Abstract
Social circumstances, behavioral patterns, environmental exposures, and genetic predispositions generate significant impacts on health. The substantive nature of these impacts is garnering increasing attention from health policy analysts, health insurance plan administrators, Medicare and Medicaid program administrators, and clinicians. This chapter focuses on the two factors that are particularly relevant for psychologists working in integrated care: social circumstances and behavioral patterns. The social circumstances evaluated are related to socioeconomic status, such as housing quality, food security, education, and income. These factors influence health at various stages in the life cycle (adulthood, childhood, infancy) via indirect mechanisms. The behavioral patterns investigated in this chapter include obtaining vaccinations, utilizing contraceptives, practicing good nutrition, and avoiding smoking and heavy drinking. Social circumstances interact with behavioral patterns to influence health. For example, we find that education affects cognitive ability and health behaviors. This has a consequential effect on overall health. Healthcare providers are faced with these consequences in delivering care to patients of various socioeconomic backgrounds. We provide solutions involving integrated care settings to mitigate the impacts of social circumstances and behavioral patterns on health.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Notes
- 1.
Causal relationships are identified via experimental design methods. Associative relationships are established via basic regression analysis.
- 2.
See Sheingold et al. (2021) for a discussion of additional steps CMS could take to support efforts to strengthen health equity.
References
Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality. (2017, March). All-payer claims databases. https://www.ahrq.gov/data/apcd/index.html
Aizer, A., & Stroud, L. (2010). Education, knowledge and the evolution of disparities in health. National Bureau of Economic Research. https://doi.org/10.3386/w15840
Alley, D. E., Asomugha, C. N., Conway, P. H., & Sanghavi, D. M. (2016). Accountable health communities-Addressing social needs through Medicare and Medicaid. New England Journal of Medicine, 374(1), 8–11. https://doi.org/10.1056/nejmp1512532
American Cancer Society. (2018). Cancer facts & figures for Hispanics/Latinos 2018–2020. American Cancer Society, Inc. https://www.cancer.org/content/dam/cancer-org/research/cancer-facts-and-statistics/cancer-facts-and-figures-for-hispanics-and-latinos-2018-2020.pdf
Artaud, F., Sabia, S., Dugravot, A., Kivimaki, M., Singh-Manoux, A., & Elbaz, A. (2017). Trajectories of unhealthy behaviors in midlife and risk of disability at older ages. Innovation in Aging, 1(Suppl_1), 75–75. https://doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igx004.311
Baren, J. M., Shofer, F. S., Ivey, B., Reinhard, S., DeGeus, J., Stahmer, S. A., Panettieri, R., & Hollander, J. E. (2001). A randomized, controlled trial of a simple emergency department intervention to improve the rate of primary care follow-up for patients with acute asthma exacerbations. Annals of Emergency Medicine, 38(2), 115–122. https://doi.org/10.1067/mem.2001.116593
Barker, D. J., Osmond, C., Golding, J., Kuh, D., & Wadsworth, M. E. (1989). Growth in utero, blood pressure in childhood and adult life, and mortality from cardiovascular disease. BMJ, 298(6673), 564–567. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.298.6673.564
Barker, D. J., Hales, C. N., Fall, C. H., Osmond, C., Phipps, K., & Clark, P. M. (1993). Type 2 (non-insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus, hypertension and hyperlipidaemia (syndrome X): Relation to reduced fetal growth. Diabetologia, 36(1), 62–67. https://doi.org/10.1007/bf00399095
Beijer, U., Wolf, A., & Fazel, S. (2012). Prevalence of tuberculosis, hepatitis C virus, and HIV in homeless people: A systematic review and meta-analysis. The Lancet Infectious Diseases, 12(11), 859–870. https://doi.org/10.1016/s1473-3099(12)70177-9
