Skip to main content

Fibromyalgia

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Functional Illness of the Head and Neck
  • 474 Accesses

Abstract

Fibromyalgia is a widespread pain condition associated with several other associated features that is often seen by physicians of all fields. Currently, the diagnosis of such is through a physician administered check list. During the evaluation of fibromyalgia, it is important to assess for other conditions that may occur concurrently or present with similar findings. The evaluation of a patient suspected of having fibromyalgia includes a thorough evaluation with history. Physical examination, screening laboratory studies, and other supportive investigations. Management needs to focus on building self-efficacy, with options including conservative, pharmacological, and interventional approaches.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

eBook
USD 16.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 129.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Marques AP, Santo A d S d E, Berssaneti AA, Matsutani LA, SLK Y. Prevalence of fibromyalgia: literature review update. Rev Bras Reumatol (English Ed). 2017;57(4):356–63.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  2. Gran JT. The epidemiology of chronic generalized musculoskeletal pain. Best Pract Res Clin Rheumatol. Bailliere Tindall Ltd. 2003;17:547–61.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  3. Wolfe F, Ross K, Anderson J, Russell IJ, Hebert L. The prevalence and characteristics of fibromyalgia in the general population. Arthritis Rheum. 1995;38(1):19–28.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. Aaron LA, Buchwald D. A review of the evidence for overlap among unexplained clinical conditions. Ann Intern Med. 2001;134(9 II SUPPL):868–81.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. Hudson JI, Pope HG. The concept of affective spectrum disorder: relationship to fibromyalgia and other syndromes of chronic fatigue and chronic muscle pain. Baillieres Clin Rheumatol. 1994;8(4):839–56.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. Kosek E, Cohen M, Baron R, Gebhart GF, Mico JA, Rice ASC, et al. Do we need a third mechanistic descriptor for chronic pain states? Pain. Lippincott Williams and Wilkins. 2016;157:1382–6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Raja SN, Carr DB, Cohen M, Finnerup NB, Flor H, Gibson S, et al. The revised International Association for the Study of Pain definition of pain: concepts, challenges, and compromises. Pain. 2020;161(9):1976–82.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  8. Clauw DJ. Fibromyalgia: A clinical review. JAMA. American Medical Association. 2014;311:1547–55.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. Pomares FB, Funck T, Feier NA, Roy S, Daigle-Martel A, Ceko M, et al. Histological underpinnings of grey matter changes in fibromyalgia investigated using multimodal brain imaging. J Neurosci. 2017;37(5):1090–101.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  10. Grayston R, Czanner G, Elhadd K, Goebel A, Frank B, Üçeyler N, et al. A systematic review and meta-analysis of the prevalence of small fiber pathology in fibromyalgia: implications for a new paradigm in fibromyalgia etiopathogenesis. Semin Arthritis Rheum. 2019;48(5):933–40.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. Giannoccaro MP, Donadio V, Incensi A, Avoni P, Liguori R. Small nerve fiber involvement in patients referred for fibromyalgia. Muscle Nerve. 2014;49(5):757–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Lawson VH, Grewal J, Hackshaw KV, Mongiovi PC, Stino AM. Fibromyalgia syndrome and small fiber, early or mild sensory polyneuropathy. Muscle Nerve. 2018;58(5):625.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  13. Kato K, Sullivan PF, Evengård B, Pedersen NL. A population-based twin study of functional somatic syndromes. Psychol Med. 2009;39(3):497–505.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. Markkula RA, Kalso EA, Kaprio JA. Predictors of fibromyalgia: a population-based twin cohort study. BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2016;17(1):29.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  15. Beveridge JK, Dobson KS, Madigan S, Yeates KO, Stone AL, Wilson AC, et al. Adverse childhood experiences in parents of youth with chronic pain: prevalence and comparison with a community-based sample. PAIN Rep. 2020;5(6):e866.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  16. Low LA, Schweinhardt P. Early life adversity as a risk factor for fibromyalgia in later life. Pain Res Treat. Hindawi Limited. 2012;2012:15.

