studies: Framing some theoretical reflections. Identities, 22(6), 635–652.
Grosz, E. (1990). A note on essentialism and difference. In S. Gunew (Ed.), Feminist knowledge: Critique and construct (pp. 332–344). Routledge.
Hochschild, A. R. (2012). The managed heart: Commercialization of human feeling. University of California Press.
Hondagneu-Sotelo, P. (Ed.). (2003). Gender and U.S. immigration: Contemporary trends. University of California Press.
Jentjens, S. (2021). Je ne parle pas français—So what? The impact of language on skilled German migrant women’s employment in France. International Journal of Cross Cultural Management, 21(1), 71–93.
Killian, C., & Manohar, N. N. (2015). Highly skilled immigrant Women’s labor market access. Social Currents, 3(2), 138–159.
Kofman, E. (2012). Gender and skilled migration in Europe. Cuadernos de Relaciones Laborales, 30(1), 63–89.
Kofman, E., & Raghuram, P. (2015). Gendered migrations and global social reproduction. Palgrave Macmillan UK.
Likupe, G. (2015). Experiences of African nurses and the perception of their managers in the NHS. Journal of Nursing Management, 23(2), 231–241.
Liversage, A. (2009). Vital conjunctures, shifting horizons: High-skilled female immigrants looking for work. Work, Employment & Society, 23(1), 120–141.
MacKenzie, F. (2009). The rhetoric of the “good worker” versus the realities of employer’s use and the experiences of migrant workers. Work, Employment & Society, 23(1), 142–159.
Mezzadra, S., & Neilson, B. (2013). Border as method, or, the multiplication of labor. Duke University Press.
Morris, L. (2001). The ambiguous terrain of rights: Civic stratification in Italy’s emergent immigration regime. International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, 25(3), 497–516.
Moscovici, S. (2015). La psychanalyse, son image et son public. Presses universitaires de France.
Ndiaye, P. (2008). La condition noire. Essai sur une minorité française. Calmann-Lévy.
Parolari, P. (2019). Stereotipi di genere, discriminazioni contro le donne e vulnerabilità come disempowerment. Riflessioni sul ruolo del diritto. About Gender, 8(15), 90–117.
Parreñas, R. (2020). Servants of globalization: Migration and domestic work. Stanford University Press.
Petrovich Njegosh, T., & Scacchi, A. (2012). Parlare di razza. La lingua del colore tra Italia e Stati Uniti. Ombre corte.
Portes, A., & Bach, R. L. (1985). Latin journey: Cuban and Mexican immigrants in the United States. University of California Press.
Purkayastha, D., & Bircan, T. (2021). Present but not counted: Highly skilled migrant women in Belgium. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 1–19.
Quraishi, M., & Philburn, R. (2015). Researching racism. Sage.
Raghuram, P. (2008). Migrant women in male-dominated sectors of the labour market: A research agenda. Population, Space and Place, 14, 43–57.
Riaño, Y. (2012). The invisibility of family in studies of skilled migration and brain drain. Diversities, 14(1), 25–44.
Ricci, A., Crivellaro, F., & Bolzani, D. (2021). Perceived employability of highly skilled migrant women in STEM: Insights from labor market intermediaries’ professionals. Administrative Sciences, 11(1), 7.
Rodriguez, J. K., & Scurry, T. (2019). Female and foreign: An intersectional exploration of the experiences of skilled migrant women in Qatar. Gender, Work and Organization, 26(4), 480–500.
Romens, A.-I. (2021). Disentangling interlocking regimes in the biographies of migrant mothers with tertiary education. European Journal of Cultural and Political Sociology, 8(4), 402–426.
Rosenthal, L., Overstreet, N. M., Khukhlovich, A., Brown, B. E., Godfrey, C.-J., & Albritton, T. (2020). Content of, sources of, and responses to sexual stereotypes of black and Latinx women and men in the United States: A qualitative intersectional exploration. Journal of Social Issues, 76(4), 921–948.
Sayad, A. (2016). La double absence. Des illusions de l'émigré aux souffrances de l'immigré. Seuil.
Scrinzi, F. (2013). Genre, migrations et emplois domestiques en France et en Italie. Construction de la non-qualification et de l’altérité ethnique. Pétra.
Shinozaki, K. (2014). Career strategies and spatial mobility among skilled migrants in Germany: The role of gender in the work-family interaction. Tijdschrift voor Economische en Sociale Geografie, 105(5), 526–541.
Shinozaki, K. (2017). Gender and citizenship in academic career progression: An intersectional, meso-scale analysis in German higher education institutions. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 43(8), 1325–1346.
Sirna, F. (2020). Femmes migrantes dans le secteur hospitalier en région Sud pendant la pandémie de la Covid-19. Hommes & migrations, 1331, 38–47.
Swan, E., & Flowers, R. (2018). Lasting impressions: Ethnic food tour guides and body work in southwestern Sydney. Gender, Work and Organization, 25(1), 24–41.
Tajfel, H., & Turner, J. C. (1986). The social identity theory of inter-group behavior. In S. Worchel & W. Austin (Eds.), Psychology of intergroup relations (pp. 7–24). Nelson-Hall.
Terray, E. (2008). Pourquoi partent-ils? In C. Rodier & E. Terray (Eds.), Immigration: fantasmes et réalités. Pour une alternative à la fermeture des frontières. La Découverte.
Toffanin, A. M. (2015). Controcanto. Donne latinoamericane tra violenza e riconoscimento. Guerini Scientifica.
Tognetti Bordogna, M. (2012). Donne e percorsi migratori. Per una sociologia delle migrazioni. Franco Angeli.
Triandafyllidou, A., & Isaakyan, I. (Eds.). (2016). High skill migration and recession: Gendered perspectives. Springer.
Tsing, A. (2009). Supply chains and the human condition. Rethinking Marxism, 21(2), 148–176.
Unesco. (2012). International standard classification of education, ISCED 2011. UNESCO Institute for Statistics.
Vasey, H. (2021). Deconstructing skills in the stratification of migration governance. In H. Carmel, K. Lenner, & R. Paul (Eds.), Handbook on the governance and the politics of migration (pp. 173–184). Edward Elgar.
Vianello, F. A. (2009). Migrando sole. Legami transnazionali tra Ucraina e Italia, Franco Angeli.
Vianello, F. A. (2014). Ukrainian migrant workers in Italy: Coping with and reacting to downward mobility. Central and Eastern European Migration Review, 3(1), 85–98.
Williams, F. (2010). Migration and care: Themes, concepts and challenges. Social Policy and Society, 9(3), 385–396.
Wojczewski, S., Pentz, S., Blacklock, C., Hoffmann, K., Peersman, W., Nkomazana, O., & Kutalek, R. (2015). African female physicians and nurses in the global care chain: Qualitative explorations from five destination countries. PLoS One, 10(6), e0129464. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0129464
Wolkowitz, C. (2006). Bodies at work. Sage.
Wong, M. (2014). Geographies and strategies of caregiving among skilled Ghanaian migrant women. Women's Studies International Forum, 42, 28.
Yeates, N. (2009). Globalizing care economies and migrant workers: Explorations in global care chains. Palgrave Macmillan.
Zhou, M., & Logan, J. R. (1998). Returns on human Capital in Ethnic Enclaves: New York City’s Chinatown. American Sociological Review, 54(5), 809–833.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2022 The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Romens, AI. (2022). “I Became a Migrant from Eastern Europe”. Essentialism and Migrant Women with Tertiary Education. In: Deconstructing Essentialism. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-14399-1_2
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-14399-1_2
Published:
Publisher Name: Palgrave Macmillan, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-031-14398-4
Online ISBN: 978-3-031-14399-1
eBook Packages: Social SciencesSocial Sciences (R0)