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Evolution of the Mammalian Neurosensory System: Fossil Evidence and Major Events

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Paleoneurology of Amniotes

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Abstract

The skeleton and inferred neurosensory system of the ancestral amniote provide a point of departure to trace neurosensory evolution in extinct stem-mammals that culminated in the origin of crown Mammalia. Early stem-mammal evolution mostly involved enhanced integration of skeletal elements for feeding and locomotion as they became apex predators. With the origin of Cynodontia, modifications of the dentition, oropharynx, and braincase suggest that mastication and olfaction had become major influences in stem-mammal evolution, probably through ontogenetic cascades triggered by expression of an expanded olfactory genome. With the origin of Mammaliaformes, brain size nearly doubled in response to further elaboration of the olfactory system, dentition, the elaboration of hair, all in the context of miniaturization of adult body size. One of the keys to understanding major features in stem-mammal evolution and the origin of Mammalia is the emergence of an unsurpassed ability to perceive and process olfactory and dietary information, and to diversify and exploit the fast-changing chemical environments they faced throughout much of their history. Whether through connectional invasions and epigenetic population matching, or some other developmental mechanism, hypertrophy in peripheral sensory arrays produced cascading influences on central organization. These led to emergence of the unique mammalian neocortex and to the physiological and behavioral repertoires that are so distinctive of mammals today.

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Abbreviations

Ali :

Alisphenoid

Alv :

Alveoli for the dentition

Ang :

Angular

Art :

Articular

Bs :

Basisphenoid

c :

Lower canine

C :

Upper canine

Cb :

Cerebellum

choa:

Choana

cr :

cheek tooth crown

cve :

Cavum epipterycum

D cond :

Condylar process of dentary

D cor :

Coronoid process of dentary

D ctx :

Dorsal cortex (endocast)

Den :

Dentary

D ang :

Angular process of dentary

D ram :

Dentary ramus

Ec :

Ectopterygoid

Eoc :

Exoccipital

Et 1-5 :

Ethmoid turbinals 1-5

F ann :

Annular fissure

F mag :

Foramen magnum

Fr :

Frontal

Fv :

Fenestra vestibuli

Hyp :

Hypophysis (endocast)

i :

1-4 Lower incisors

I 1-3 :

Upper incisors

iam :

Internal auditory meatus (endocast)

II :

Cranial nerve II (endocast)

Ju :

Jugal

Lac :

Lacrimal

m 1-3 :

Lower molars

M 1-3 :

Upper molars

Max :

Maxilla

Mt :

Maxilloturbinal

Nas :

Nasal

Ncx :

Neocortex

Nt :

Nasoturbinal

Ob :

Olfactory bulb

Ocx :

Olfactory (piriform) cortex

Opl :

Optic lobes (endocast)

p 1-5 :

Lower premolars

P 1-2 :

Upper premolars

Pa :

Parietal

Pal :

Palatine

Pet :

Petrosal

Pin :

Pineal body (endocast)

Pfl :

Paraflocculus (endocast)

Pmx :

Premaxilla

Prom :

Promontorium of petrosal

Pt :

Pterygoid

Qu :

Quadrate

Re lam :

Reflected lamina of angular (=ectotympanic)

Rf :

Rhinal fissure

rt :

tooth root

Smx :

Septomaxilla

Soc :

Supraoccipital

Spc :

Spinal cord (endocast)

Sq :

Squamosal

sss :

Superior sagittal sinus (endocast)

Sv :

Sinus venosus

V :

Cranial nerve V (endocast)

Vo :

Vomer

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  1. Jackson School of Geological Sciences, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA

    Timothy B. Rowe

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  1. Instituto Patagónico de Geología y Paleontología, CCT CONICET-CENPAT, Puerto Madryn, Argentina

    María Teresa Dozo

  2. Instituto de Investigaciones en Biodiversidad y Medioambiente, CONICET-Universidad Nacional del Comahue, San Carlos de Bariloche, Argentina

    Ariana Paulina-Carabajal

  3. Department of Biological Sciences, St. Mary’s University, San Antonio, TX, USA

    Thomas E. Macrini

  4. National Museum of Scotland, Edinburgh, Midlothian, UK

    Stig Walsh

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Rowe, T.B. (2023). Evolution of the Mammalian Neurosensory System: Fossil Evidence and Major Events. In: Dozo, M.T., Paulina-Carabajal, A., Macrini, T.E., Walsh, S. (eds) Paleoneurology of Amniotes . Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-13983-3_10

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