    Google Scholar 

  17. Kivimäki M, Leino-Arjas P, Virtanen M, Elovainio M, Keltikangas-Jarvinen L, Puttonen S, et al. Work stress and incidence of newly diagnosed fibromyalgia: prospective cohort study. J Psychosom Res. 2004;57(5):417–22.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Ablin JN, Cohen H, Eisinger M, Buskila D. Holocaust survivors: the pain behind the agony. Increased prevalence of fibromyalgia among Holocaust survivors. Clin Exp Rheumatol. 28(6 Suppl 63):S51-6.

    Google Scholar 

  19. Wolfe F, Smythe HA, Yunus MB, Bennett RM, Bombardier C, Goldenberg DL, et al. The American College of Rheumatology 1990 criteria for the classification of fibromyalgia. Arthritis Rheum. 1990;33(2):160–72.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. Wolfe F, Clauw DJ, Fitzcharles M-A, Goldenberg DL, Katz RS, Mease P, et al. The American College of Rheumatology Preliminary Diagnostic Criteria for Fibromyalgia and Measurement of Symptom Severity. 2010.

    Google Scholar 

  21. Wolfe F, Clauw DJ, Fitzcharles MA, Goldenberg DL, Häuser W, Katz RL, et al. 2016 revisions to the 2010/2011 fibromyalgia diagnostic criteria. Semin Arthritis Rheum. 2016;46(3):319–29.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. Keskindag B, Karaaziz M. The association between pain and sleep in fibromyalgia. Saudi Med J. Saudi Arabian Armed Forces Hospital. 2017;38:465–75.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  23. Finan PH, Goodin BR, Smith MT. The association of sleep and pain: an update and a path forward. J Pain. NIH Public Access. 2013;14:1539–52.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  24. Consoli G, Marazziti D, Ciapparelli A, Bazzichi L, Massimetti G, Giacomelli C, et al. The impact of mood, anxiety, and sleep disorders on fibromyalgia. Compr Psychiatry. 2012;53(7):962–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. Arnold LM, Hudson JI, Keck PE, Auchenbach MB, Javaras KN, Hess EV. Comorbidity of fibromyalgia and psychiatric disorders. J Clin Psychiatry. 2006;67(8):1219–25.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  26. Wolfe F, Hawley DJ. Psychosocial factors and the fibromyalgia syndrome. In: Zeitschrift fur Rheumatologie. D. Steinkopff-Verlag; 1998. 88–91.

    Google Scholar 

  27. Eich W, Hartmann M, Müller A, Fischer H. The role of psychosocial factors in fibromyalgia syndrome. Scand J Rheumatol Suppl. 2000:30–1.

    Google Scholar 

  28. Donnachie E, Schneider A, Enck P. Comorbidities of patients with functional somatic syndromes before, during and after first diagnosis: a population-based study using Bavarian routine data. Sci Rep. 2020;1:1–10.

