Abstract
The Schengen Agreement, which abolished internal border controls, is examined from the perspective of the transfer to external border controls with other countries. It is important to note that, thanks to this new border control, there is evidence of a different degree of freedom of movement of citizens, which generates an enormous degree of trust and belief in the state. In addition, the evolution of this agreement is of great importance and a lesson to other States because initially, it was created as an agreement that evolved in European Union rules and regulations.
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Notes
- 1.
European Commission (n.d.).
- 2.
The Schengen or SIS information system is a common information system that allows the competent authorities of the Member States to have information on certain categories of people and objects. European Commission - Migration and Home Affairs (n.d.-a).
- 3.
Comisión de Ayuda al Refugiado en Euskadi (n.d.).
- 4.
EURODAC is a fingerprint comparison system for asylum seekers and irregular immigrants. This system was established by Regulation (CE) No. 2725/2000 of the Council of December 11, 2000 concerning the creation of the EURODAC System, under the Dublin Regulation.
- 5.
EU immigration portal (n.d.).
- 6.
Consulate General of Spain in Lima (n.d.).
- 7.
Economía y empresa (2011).
- 8.
European Commission (n.d.).
- 9.
Di Stato (n.d.).
- 10.
Committee on Civil Liberties, Justice, and Home Affairs (LIBE) - European Parliament (2014–2019).
- 11.
Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union (TFEU), arts. 67–77.
- 12.
European Union (n.d.).
- 13.
Ibid.
- 14.
Ibid.
- 15.
Abellán and Claudi Pérez (2015).
- 16.
Pardo (2014).
- 17.
Ibid.
- 18.
Hablamos de Europa-Consultas ciudadanas (n.d.).
- 19.
European Commission-Press Release Database (2015).
- 20.
Abellán (2015).
- 21.
European Commission (n.d.).
- 22.
National authorities carried out all activities that could have legally binding consequences (arrests, arrests, interrogations).
- 23.
Etic-Grupo transfronterizo sobre tráfico ilegal e inmigración de personas (2011).
- 24.
Escuela Neijing (n.d.).
- 25.
BBC News (2016).
- 26.
RT News (2015a).
- 27.
Ibid.
- 28.
RT News (2015b).
- 29.
The United Nations Refugee Agency (n.d.).
- 30.
International Organization for Migration (2015).
- 31.
Open Mind (2016).
- 32.
Euroefe-Euroactiv (2016).
- 33.
- 34.
Euroefe-Euroactiv (2016).
- 35.
European Commission - Migration and Home Affairs (n.d.-a).
- 36.
Frontex (n.d.).
- 37.
European Union (n.d.).
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Ramón, G.N.Z. (2023). Schengen Area: Reflections on the European Border Crisis. In: Endrizzi, D., Becerra, J., Del Campo, E.A.P., Cubides Cárdenas, J., Gamarra-Amaya, L.C. (eds) Frontiers – Law, Theory and Cases. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-13607-8_8
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