Abstract
Fathers are integral to family processes and children’s well-being. However, major social and economic changes in the United States over the last several decades have had profound impacts on the economic and social well-being of men of lower socioeconomic status (SES) and men of color, specifically Black, Latino, and Indigenous men. These changes have created stark disparities in the ability and capacity of fathers to be involved with their children. Social policies can be effective mechanisms for promoting and ensuring the well-being of fathers, but fathers are rarely the explicit target of policy efforts. Child support enforcement, the only national policy targeting fathers, has produced an inequitable system that disproportionately subjects low-SES fathers and fathers of color to a series of punitive enforcement mechanisms with minimal benefit to children. We provide evidence for the potential of a broad swath of social policies that have not traditionally been targeted at fathers to improve the well-being of fathers and facilitate their engagement with children. We propose that social workers are uniquely positioned to advocate for reforms and expansions to these policies that will improve father, child, and family well-being and promote economic, social, and racial justice.
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Notes
- 1.
Incarceration rates have started to decline over the last decade for all groups. However, disparities by race and ethnicity remain unchanged (Carson, 2021).
- 2.
Though the CSE system serves both nonresident fathers and mothers, given the focus of this chapter (and that the overwhelming majority (85%) of nonresident parents are fathers), we refer exclusively to fathers, except when reporting data that refers to all custodial or noncustodial parents.
- 3.
A key point here is that only poor and low-income families who receive public assistance are thus penalized. Benefits provided to families at the top of the income distribution through the tax system, including tax expenditures such as the mortgage interest deduction, employer-provided health insurance, and retirement investments, dwarf those provided to those at the bottom, but these families are never targeted for cost recovery (Abramovitz, 2001; Faricy, 2016).
- 4.
Over the last 20 years, a number of responsible fatherhood programs have been established across states and localities. Several rigorous studies have been funded to evaluate the effectiveness of these programs across sites and have found no evidence that these programs improve lower-income fathers’ employment outcomes and child support provision or improve relationships with mothers and some weak evidence of increased engagement or time spent with children but not both (Avellar et al., 2018; Cancian et al., 2019; Pearson & Fagan, 2019). Most of these programs have been funded through state TANF funds as strengthening two-parent families was one of the explicit goals of the TANF program. In addition to the questionable effectiveness of responsible father programs, recent research points to highly racialized patterns of state use of TANF funding for purposes outside of cash assistance. Specifically, states that have higher proportions of Black residents are less likely to use TANF for cash assistance and are more likely to use funds for programs that aim to promote marriage and responsible fatherhood and reduce single parenthood, and these differences in resource allocation have increased Black-White poverty gaps among children (Parolin, 2021).
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Nepomnyaschy, L., Miller, D.P. (2023). Expanding Our Understanding of Public Policies to Support Father Involvement. In: Bellamy, J.L., Lemmons, B.P., Cryer-Coupet, Q.R., Shadik, J.A. (eds) Social Work Practice with Fathers. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-13686-3_9
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