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Gender Differentiation, Equality and Equity in Off-Grid Solar Usage in Rural Tanzania: A Fraying Thread?

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Off-Grid Solar Electrification in Africa

Part of the book series: Energy, Climate and the Environment ((ECE))

Abstract

Women and low-income groups experience energy poverty burdens disproportionately. Despite this, many electrification plans are gender and poverty-agnostic, including off-grid solar electrification which has and will continue to play a role in expanding electricity access in rural sub-Saharan Africa. In this chapter, we use quantitative and qualitative data on a case study from rural Tanzania to investigate the energy justice implications of off-grid solar as it relates to gender and class. We ask how the distributional benefits of solar are mediated by gender and class, filling a key gap in the literature of off-grid solar’s impact. We find little evidence of gender differentiation, suggesting equality within off-grid solar usage, but not equity. Solar remains out of reach for the lowest income households. In our case study, off-grid solar is both used as a primary source for low-and middle-income households, and as a backup source for middle- and higher-income households. We find that solar is under-used as a means of income generation and that payment schemes may not be the key to achieving energy justice. Further work is needed to ensure that women and low-income groups see not only equal, but equitable access to the benefits of off-grid solar.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    To track progress towards SDG7, the International Energy Agency (IEA) access to electricity, as ‘a household having access to sufficient electricity to power a basic bundle of energy serves—at a minimum, several lightbulbs, phone charging, a radio and potentially a fan or television—with a level of service capable of growing over time’ (pg. 1), but practically measure it as a connection to an electricity gird or stand-alone system that can provide that basic energy bundle (IEA, 2020).

  2. 2.

    We acknowledge that the Household Budget Survey did not categorize diesel generators. However, the ‘other’ category was only 1% of the population.

  3. 3.

    We also conducted 21 surveys with respondents from various villages which were further away, yet still within Shirati.

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Acknowledgements

This work was approved under Exempt Research under the University of Notre Dame’s IRB Protocol ID: 17-02-3603. We thank the Sustainable Materials Program at Google, and the Zaffaroni, Karsten Family Foundations for their support, as well as the James and Katherine Lau Foundation for their support. AGW acknowledges Dr. Isha Ray for additional advising support.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Energy and Resources Group, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA

    Annelise Gill-Wiehl, Isa Ferrall & Daniel Kammen

  2. Goldman School of Public Policy, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA

    Daniel Kammen

  3. Department of Nuclear Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA

    Daniel Kammen

  4. Roundtable on Climate & Environmental Justice, Rausser College of Natural Resources, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA

    Daniel Kammen

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  3. Daniel Kammen
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Correspondence to Annelise Gill-Wiehl .

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  1. International Development Studies, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada

    Nathanael Ojong

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Gill-Wiehl, A., Ferrall, I., Kammen, D. (2022). Gender Differentiation, Equality and Equity in Off-Grid Solar Usage in Rural Tanzania: A Fraying Thread?. In: Ojong, N. (eds) Off-Grid Solar Electrification in Africa. Energy, Climate and the Environment. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-13825-6_7

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