Berkowitz, S. A., Seligman, H. K., & Basu, S. (2017). Impact of food insecurity and SNAP participation on healthcare utilization and expenditures. University of Kentucky Center for Poverty Research Discussion Paper Series. https://uknowledge.uky.edu/ukcpr_papers/103/
Blount, A. (2003). Integrated primary care: Organizing the evidence. Families, Systems & Health: The Journal of Collaborative Family Healthcare, 21(2), 121–133. https://doi.org/10.1037/1091-7527.21.2.121
Brennan, T. A., Dollear, T. J., Hu, M., Matlin, O. S., Shrank, W. H., Choudhry, N. K., & Grambley, W. (2012). An integrated pharmacy-based program improved medication prescription and adherence rates in diabetes patients. Health Affairs, 31(1), 120–129. https://doi.org/10.1377/hlthaff.2011.0931
Brown, J. A., Berzin, O., Clayton, M., Cluff, L., Derzon, J., Evans, L., Farrel, K., Fraze, T., Haber, S., Hessler, D., Husick, C., Liu, E., Parish, W., Payne, J., Renaud, J., Smith, L., Stockdaye, H., & Vincent, A. (2020). Accountable health communities (ahc) model evaluation first evaluation report. RTI International. https://innovation.cms.gov/data-and-reports/2020/ahc-first-eval-rpt
Brunello, G., Fort, M., Schneeweis, N., & Winter-Ebmer, R. (2016). The causal effect of education on health: What is the role of health behaviors? Health Economics, 25(3), 314–336. https://doi.org/10.1002/hec.3141
Buchanan, D., Doblin, B., Sai, T., & Garcia, P. (2006). The effects of respite care for homeless patients: A cohort study. American Journal of Public Health, 96(7), 1278–1281. https://doi.org/10.2105/ajph.2005.067850
Butler, S. M., Matthew, D. B., & Cabello, M. (2017, February 15). Re-balancing medical and social spending to promote health: Increasing state flexibility to improve health through housing. Brookings Institution. https://www.brookings.edu/blog/usc-brookings-schaeffer-on-health-policy/2017/02/15/re-balancing-medical-and-social-spending-to-promote-health-increasing-state-flexibility-to-improve-health-through-housing
Case, A., & Paxson, C. (2002). Parental behavior and child health. Health Affairs, 21(2), 164–178. https://doi.org/10.1377/hlthaff.21.2.164
Case, A., Lubotsky, D., & Paxson, C. (2002). Economic status and health in childhood: The origins of the gradient. The American Economic Review, 92(5), 1308–1334. https://doi.org/10.1257/000282802762024520
Case, A., Fertig, A., & Paxson, C. (2005). The lasting impact of childhood health and circumstance. Journal of Health Economics, 24(2), 365–389. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhealeco.2004.09.008
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). (1999). Cigarette smoking among adults–United States, 1997. MMWR. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, 48(43), 993–996.
Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services. (2020, March 23). Quality payment program. https://www.cms.gov/Medicare/Quality-Initiatives-Patient-Assessment-Instruments/Value-Based-Programs/MACRA-MIPS-and-APMs/MACRA-MIPS-and-APMs
Coleman, J. V., Patrick, D. L., Eagle, J., & Hermalin, J. A. (1979). Collaboration, consultation and referral in an integrated health-mental health program at an HMO. Social Work in Health Care, 5(1), 83–96. https://doi.org/10.1300/j010v05n01
Coleman, E. A., Parry, C., Chalmers, S., & Min, S.-J. (2006). The care transitions intervention: Results of a randomized controlled trial. Archives of Internal Medicine, 166(17), 1822–1828. https://doi.org/10.1001/archinte.166.17.1822
Coleman-Jensen, A., Gregory, C., & Singh, A. (2014). Household food security in the United States in 2013. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Economic Research Service. www.ers.usda.gov/publications/err-economic-research-report/err173.aspx
Coleman-Jensen, A., Rabbitt, M., Gregory, C. A., & Singh, A. (2020). Household food security in the United States in 2019. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Economic Research Service. https://www.ers.usda.gov/publications/pub-details/?pubid=99281
Coleman-Jensen, A., Rabbitt, M. P., & Gregory, C. A. (2021, March 21). Food Security in the U.S. US Department of Agriculture, Economic Research Service. https://www.ers.usda.gov/topics/food-nutrition-assistance/food-security-in-the-us/.
Conley, D., & Bennett, N. G. (2000). Is biology destiny? Birth weight and life chances. American Sociological Review, 65(3), 458–467. https://doi.org/10.2307/2657467
Cook, J. T., Frank, D. A., Levenson, S. M., Neault, N. B., Heeren, T. C., Black, M. M., Berkowitz, C., Casey, P. H., Meyers, A. F., Cutts, D. B., & Chilton, M. (2006). Child food insecurity increases risks posed by household food insecurity to young children’s health. The Journal of Nutrition, 136(4), 1073–1076. https://doi.org/10.1093/jn/136.4.1073
Cranor, C. W., Bunting, B. A., & Christensen, D. B. (2003). The Asheville project: Long-term clinical and economic outcomes of a community pharmacy diabetes care program. Journal of the American Pharmaceutical Association, 43(2), 173–184. https://doi.org/10.1331/108658003321480713
Cummings, N. A. (1990). The impact of psychological intervention on healthcare utilization and costs: The Hawaii Medicaid project. Biodyne Institute.
Cummings, N. A., O’Donohue, W. T., & Cummings, J. L. (2009). The financial dimension of integrated behavioral/primary care. Journal of Clinical Psychology in Medical Settings, 16(1), 31–39. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10880-008-9139-2
Currie, J. (2009). Healthy, wealthy, and wise: Socioeconomic status, poor health in childhood, and human capital development. Journal of Economic Literature, 47(1), 87–122. https://doi.org/10.1257/jel.47.1.87
Currie, J., & Hyson, R. (1999). Is the impact of health shocks cushioned by socioeconomic status? The case of low birthweight. The American Economic Review, 89(2), 245–250. https://doi.org/10.1257/aer.89.2.245
Currie, J., & Lin, W. (2007). Chipping away at health: More on the relationship between income and child health. Health Affairs, 26(2), 331–344. https://doi.org/10.1377/hlthaff.26.2.331
Currie, J., & Moretti, E. (2003). Mother’s education and the intergenerational transmission of human capital: Evidence from college openings. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 118(4), 1495–1532. https://doi.org/10.1162/003355303322552856
Currie, J., & Stabile, M. (2003). Socioeconomic status and child health: Why is the relationship stronger for older children? The American Economic Review, 93(5), 1813–1823. https://doi.org/10.1257/000282803322655563
Currie, A., Shields, M. A., & Price, S. W. (2007). The child health/family income gradient: Evidence from England. Journal of Health Economics, 26(2), 213–232. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhealeco.2006.08.003
Curtis, L. J., Dooley, M. D., Lipman, E. L., & Feeny, D. H. (2001). The role of permanent income and family structure in the determination of child health in Canada. Health Economics, 10(4), 287–302. https://doi.org/10.1002/hec.591
Cutler, D. M., & Lleras-Muney, A. (2010). Understanding differences in health behaviors by education. Journal of Health Economics, 29(1), 1–28. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhealeco.2009.10.003
Deming, D. (2009). Early childhood intervention and life-cycle skill development: Evidence from Head Start. American Economic Journal: Applied Economics, 1(3), 111–134. https://doi.org/10.1257/app.1.3.111
Desmond, M., & Bell, M. (2015). Housing, poverty, and the law. Annual Review of Law and Social Science, 11(1), 15–35. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-lawsocsci-120814-121623
Distefano, G., & Goodpaster, B. H. (2018). Effects of exercise and aging on skeletal muscle. Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Medicine, 8(3). https://doi.org/10.1101/cshperspect.a029785
Eicher-Miller, H. A., Mason, A. C., Weaver, C. M., McCabe, G. P., & Boushey, C. J. (2009). Food insecurity is associated with iron deficiency anemia in US adolescents. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 90(5), 1358–1371. https://doi.org/10.3945/ajcn.2009.27886
Evans, W. N., & Ringel, J. S. (1999). Can higher cigarette taxes improve birth outcomes? Journal of Public Economics, 72(1), 135–154. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0047-2727(98)00090-5
Fera, T., Bluml, B. M., & Ellis, W. M. (2009). Diabetes ten city challenge: Final economic and clinical results. Journal of the American Pharmacists Association, 49(3), 383–391. https://doi.org/10.1331/japha.2009.09015
Fineberg, H. V. (2008). Retooling for an aging America. Medscape Journal of Medicine, 10(8), 188.
Gelberg, L., Robertson, M. J., Arangua, L., Leake, B. D., Sumner, G., Moe, A., Andersen, R. M., Morgenstern, H., & Nyamathi, A. (2012). Prevalence, distribution, and correlates of hepatitis C virus infection among homeless adults in Los Angeles. Public Health Reports, 127(4), 407–421. https://doi.org/10.1177/003335491212700409
Gitlin, L. N., & Wolff, J. (2011). Family involvement in care transitions of older adults: What do we know and where do we go from here? Annual Review of Gerontology & Geriatrics, 31(1), 31–64. https://doi.org/10.1891/0198-8794.31.31
Goldman, D. P., & Smith, J. P. (2002). Can patient self-management help explain the SES health gradient? Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 99(16), 10929–10934. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.162086599
Gregory, C. A., & Coleman-Jensen, A. (2017, July 31). Food insecurity, chronic disease, and health among working-age adults. Economic Research Service U.S. Department of Agriculture. https://ageconsearch.umn.edu/record/261813/
Gundersen, C., & Ziliak, J. P. (2015). Food insecurity and health outcomes. Health Affairs, 34(11), 1830–1839.
Hagan, K. A., Chiuve, S. E., Stampfer, M. J., Katz, J. N., & Grodstein, F. (2016). Greater adherence to the alternative healthy eating index is associated with lower incidence of physical function impairment in the nurses’ health study. The Journal of Nutrition, 146(7), 1341–1347. https://doi.org/10.3945/jn.115.227900
Heckman, J. J., Moon, S. H., Pinto, R., Savelyev, P. A., & Yavitz, A. (2010). The rate of return to the HighScope Perry Preschool Program. Journal of Public Economics, 94(1), 114–128.
Heiman, H. J., & Artiga, S. (2015). Beyond health care: The role of social determinants in promoting health and health equity (Issue brief Vol. 4). The Kaiser Commission on Medicaid and the Uninsured. https://www.issuelab.org/resources/22899.pdf
Hood, E. (2005). Dwelling disparities: How poor housing leads to poor health. Environmental Health Perspectives, 113(5). https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.113-a310
Hunter, S., Harvey, M., Briscombe, B., & Cefalu, M. (2017). Housing for health: A state-of-the-art program for reducing homelessness in Los Angeles County. RAND Corporation. https://www.rand.org/pubs/research_briefs/RB10000.html
Jack, B. W. (2009). A reengineered hospital discharge program to decrease rehospitalization. Annals of Internal Medicine, 150(3), 178. https://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-150-3-200902030-00007
Jackson, C. T., Trygstad, T. K., DeWalt, D. A., & DuBard, C. A. (2013). Transitional care cut hospital readmissions for North Carolina Medicaid patients with complex chronic conditions. Health Affairs, 32(8), 1407–1415. https://doi.org/10.1377/hlthaff.2013.0047
Jaworsky, D., Gadermann, A., Duhoux, A., Naismith, T. E., Norena, M., To, M. J., Hwang, S. W., & Palepu, A. (2016). Residential stability reduces unmet health care needs and emergency department utilization among a cohort of homeless and vulnerably housed persons in Canada. Journal of Urban Health: Bulletin of the New York Academy of Medicine, 93(4), 666–681. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11524-016-0065-6
Johnson, R. C. (2012). Health dynamics and the evolution of health inequality over the life course: The importance of neighborhood and family background. The B.E. Journal of Economic Analysis & Policy, 11(3). https://doi.org/10.1515/1935-1682.2823
Johnson, R. C., & Schoeni, R. F. (2011). The influence of early-life events on human capital, health status, and labor market outcomes over the life course. The B.E. Journal of Economic Analysis & Policy, 11(3). https://doi.org/10.2202/1935-1682.2521
Kaiser Family Foundation. (2019). Distribution of state expenditures (in millions). https://www.kff.org/other/state-indicator/distribution-of-state-spending/?currentTimeframe=0&sortModel=%7B%22colId%22:%22Location%22,%22sort%22:%22asc%22%7D
Kassel, C. (2014, March 27). Should provider performance measures be risk-adjusted for sociodemographic factors? Health Affaris Blog. https://www.healthaffairs.org/do/10.1377/hblog20140327.038175/full/
Katch, H., & Bailey, P. (2020, January 17). Medicaid doesn’t pay for housing. Here’s what it can do to help meet enrollees’ social needs. Health Affairs Blog. https://www.healthaffairs.org/do/10.1377/hblog20200110.134351/full/
Katon, W. (1995). Collaborative care: Patient satisfaction, outcomes, and medical cost-offset. Family Systems Medicine, 13(3–4), 351–365. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0089387
Kushel, M. B., Perry, S., Bangsberg, D., Clark, R., & Moss, A. R. (2002). Emergency department use among the homeless and marginally housed: Results from a community-based study. American Journal of Public Health, 92(5), 778–784. https://doi.org/10.2105/ajph.92.5.778
Law, C. M., & Shiell, A. W. (1996). Is blood pressure inversely related to birth weight? The strength of evidence from a systematic review of the literature. Journal of Hypertension, 14(8), 935–941. https://doi.org/10.1097/00004872-199608000-00002
Lenz, A. S., Dell’Aquila, J., & Balkin, R. S. (2018). Effectiveness of integrated primary and behavioral healthcare. Journal of Mental Health Counseling, 40(3), 249–265. https://doi.org/10.17744/mehc.40.3.06
Liang, S.-Y., Phillips, K. A., Tye, S., Haas, J. S., & Sakowski, J. (2004). Does patient cost sharing matter? Its impact on recommended versus controversial cancer screening services. The American Journal of Managed Care, 10(2 Pt 1), 99–107.
Manley, A. F. (1996). Physical activity and health: A report of the surgeon general. DIANE Publishing.
Mann, S. L., Wadsworth, M. E., & Colley, J. R. (1992). Accumulation of factors influencing respiratory illness in members of a national birth cohort and their offspring. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health, 46(3), 286–292. https://doi.org/10.1136/jech.46.3.286
Martinez, O., Jr, Poepsel, M. S., Rolf, M. K., Taylor, B., Dfaapa, P., Wergin, R. L., & Wheeler, P. (2018). National Advisory Committee on rural health and human services. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. https://uscopdcoalition.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/Rural-COPD-Report-December-2018.pdf
McCormick, B., & White, J. (2016). Hospital care and costs for homeless people. Clinical Medicine, 16(6), 506–510. https://doi.org/10.7861/clinmedicine.16-6-506
McGinnis, J. M., & Foege, W. H. (1999). Mortality and morbidity attributable to use of addictive substances in the United States. Proceedings of the Association of American Physicians, 111(2), 109–118. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1525-1381.1999.09256.x
McGinnis, M. J., Williams-Russo, P., & Knickman, J. R. (2002). The case for more active policy attention to health promotion. Health Affairs, 21(2), 78–93. https://doi.org/10.1377/hlthaff.21.2.78
McIntyre, L., Williams, J. V. A., Lavorato, D. H., & Patten, S. (2013). Depression and suicide ideation in late adolescence and early adulthood are an outcome of child hunger. Journal of Affective Disorders, 150(1), 123–129. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2012.11.029
McKenzie, B. (2014). Modes less traveled-Bicycling and walking to work in the United States: 2008–2012. American Community Survey Reports. United States Census Bureau. https://www2.census.gov/library/publications/2014/acs/acs-25.pdf
Melchior, M., Chastang, J.-F., Falissard, B., Galéra, C., Tremblay, R. E., Côté, S. M., & Boivin, M. (2012). Food insecurity and children’s mental health: A prospective birth cohort study. PLoS One, 7(12), e52615. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0052615
Mokdad, A. H., Marks, J. S., Stroup, D. F., & Gerberding, J. L. (2005). Correction: Actual causes of death in the United States, 2000. JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association, 293(3), 293–294. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.293.3.293
Morrison, D. S. (2009). Homelessness as an independent risk factor for mortality: Results from a retrospective cohort study. International Journal of Epidemiology, 38(3), 877–883. https://doi.org/10.1093/ije/dyp160
Nagata, J. M., Hernández-Ramos, I., Kurup, A. S., Albrecht, D., Vivas-Torrealba, C., & Franco-Paredes, C. (2013). Social determinants of health and seasonal influenza vaccination in adults ≥65 years: A systematic review of qualitative and quantitative data. BMC Public Health, 13(1), 388. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2458-13-388
National Conference of State Legislatures. (2020). Veteran homelessness: Overview of state and federal resources. https://www.ncsl.org/research/military-and-veterans-affairs/veteran-homelessness-an-overview-of-state-and-federal-resources.aspx
National Conference of State Legislatures. (2021, March 16). How states can leverage hospital community benefit policies to advance health equity. https://www.nashp.org/how-states-can-leverage-hospital-community-benefit-policy-to-advance-health-equity/
Naylor, M. D., Brooten, D., Campbell, R., Jacobsen, B. S., Mezey, M. D., Pauly, M. V., & Schwartz, J. S. (1999). Comprehensive discharge planning and home follow-up of hospitalized elders: A randomized clinical trial. JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association, 281(7), 613–620. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.281.7.613
Nord, M. (2008, February 1). Disability is an important risk factor for food insecurity. Economic Research Service U.S. Department of Agriculture. https://www.ers.usda.gov/amber-waves/2008/february/disability-is-an-important-risk-factor-for-food-insecurity/
Parra, S. (2016). Predictors of inadequate follow-up of screening mammograms in Hispanic/Latinas in the Northeastern United States. Public Health Theses Yale University. https://elischolar.library.yale.edu/ysphtdl/1223/
Ravelli, A. C., van der Meulen, J. H., Michels, R. P., Osmond, C., Barker, D. J., Hales, C. N., & Bleker, O. P. (1998). Glucose tolerance in adults after prenatal exposure to famine. The Lancet, 351(9097), 173–177. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(97)07244-9
Robinson, S. M. (2018). Improving nutrition to support healthy ageing: What are the opportunities for intervention? The Proceedings of the Nutrition Society, 77(3), 257–264. https://doi.org/10.1017/s0029665117004037
Roseboom, T. J., van der Meulen, J. H. P., & Osmond, C. (2000). Coronary heart disease after prenatal exposure to the Dutch famine, 1944–45. Heart, 84(6), 595–598. https://doi.org/10.1136/heart.84.6.595
Rosenzweig, M. R., & Schultz, T. P. (1989). Schooling, information and nonmarket productivity: Contraceptive use and its effectiveness. International Economic Review, 30(2), 457–477. https://doi.org/10.2307/2526657
Sadowski, L. S., Kee, R. A., VanderWeele, T. J., & Buchanan, D. (2009). Effect of a housing and case management program on emergency department visits and hospitalizations among chronically ill homeless adults: A randomized trial. JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association, 301(17), 1771–1778.
Sheingold, S., Zuckerman, R., DeLew, N., & Sommers, B. (2021, July 28). Health equity and value-based payment systems: Moving beyond social risk adjustment. Health Affairs Blog. https://doi.org/10.1377/hblog20210726.546911
Skalicky, A., Meyers, A. F., Adams, W. G., Yang, Z., Cook, J. T., & Frank, D. A. (2006). Child food insecurity and iron deficiency anemia in low-income infants and toddlers in the United States. Maternal and Child Health Journal, 10(2), 177–185. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10995-005-0036-0
Sloan, F. A., Brown, D. S., Carlisle, E. S., Picone, G. A., & Lee, P. P. (2004). Monitoring visual status: Why patients do or do not comply with practice guidelines. Health Services Research, 39(5), 1429–1448. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-6773.2004.00297.x
Smith, J. (2007). Diabetes and the rise of the SES health gradient. National Bureau of Economic Research. https://doi.org/10.3386/w12905
Smith, M. (2009). Pharmacists’ role in improving diabetes medication management. Journal of Diabetes Science and Technology, 3(1), 175–179. https://doi.org/10.1177/193229680900300120
Smock, N. (2013, January 14). Affordable Care Act regards pharmacists as health care providers, not just prescription dispensers. Pharmacy Times. https://www.pharmacytimes.com/view/affordable-care-act-regards-pharmacists-as-health-care-providers-not-just-prescription-dispensers
Stahre, M., VanEenwyk, J., Siegel, P., & Njai, R. (2015). Housing insecurity and the association with health outcomes and unhealthy behaviors, Washington State, 2011. Preventing Chronic Disease, 12, E109. https://doi.org/10.5888/ped12.140511
Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. (2011). Current statistics on the prevalence and characteristics of people experiencing homelessness in the United States (Vol. 201). Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration.
Syed, S. T., Gerber, B. S., & Sharp, L. K. (2013). Traveling towards disease: Transportation barriers to health care access. Journal of Community Health, 38(5), 976–993. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10900-013-9681-1
Tanumihardjo, J. P., Gunter, K. E., & Peek, M. E. (2021, June 23). As they take on food insecurity, community-based health care organizations have found four strategies that work. Health Affairs Blog. https://www.healthaffairs.org/do/10.1377/hblog20210616.615098/abs/
The National Council. (2017). MACRA’s quality payment program: What does it mean for your agency’s Medicare reimbursement? The National Council.
Tsai, J., Doran, K. M., & Rosenheck, R. A. (2013). When health insurance is not a factor: National comparison of homeless and nonhomeless US veterans who use Veterans Affairs Emergency Departments. American Journal of Public Health, 103(S2), S225–S231. https://doi.org/10.2105/ajph.2013.301307
Virapongse, A., & Misky, G. J. (2018). Self-identified social determinants of health during transitions of care in the medically underserved: A narrative review. Journal of General Internal Medicine, 33(11), 1959–1967. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11606-018-4615-3
Wachino, V. (2017, January 17). State flexibility to facilitate timely access to drug therapy by expanding the scope of pharmacy practice using collaborative practice agreements, standing orders or other predetermined protocols. Center for Medicaid and CHIP Services. https://www.medicaid.gov/federal-policy-guidance/downloads/cib011717.pdf
Walker, A. R., & Walker, B. F. (1989). The surgeon general’s report on nutrition and health. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 50(4), 884–886. https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/50.4.884
Wang, Y., Yeo, Q. Q., & Ko, Y. (2016). Economic evaluations of pharmacist-managed services in people with diabetes mellitus: A systematic review. Diabetic Medicine: A Journal of the British Diabetic Association, 33(4), 421–427. https://doi.org/10.1111/dme.12976
Williams, S. P., & Bryant, K. L. (2018). Sexually transmitted infection prevalence among homeless adults in the United States: A systematic literature review. Sexually Transmitted Diseases, 45(7), 494–504. https://doi.org/10.1097/olq.0000000000000780
Williams, S. W., Zimmerman, S., & Williams, C. S. (2012). Family caregiver involvement for long-term care residents at the end of life. The Journals of Gerontology. Series B, Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences, 67(5), 595–604. https://doi.org/10.1093/geronb/gbs065
Winfield, L., DeSalvo, K., & Muhlestein, D. (2018). Social determinants matter, but who is responsible? 2017 survey of physicians on social determinants of health. 2018 Annual Research Meeting. https://academyhealth.confex.com/academyhealth/2018arm/meetingapp.cgi/Paper/24695
Wolff, J. L., Spillman, B. C., Freedman, V. A., & Kasper, J. D. (2016). A national profile of family and unpaid caregivers who assist older adults with health care activities. JAMA Internal Medicine, 176(3), 372–379. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamaintermed.2015.7664
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2022 The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Katsikas, A. (2022). Social Circumstances and Behavioral Patterns: Impacts on Health and Initiatives to Mitigate These Impacts. In: James, L.C., O’Donohue, W., Wendel, J. (eds) Clinical Health Psychology in Military and Veteran Settings. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-12063-3_4
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-12063-3_4
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-031-12062-6
Online ISBN: 978-3-031-12063-3
eBook Packages: Behavioral Science and PsychologyBehavioral Science and Psychology (R0)