    Google Scholar 

  29. Fitzcharles MA, Ste-Marie PA, Goldenberg DL, Pereira JX, Abbey S, Choinière M, et al. 2012 Canadian guidelines for the diagnosis and management of fibromyalgia syndrome: executive summary. Pain Res Manage. Hindawi Limited. 2013;18:119–26.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  30. Terauchi M, Hiramitsu S, Akiyoshi M, Owa Y, Kato K, Obayashi S, et al. Associations between anxiety, depression and insomnia in peri- and post-menopausal women. Maturitas. 2012;72(1):61–5.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  31. Liedberg GM, Björk M, Börsbo B. Self-reported nonrestorative sleep in fibromyalgia—relationship to impairments of body functions, personal function factors, and quality of life. J Pain Res. 2015;8:499–505.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  32. Bigatti SM, Hernandez AM, Cronan TA, Rand KL. Sleep disturbances in fibromyalgia syndrome: relationship to pain and depression. Arthritis Care Res. 2008;59(7):961–7.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  33. Boomershine CS, Crofford LJ. A symptom-based approach to pharmacologic management of fibromyalgia. Nat Rev Rheumatol. 2009;5(4):191–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  34. Rossy LA, Buckelew SP, Dorr N, Hagglund KJ, Thayer JF, McIntosh MJ, et al. A meta-analysis of fibromyalgia treatment interventions. Ann Behav Med. 1999;21(2):180–91.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  35. Dobkin PL, Liu A, Abrahamowicz M, Ionescu-Ittu R, Bernatsky S, Goldberger A, et al. Predictors of disability and pain six months after the end of treatment for fibromyalgia. Clin J Pain. 2010;26(1):23–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  36. Becker H, Stuifbergen A, Taxis C, Beal CC, Pierini DM. The use of goal attainment scaling to facilitate and assess individualized change in a wellness intervention for women with fibromyalgia syndrome. J Holist Nurs. 2009;27(4):232–40.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  37. Amer-Cuenca JJ, Pecos-Martín D, Martínez-Merinero P, Girbés EL, Nijs J, Meeus M, et al. How much is needed? Comparison of the effectiveness of different pain education dosages in patients with fibromyalgia. Pain Med (United States). 2020;21(4):782–93.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  38. Louw A, Zimney K, Puentedura EJ, Diener I. The efficacy of pain neuroscience education on musculoskeletal pain: a systematic review of the literature. Physiother Theory Pract. Taylor and Francis Ltd. 2016;32:332–55.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  39. Watson JA, Ryan CG, Cooper L, Ellington D, Whittle R, Lavender M, et al. Pain neuroscience education for adults with chronic musculoskeletal pain: a mixed-methods systematic review and meta-analysis. J Pain. Churchill Livingstone Inc. 2019;20:1140.e1–1140.e22.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  40. Nicassio PM, Radojevic V, Weisman MH, Schuman C, Kim J, Schoenfeld-Smith K, et al. A comparison of behavioral and educational interventions for fibromyalgia. J Rheumatol. 1997;24(10):2000–7.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  41. Häuser W, Bernardy K, Arnold B, Offenbächer M, Schiltenwolf M. Efficacy of multicomponent treatment in fibromyalgia syndrome: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled clinical trials. Arthritis Care Res. 2009;61(2):216–24.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  42. Suman AL, Biagi B, Biasi G, Carli G, Gradi M, Prati E, et al. One-year efficacy of a 3-week intensive multidisciplinary non-pharmacological treatment program for fibromyalgia patients. Clin Exp Rheumatol. 27(1):7–14.

    Google Scholar 

  43. Bondesson E, Larrosa Pardo F, Stigmar K, Ringqvist PIF, Jöud A, et al. Comorbidity between pain and mental illness—evidence of a bidirectional relationship. Eur J Pain (United Kingdom). 2018;22(7):1304–11.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  44. Tsang A, Von Korff M, Lee S, Alonso J, Karam E, Angermeyer MC, et al. Common chronic pain conditions in developed and developing countries: gender and age differences and comorbidity with depression-anxiety disorders. J Pain. 2008;9(10):883–91.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  45. Roughan WH, Campos AI, García-Marín LM, Cuéllar-Partida G, Lupton MK, Hickie IB, et al. Comorbid chronic pain and depression: shared risk factors and differential antidepressant effectiveness. Front Psych. 2021;12:12.

    Google Scholar 

  46. Thieme K, Turk DC. Cognitive-behavioral and operant-behavioral therapy for people with fibromyalgia. Reumatismo. Page Press Publications. 2012;64:275–85.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  47. Thieme K, Gromnica-Ihle E, Flor H. Operant behavioral treatment of fibromyalgia: a controlled study. Arthritis Care Res. 2003;49(3):314–20.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  48. Bernardy K, Füber N, Köllner V, Häuser W. Efficacy of cognitive-behavioral therapies in fibromyalgia syndrome—a systematic review and metaanalysis of randomized controlled trials. J Rheumatol. 2010;37:1991–2005.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  49. Falcao DM, Sales L, Leite JR, Feldman D, Valim V, Natour J. Cognitive behavioral therapy for the treatment of fibromyalgia syndrome: a randomized controlled trial. J Musculoskelet Pain. 2008;16(3):133–40.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  50. Bennett R, Nelson D. Cognitive behavioral therapy for fibromyalgia. Nat Clin Pract Rheumatol. 2006;2:416–24.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  51. Wicksell RK, Kemani M, Jensen K, Kosek E, Kadetoff D, Sorjonen K, et al. Acceptance and commitment therapy for fibromyalgia: a randomized controlled trial. Eur J Pain (United Kingdom). 2013;17(4):599–611.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  52. Simister HD, Tkachuk GA, Shay BL, Vincent N, Pear JJ, Skrabek RQ. Randomized controlled trial of online acceptance and commitment therapy for fibromyalgia. J Pain. 2018;19(7):741–53.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  53. Luciano JV, Guallar JA, Aguado J, López-Del-Hoyo Y, Olivan B, Magallón R, et al. Effectiveness of group acceptance and commitment therapy for fibromyalgia: a 6-month randomized controlled trial (EFFIGACT study). Pain. 2014;155(4):693–702.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  54. Aytur SA, Ray KL, Meier SK, Campbell J, Gendron B, Waller N, et al. Neural mechanisms of acceptance and commitment therapy for chronic pain: a network-based fMRI approach. Front Hum Neurosci. 2021;5:15.

    Google Scholar 

  55. Haugmark T, Hagen KB, Smedslund G, Zangi HA. Mindfulness- and acceptance-based interventions for patients with fibromyalgia—a systematic review and meta-analyses. PLoS One. 2019;14:9.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  56. Sanabria-Mazo JP, Montero-Marin J, Feliu-Soler A, Gasión V, Navarro-Gil M, Morillo-Sarto H, et al. Mindfulness-based program plus amygdala and insula retraining (MAIR) for the treatment of women with fibromyalgia: a pilot randomized controlled trial. J Clin Med. 2020;9(10):3246.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  57. Lauche R, Cramer H, Dobos G, Langhorst J, Schmidt S. A systematic review and meta-analysis of mindfulness-based stress reduction for the fibromyalgia syndrome. J Psychosom Res. Elsevier Inc. 2013;75:500–10.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  58. Morley S, Williams A. New developments in the psychological management of chronic pain. Can J Psychiatry. Canadian Psychiatric Association. 2015;60:168–75.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  59. Mannerkorpi K, Nordeman L, Cider Å, Jonsson G. Does moderate-to-high intensity Nordic walking improve functional capacity and pain in fibromyalgia? A prospective randomized controlled trial. Arthritis Res Ther. 2010;12:5.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  60. Thomas EN, Blotman F. Aerobic exercise in fibromyalgia: a practical review. Rheumatol Int. 2010;30:1143–50.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  61. Busch AJ, Webber SC, Richards RS, Bidonde J, Schachter CL, Schafer LA, et al. Resistance exercise training for fibromyalgia. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. John Wiley and Sons Ltd. 2013;2013

    Google Scholar 

  62. Busch AJ, Barber KAR, Overend TJ, Peloso PMJ, Schachter CL. Exercise for treating fibromyalgia syndrome. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. John Wiley and Sons Ltd. 2007;

