Skip to main content

Depression

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Functional Illness of the Head and Neck
  • 485 Accesses

Abstract

Depression is a common comorbidity in patients suffering from functional illnesses. When compared with the general population, the prevalence of depression is higher in patients with functional symptoms. In fact, from a biopsychosocial perspective, depressive symptoms and affective dysregulation could be considered predisposing, precipitating, and perpetuating factors. Affective disorders in functional illness impact patients’ quality of life and overall prognosis. In this chapter, the prevalence of affective symptoms in patients with functional illnesses will be discussed. Furthermore, the role of depression as a risk factor as well as its impact on prognosis and recovery will be detailed. Finally, different treatment modalities for the management of depression in functional illnesses will be outlined.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

eBook
USD 16.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 129.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  1. O'Neal MA, Baslet G. Treatment for patients with a functional neurological disorder (conversion disorder): an integrated approach. Am J Psychiatry. 2018;175(4):307–14.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  2. Baslet G, Bajestan SN, Aybek S, Modirrousta M, Price JD, Cavanna A, et al. Evidence-based practice for the clinical assessment of psychogenic nonepileptic seizures: a report from the American neuropsychiatric association committee on research. J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci. 2021;33(1):27–42.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  3. Gracely RH, Ceko M, Bushnell MC. Fibromyalgia and depression. Pain Res Treat. 2012;2012:486590.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. Perez DL, Aybek S, Popkirox S, Kozlowska K, Stephen CD, Anderson J, et al. A review and expert opinion on the neuropsychiatric assessment of motor functional neurological disorders. J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci. 2021. Winter;33(1):14–26.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. Fuller-Thomson E, Nimigon-Young J, Brennenstuhl S. Individuals with fibromyalgia and depression: findings from a nationally representative Canadian survey. Rheumatol Int. 2012;32(4):853–62.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. Alciati A, Atzeni F, Caldirola D, Perna G, Sarzi-Puttini P. The co-morbidity between bipolar and panic disorder in fibromyalgia syndrome. J Clin Med. 2020;9(11):3619.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  7. Willinger U, Völkl-Kernstock S, Aschauer HN. Marked depression and anxiety in patients with functional dysphonia. Psychiatry Res. 2005;134(1):85–91.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. Ricciardi L, Demartini B, Morgante F, Parees I, Nielsen G, Edwards MJ. Symptom severity in patients with functional motor symptoms: patient’s perception and doctor’s clinical assessment. Parkinsonism Relat Disord. 2015;21(5):529–32.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. Lotrich FE, Pollock BG. Meta-analysis of serotonin transporter polymorphisms and affective disorders. Psychiatr Genet. 2004;14(3):121–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Cohen H, Buskila D, Neumann L, Ebstein RP. Confirmation of an association between fibromyalgia and serotonin transporter promoter region (5- HTTLPR) polymorphism, and relationship to anxiety-related personality traits. Arthritis Rheum. 2002;46(3):845–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. Raphael KG, Janal MN, Nayak S, Schwartz JE, Gallagher RM. Familial aggregation of depression in fibromyalgia: a community-based test of alternate hypotheses. Pain. 2004;110(1-2):449–60.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Gold PW, Gabry KE, Yasuda MR, Chrousos GP. Divergent endocrine abnormalities in melancholic and atypical depression: clinical and pathophysiologic implications. Endocrinol Metab Clin N Am. 2002;31(1):37–62. vi

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. Fitzcharles MA, Ste-Marie PA, Goldenberg DL, Pereira JX, Abbey S, Choinière M, et al. 2012 Canadian Guidelines for the diagnosis and management of fibromyalgia syndrome: executive summary. Pain Res Manag. 2013;18(3):119–26.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  14. Pick S, Goldstein LH, Perez DL, Nicholson TR. Emotional processing in functional neurological disorder: a review, biopsychosocial model and research agenda. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2019;90(6):704–11.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Pun P, Frater J, Broughton M, Dob R, Lehn A. Psychological profiles and clinical clusters of patients diagnosed with functional neurological disorder. Front Neurol. 2020;11:580267.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  16. Ritchey M, Dolcos F, Eddington KM, Strauman TJ, Cabeza R. Neural correlates of emotional processing in depression: changes with cognitive behavioral therapy and predictors of treatment response. J Psychiatr Res. 2011;45(5):577–87.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Baker J. Women's voices: lost or mislaid, stolen or strayed? Int J Speech Lang Pathol. 2010;12(2):94–106.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Deary V, Miller T. Reconsidering the role of psychosocial factors in functional dysphonia. Curr Opin Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2011;19(3):150–4.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Thomas M, Vuong KD, Jankovic J. Long-term prognosis of patients with psychogenic movement disorders. Parkinsonism Relat Disord. 2006;12(6):382–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. Crimlisk HL, Bhatia K, Cope H, David A, Marsden CD, Ron MA. Slater revisited: 6 year follow up study of patients with medically unexplained motor symptoms. BMJ. 1998;316(7131):582–6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  21. Jalilianhasanpour R, Ospina JP, Williams B, Mello J, MacLean J, Ranford J, et al. Secure attachment and depression predict 6-month outcome in motor functional neurological disorders: a prospective pilot study. Psychosomatics. 2019;60(4):365–75.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. Ibrahim NM, Martino D, van de Warrenburg BP, Quinn NP, Bhatia KP, Brown RJ, et al. The prognosis of fixed dystonia: a follow-up study. Parkinsonism Relat Disord. 2009;15(8):592–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. Feinstein A, Stergiopoulos V, Fine J, Lan AE. Psychiatric outcome in patients with a psychogenic movement disorder: a prospective study. Neuropsychiatry Neuropsychol. Behav Neurol. 2001;14(3):169–76.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. Gilmour GS, Nielsen G, Teodoro T, Yogarajah M, Coebergh JA, Dilley MD, et al. Management of functional neurological disorder. J Neurol. 2020;267(7):2164–72.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  25. Adams C, Anderson J, Madva EN, LaFrance WC Jr, Perez DL. You've made the diagnosis of functional neurological disorder: now what? Pract Neurol. 2018;18(4):323–30.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  26. Voon V, Lang AE. Antidepressant treatment outcomes of psychogenic movement disorder. J Clin Psychiatry. 2005;66(12):1529–34.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. Kleinstäuber M, Witthöft M, Steffanowski A, van Marwijk H, Hiller W, Lambert MJ. Pharmacological interventions for somatoform disorders in adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2014;11:CD010628.

    Google Scholar 

  28. Clauw DJ. Fibromyalgia: a clinical review. JAMA. 2014;311(15):1547–55.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  29. Mudyanadzo TA, Hauzaree C, Yerokhina O, Architha NN, Ashqar HM. Irritable bowel syndrome and depression: a shared pathogenesis. Cureus. 2018;10(8):e3178.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  30. Wilmes L, Collins JM, O'Riordan KJ, O'Mahony SM, Cryan JF, Clarke G. Of bowels, brain and behavior: a role for the gut microbiota in psychiatric comorbidities in irritable bowel syndrome. Neurogastroenterol Motil. 2021;33(3):e14095.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  31. Marangell LB, Clauw DJ, Choy E, Wang F, Shoemaker S, Bradley L, et al. Comparative pain and mood effects in patients with comorbid fibromyalgia and major depressive disorder: secondary analyses of four pooled randomized controlled trials of duloxetine. Pain. 2011;152(1):31–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  32. Cuijpers P, Quero S, Dowrick C, Arroll B. Psychological treatment of depression in primary care: recent developments. Curr Psychiatry Rep. 2019;21(12):129.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  33. Cuijpers P, Karyotaki E, Eckshtain D, Ng MY, Corteselli KA, Noma H, et al. Psychotherapy for depression across different age groups: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA Psychiat. 2020;77(7):694–702.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  34. Kompoliti K, Wilson B, Stebbins G, Bernard B, Hinson V. Immediate vs. delayed treatment of psychogenic movement disorders with short term psychodynamic psychotherapy: randomized clinical trial. Parkinsonism Relat Disord. 2014;20(1):60–3.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  35. Baslet G, Dworetzky B, Perez DL, Oser M. Treatment of psychogenic nonepileptic seizures: updated review and findings from a mindfulness-based intervention case series. Clin EEG Neurosci. 2015;46(1):54–64.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  36. Zaroff CM, Myers L, Barr WB, Luciano D, Devinsky O. Group psychoeducation as treatment for psychological nonepileptic seizures. Epilepsy Behav. 2004;5(4):587–92.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  37. Vasile C. CBT and medication in depression (review). Exp Ther Med. 2020;20(4):3513–6.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  38. Gautam M, Tripathi A, Deshmukh D, Gaur M. Cognitive behavioral therapy for depression. Indian J Psychiatry. 2020;62(Suppl 2):S223–9.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  39. LaFrance WC Jr, Baird GL, Barry JJ, Blum AS, Frank Webb A, Keitner GI, et al. Multicenter pilot treatment trial for psychogenic nonepileptic seizures. JAMA Psychiat. 2014;71:997–1005.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  40. Hou WH, Wang TY, Kang JH. The effects of add-on non-invasive brain stimulation in fibromyalgia: a meta-analysis and meta-regression of randomized controlled trials. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2016;55(8):1507–17.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  41. Peterson KT, Kosior R, Meek BP, Ng M, Perez DL, Modirrousta M. Right temporoparietal junction transcranial magnetic stimulation in the treatment of psychogenic nonepileptic seizures: a case series. Psychosomatics. 2018;59(6):601–6.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Mandana Modirrousta .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2023 The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Modirrousta, M. (2023). Depression. In: Blakley, B.W., Blakley, J.E. (eds) Functional Illness of the Head and Neck. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-12998-8_6

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-12998-8_6

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-031-12997-1

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-031-12998-8

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics