Abstract
Liquefaction has been a major challenge to design of structures founded on loose silt and sand in moderate and specially highly seismic regions. While assessment of liquefaction susceptibility and potential have been largely based on empirical methods, the design of structures on liquefiable soil requires reliable numerical tools and clear performance criteria. In this paper, solutions are provided based on the well-established SANISAND model and its more recent extension, SANISAND-MSu, implemented in the open-source finite element platform OpenSEEs. Applications are presented for structures commonly encountered in offshore energy sector such as conventional subsea facilities on mudmats and offshore wind turbines founded on large-diameter monopiles. The impact of pore-water pressure, and ultimately liquefaction, on the offshore structures is assessed by performing both quasi-static cyclic loading and earthquake shaking. The general behavior of these offshore structures during liquefaction are presented from a numerical modelling perspective. The simulation results indicate that the response of these structures is considerably affected by structural features and environmental loading conditions. The results presented in this work motivates the use of SANISAND-MSu model in enhanced 3D finite element modelling in offshore structural dynamic analyses.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Europe Wind: Offshore wind in Europe: Key trends and statistics 2019 (2020)
IEA: Offshore wind outlook 2019. Technical report (2019)
Bransby, M., Randolph, M.: Combined loading of skirted foundations. Géotechnique 48(5), 637–655 (1998)
Byrne, B.W., Houlsby, G.T.: Experimental investigations of the response of suction caissons to transient combined loading. J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng. 130(3), 240–253 (2004)
Byrne, B., Houlsby, G.: Assessing novel foundation options for offshore wind turbines. In: World Maritime Technology Conference, London (2006)
LeBlanc, C., Houlsby, G.T., Byrne, B.W.: Response of stiff piles in sand to long-term cyclic lateral loading. Géotechnique 60(2), 79–90 (2010)
Wang, X., Yang, X., Zeng, X.: Seismic centrifuge modelling of suction bucket foundation for offshore wind turbine. Renew. Energy 114, 1013–1022 (2017)
Richards, I., Bransby, M., Byrne, B., Gaudin, C., Houlsby, G.: Effect of stress level on response of model monopile to cyclic lateral loading in sand. J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng. 147(3), 04021002 (2021)
Cuéllar, P., Mira, P., Pastor, M., Merodo, J.A.F., Baeßler, M., Rücker, W.: A numerical model for the transient analysis of offshore foundations under cyclic loading. Comput. Geotech. 59, 75–86 (2014)
Tasiopoulou, P., Chaloulos, Y., Gerolymos, N., Giannakou, A., Chacko, J.: Cyclic lateral response of OWT bucket foundations in sand: 3D coupled effective stress analysis with Ta-Ger model. Soils Found. 61(2), 371–385 (2021)
Liu, H.Y., Kementzetzidis, E., Abell, J.A., Pisanò, F.: From cyclic sand ratcheting to tilt accumulation of offshore monopiles: 3D FE modelling using SANISAND-MS. Géotechnique 72(9), 753–768 (2022)
Chaloulos, Y.K., Tsiapas, Y.Z., Bouckovalas, G.D.: Seismic analysis of a model tension leg supported wind turbine under seabed liquefaction. Ocean Eng. 238, 109706 (2021)
Kaynia, A.M.: Seismic considerations in design of offshore wind turbines. Soil Dyn. Earthq. Eng. 124, 399–407 (2019)
Esfeh, P.K., Kaynia, A.M.: Earthquake response of monopiles and caissons for offshore wind turbines founded in liquefiable soil. Soil Dyn. Earthq. Eng. 136, 106213 (2020)
Jostad, H.P., Dahl, B.M., Page, A., Sivasithamparam, N., Sturm, H.: Evaluation of soil models for improved design of offshore wind turbine foundations in dense sand. Géotechnique 70(8), 682–699 (2020)
Corciulo, S., Zanoli, O., Pisanò, F.: Transient response of offshore wind turbines on monopiles in sand: role of cyclic hydro–mechanical soil behaviour. Comput. Geotech. 83, 221–238 (2017)
Yang, Z., Elgamal, A.: Multi-surface cyclic plasticity sand model with lode angle effect. Geotech. Geol. Eng. 26(3), 335–348 (2008)
Kementzetzidis, E., Corciulo, S., Versteijlen, W.G., Pisano, F.: Geotechnical aspects of offshore wind turbine dynamics from 3D non-linear soil-structure simulations. Soil Dyn. Earthq. Eng. 120, 181–199 (2019)
Dafalias, Y.F., Manzari, M.T.: Simple plasticity sand model accounting for fabric change effects. J. Eng. Mech. 130(6), 622–634 (2004)
Esfeh, P.K., Govoni, L., Kaynia, A.M.: Seismic response of subsea structures on caissons and mudmats due to liquefaction. Mar. Struct. 78, 102972 (2021)
Liu, H.Y., Abell, J.A., Diambra, A., Pisanò, F.: Modelling the cyclic ratcheting of sands through memory-enhanced bounding surface plasticity. Géotechnique 69(9), 783–800 (2019)
Corti, R., Diambra, A., Muir Wood, D., Escribano, D.E., Nash, D.F.: Memory surface hardening model for granular soils under repeated loading conditions. J. Eng. Mech., 04016102 (2016)
Liu, H.Y., Diambra, A., Abell, J.A., Pisanò, F.: Memory-enhanced plasticity modeling of sand behavior under undrained cyclic loading. J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng. 146(11), 04020122 (2020)
Liu, H.Y., Kaynia, A.M.: Characteristics of cyclic undrained model SANISAND-MSu and their effects on response of monopiles for offshore wind structures. Géotechnique, 1–16 (2021)
Been, K., Jefferies, M.G.: A state parameter for sands. Géotechnique 35(2), 99–112 (1985)
Wichtmann, T., Triantafyllidis, T.: An experimental database for the development, calibration and verification of constitutive models for sand with focus to cyclic loading: Part I — tests with monotonic loading and stress cycles. Acta Geotech. 11(4), 739–761 (2016)
Sun, J.I., Golesorkhi, R., Seed, H.B.: Dynamic moduli and damping ratios for cohesive soils. Earthquake Engineering Research Center, University of California Berkeley (1988)
Darendeli, M.B.: Development of a new family of normalized modulus reduction and material damping curves. The University of Texas at Austin (2001)
Blaker, Ø., Andersen, K.H.: Cyclic properties of dense to very dense silica sand. Soils Found. 59(4), 982–1000 (2019)
Ramirez, J., et al.: Site response in a layered liquefiable deposit: evaluation of different numerical tools and methodologies with centrifuge experimental results. J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng. 144(10), 04018073 (2018)
Kramer, S.L.: Geotechnical earthquake engineering. Prentice-Hall Civil Engineering and Engineering Mechanics Series (1996)
DNV: Design of offshore wind turbine structures, vol. DNV-OS-J101. Det Norske Veritas, Høvik, Norway (2016)
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2022 The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG
About this paper
Cite this paper
Liu, H., Kaynia, A.M. (2022). Performance-Based Design for Earthquake-Induced Liquefaction: Application to Offshore Energy Structures. In: Wang, L., Zhang, JM., Wang, R. (eds) Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Performance Based Design in Earthquake Geotechnical Engineering (Beijing 2022). PBD-IV 2022. Geotechnical, Geological and Earthquake Engineering, vol 52. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-11898-2_6
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-11898-2_6
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-031-11897-5
Online ISBN: 978-3-031-11898-2
eBook Packages: Earth and Environmental ScienceEarth and Environmental Science (R0)