    Google Scholar 

  63. Berardi G, Senefeld JW, Hunter SK, Bement MKH. Impact of isometric and concentric resistance exercise on pain and fatigue in fibromyalgia. Eur J Appl Physiol. 2021;121(5):1389–404.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  64. Da Silva GD, Lorenzi-Filho G, Lage LV. Effects of yoga and the addition of Tui Na in patients with fibromyalgia. J Altern Complement Med. 2007;13(10):1107–13.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  65. Chen KW, Hassett AL, Hou F, Staller J, Lichtbroun AS. A pilot study of external qigong therapy for patients with fibromyalgia. J Altern Complement Med. 2006;12(9):851–6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  66. Taggart HM, Arslanian CL, Bae S, Singh K. Effects of t’ai chi exercise on fibromyalgia symptoms and health-related quality of life. Orthop Nurs. 2003;22(5):353–60.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  67. Altan L, Korkmaz N, Bingol Ü, Gunay B. Effect of Pilates training on people with fibromyalgia syndrome: a pilot study. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2009;90(12):1983–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  68. Sauch Valmaña G, Vidal-Alaball J, Poch PR, Peña JM, Panadés Zafra R, Cantero Gómez FX, et al. Effects of a physical exercise program on patients affected with fibromyalgia. J Prim Care Community Heal. 2020;11

    Google Scholar 

  69. Kim SY, Busch AJ, Overend TJ, Schachter CL, van der Spuy I, Boden C, et al. Flexibility exercise training for adults with fibromyalgia. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. John Wiley and Sons Ltd. 2019;2019

    Google Scholar 

  70. Mannerkorpi K, Nordeman L, Ericsson A, Arndorw M. Pool exercise for patients with fibromyalgia or chronic widespread pain: a randomized controlled trial and subgroup analyses. J Rehabil Med. 2009;41(9):751–60.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  71. Larsson A, Palstam A, Löfgren M, Ernberg M, Bjersing J, Bileviciute-Ljungar I, et al. Resistance exercise improves muscle strength, health status and pain intensity in fibromyalgia-a randomized controlled trial. Arthritis Res Ther. 2015;17:1.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  72. Lesnak JB, Sluka KA. Mechanism of exercise-induced analgesia: what we can learn from physically active animals. PAIN Rep. 2020;5(5):e850.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  73. Sluka KA, Frey-Law L, Hoeger BM. Exercise-induced pain and analgesia? Underlying mechanisms and clinical translation. Pain NLM (Medline). 2018;159:S91–7.

    Google Scholar 

  74. Rice D, Nijs J, Kosek E, Wideman T, Hasenbring MI, Koltyn K, et al. Exercise-induced hypoalgesia in pain-free and chronic pain populations: state of the art and future directions. J Pain. 2019;20(11):1249–66.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  75. Koltyn KF, Brellenthin AG, Cook DB, Sehgal N, Hillard C. Mechanisms of exercise-induced hypoalgesia. J Pain. 2014;15(12):1294–304.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  76. Pioro-Boisset M, Esdaile JM, Fitzcharles MA. Alternative medicine use in fibromyalgia syndrome. Arthritis Rheum. 1996;9(1):13–7.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  77. Cao H, Liu JP, Lewith GT. Traditional Chinese medicine for treatment of fibromyalgia: a systematic review of randomized controlled trials. J Altern Complement Med. 2010;16(4):397–409.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  78. Perry R, Terry R, Ernst E. A systematic review of homoeopathy for the treatment of fibromyalgia. Clin Rheumatol. 2010;29:457–64.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  79. Lowry E, Marley J, McVeigh JG, McSorley E, Allsopp P, Kerr D. Dietary interventions in the management of fibromyalgia: a systematic review and best-evidence synthesis. Nutrients. MDPI AG. 2020;12:1–18.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  80. Mayhew E, Ernst E. Acupuncture for fibromyalgia—a systematic review of randomized clinical trials. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2007;46:801–4.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  81. Martin-Sanchez E, Torralba E, Diaz-Dominguez E, Barriga A, R.Martin JL. Efficacy of acupuncture for the treatment of fibromyalgia: systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized trials. Open Rheumatol J. 2009;3(1):25–9.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  82. Ernst E. Chiropractic treatment for fibromyalgia: a systematic review. Clin Rheumatol. 2009;28:1175–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  83. Perrot S, Dickenson AH, Bennett RM. Fibromyalgia: harmonizing science with clinical practice considerations. Pain Pract. 2008;8:177–89.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  84. Macfarlane GJ, Kronisch C, Dean LE, Atzeni F, Häuser W, Flub E, et al. EULAR revised recommendations for the management of fibromyalgia. Ann Rheum Dis. 2017;76(2):318–28.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  85. Biasi G, Manca S, Manganelli S, Marcolongo R. Tramadol in the fibromyalgia syndrome: a controlled clinical trial versus placebo. Int J Clin Pharmacol Res. 1998;18(1):13–9.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  86. Bennett RM, Kamin M, Karim R, Rosenthal N. Tramadol and acetaminophen combination tablets in the treatment of fibromyalgia pain: a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study. Am J Med. 2003;114(7):537–45.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  87. Campbell FA, Tramèr MR, Carroll D, Reynolds DJM, Moore RA, Mcquay HJ. Are cannabinoids an effective and safe treatment option in the management of pain? A qualitative systematic review. BMJ. 2001;323(7303):13.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  88. Lynch ME, Campbell F. Cannabinoids for treatment of chronic non-cancer pain; a systematic review of randomized trials. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2011;72(5):735–44.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  89. Allan GM, Ramji J, Perry D, Ton J, Beahm NP, Crisp N, et al. Simplified guideline for prescribing medical cannabinoids in primary care. Can Fam Physician. 2018;64(2):111.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  90. Younger J, Noor N, McCue R, MacKey S. Low-dose naltrexone for the treatment of fibromyalgia: findings of a small, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, counterbalanced, crossover trial assessing daily pain levels. Arthritis Rheum. 2013;65(2):529–38.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  91. Metyas SK, Chen CL, Yeter K, Solyman J, Arkfeld D. Low dose naltrexone in the treatment of fibromyalgia. Curr Rheumatol Rev. 2018;14(2):177–80.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  92. Younger J, Mackey S. Fibromyalgia symptoms are reduced by low-dose naltrexone: a pilot study. Pain Med. 2009;10(4):663–72.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  93. Wilderman I, Pugacheva O, Perelman V, Wansbrough MCT, Voznyak Y, Zolnierczyk L. Repeated intravenous lidocaine infusions for patients with fibromyalgia: higher doses of lidocaine have a stronger and longer-lasting effect on pain reduction. Pain Med (United States). 2020;21(6):1230–9.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  94. Cohen SP, Bhatia A, Buvanendran A, Schwenk ES, Wasan AD, Hurley RW, et al. Consensus Guidelines on the Use of Intravenous Ketamine Infusions for Chronic Pain From the American Society of Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine, the American Academy of Pain Medicine, and the American Society of Anesthesiologists. Reg Anesth Pain Med. Lippincott Williams and Wilkins. 2018;43:521–46.

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  95. Sörensen J, Bengtsso A, Bäckman E, Henriksson KG, Bengtsson M. Pain analysis in patients with fibromyalgia: effects of intravenous morphine, lidocaine, and ketamine. Scand J Rheumatol. 1995;24(6):360–5.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  96. Short EB, Borckardt JJ, Anderson BS, Frohman H, Beam W, Reeves ST, et al. Ten sessions of adjunctive left prefrontal rTMS significantly reduces fibromyalgia pain: a randomized, controlled pilot study. Pain. 2011;152(11):2477–84.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  97. Lloyd DM, Wittkopf PG, Arendsen LJ, Jones AKP. Is transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) effective for the treatment of pain in fibromyalgia? A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Pain. Churchill Livingstone Inc. 2020;21:1085–100.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2023 The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Deng, G. (2023). Fibromyalgia. In: Blakley, B.W., Blakley, J.E. (eds) Functional Illness of the Head and Neck. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-12998-8_9

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-12998-8_9

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-031-12997-1

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-031-12998-8

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics